Genetic and Inheritance

3.14 understand that the genome is the entire

DNA of an organism and that a gene is a section
of a molecule of DNA that codes for a specific
protein
3.15 understand that the nucleus of a cell
contains chromosomes on which genes are
located
3.16B describe a DNA molecule as two strands
coiled to form a double helix, the strands being
linked by a series of paired bases: adenine (A)
with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G)

Nucleotides are the most basic

subunits of DNA
The combination of sugar, phosphate
and a base is called a nucleotide.

Important keywords:
1. Chromosome: coils of DNA found in the nucleus of a cell.
2. Gene: section of DNA that contains genetic information or coding for a
protein
3. DNA: double helix structure - chromosomes and genes are made from
DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid.
4. Allele: different variations of a gene
5. Genome: all genetic information in an organism
6. Genotype:
7. Phenotype: The observable characteristics of an organism (seen just by looking
– like eye colour, or found – like blood type) is called the phenotype
8. Homozygous: If the two alleles of a gene are the same, we describe
the individual as being homozygous
9. Heterozygous:
10. Dominant: A dominant allele only needs to be inherited from one
parent in order for the characteristic to show up in the phenotype
11. Recessive: A recessive allele needs to be inherited from both parents in
order for the characteristic to show up in the phenotype.
12. Haploid:
13. Diploid:
 Genetic and Inheritance

As we have two copies of each chromosome, we have two copies of each

gene and therefore two alleles for each gene One of the alleles is inherited
from the mother and the other from the father
 Genetic and Inheritance

3.17B understand that an RNA molecule is single-stranded and contains uracil (U) instead
of thymine (T)
There are three types
of RNA: tRNA, mRNA
and rRNA.

Thymine is replaced
by Uracil.

3.18B describe the stages of protein synthesis including transcription and translation,
including the role of mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, codons and anticodons
 Genetic and Inheritance

3.19 understand how genes exist in alternative forms called alleles which give rise to
differences in inherited characteristics
3.20 understand the meaning of the terms: dominant, recessive, homozygous,
heterozygous, phenotype, and genotype
3.21B understand the meaning of the term codominance
3.22 understand that most phenotypic features are the result of polygenic inheritance
rather than single genes
3.23 describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram

3.24 understand how to interpret family pedigrees

Knowing how inheritance works allows you to inherit special family tree diagrams
showing genetic disorders.
These are called family pedigree charts.

3.25 predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crosses

- Punnet squares
 Genetic and Inheritance

3.26: understand how the sex of a person is controlled by one pair of chromosomes, XX in
a female and XY in a male
3.27: describe the determination of the sex of offspring at fertilisation, using a genetic
Diagram
3.28: understand how division of a diploid cell by mitosis produces two cells that contain
identical sets of chromosomes
3.29: understand that mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual
Reproduction

What are the 4 stages in mitosis?

These phases are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and

telophase.

Mitosis is the process of dividing the bodies cells in 2 and their nuclei. This celld
ivsion prodices more cells. These produce genetically identical copies of the
parent cell. It is in asexual reproudction. Genetic stabillity.

- Helps us grow
- Repairs damage to the body

1. Interphase: a phase in a cell’s life in which the cell is growing by replicating

dna. Chromosomes duplicate and remain attached to eaxch other.
2. ‘
Prophase:
3. Metaphase: all chromosomes line up in the centre
4. Anaphase: cheomosomes get oullued towards the corners, spread away
from each other, they are pulled out by the spindle fibres.
5. Telophaze: a nuclear mebrane forms around each set of chromosoems,
ther are 2, then the chromoskmes begin to spread out and spindles
beginto break down.
6. Cytokinessis:
7.
 Genetic and Inheritance

8.

1. Bacteria : binary fission

2.

Chromatics centromiere
Recombinant chromosomes
 Genetic and Inheritance

4 different stages of Mitosis

Prophase

Metaphase
Chromosomes

Anaphase
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Telophase

Why would it be important to replicate DNA before a cell

divides in mitosis or meiosis? In order for genetic
information to be transferred into daughter cells.

3.30 understand how division of a cell by meiosis produces four cells, each with half the
number of chromosomes, and that this results in the formation of genetically different
haploid gametes
3.31 understand how random fertilisation produces genetic variation of offspring
3.32 know that in human cells the diploid number of chromosomes is 46 and the haploid
number is 23
3.33 understand that variation within a species can be genetic, environmental, or a
combination of both
3.34 understand that mutation is a rare, random change in genetic material that can be
inherited
3.35B understand how a change in DNA can affect the phenotype by altering the
sequence of amino acids in a protein
3.36B understand how most genetic mutations have no effect on the phenotype,
some have a small effect and rarely do they have a significant effect
3.37B understand that the incidence of mutations can be increased by exposure to
ionising radiation (for example, gamma rays, x-rays and ultraviolet rays) and some
chemical mutagens (for example, chemicals in tobacco)
3.38 explain Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
3.39 understand how resistance to antibiotics can increase in bacterial populations, and
appreciate how such an increase can lead to infections being difficult to control

Transcription and translation

formTION OF rna from DNA
 Genetic and Inheritance

Dna get unzipped or separated

Takin gon
mRNA
Helicase helps in unzipping
Breaking the hydrogen bonds
Rna polymerase
Joins nitrogen base together
Mrna

T is replaced with u and a is based with U

Transcription is the formation of RNA from DNA. The DNA gets unzipped temporarily so
the two strands separate.

mRna goes to the ribosome

Messenger RNA to make proteins
Transcription occurs in the nucleus
Translation occurs in the ribosomes

Trna
Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds
Translation is amino acids that are
3 nitrogen bases

3 nitrogen bases that code for one amino acids is known as a codon

A and T
C and G

Silent mutations
Harmful mutations

Deletion
Insertion
Substitution
Chemcilas that cause mutation are called mutigens

Mosquitoes feed on the blood of humans therefore, if a person is a carrier of the

mutation, mosquitos can likely get the disease if they consume the human’s blood.
Therefore, they will develop some resistancepp
 Genetic and Inheritance

Gene: gene is the section of the DNA that codes for a protein.
Phenotype:
Homozygous:
Heterozygous:
Dominant:
Recessive:
Genotype:
Allele: these are variations of the same gene \

Long dna molecules that contains all the genetic information of an organism

Made up of nucleotides
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

Mitosis produces cells that are described as diploid; they contain the full number
of chromosomes. Sperm cells and egg cells; however, are described as being
haploid, they have half the full number of chromosomes. Gametes are produced
not by mitosis but by meiosis, a reduction cell division.
When two different
gametes combine this gives rise
to genetic variation.

This is because gametes are different from one another.

Meiosis produces cells that are not identical to the parent cell. This is because the
cells that are formed by meiosis have half as many chromosomes as the parent
cell.
 Genetic and Inheritance

Independent assortmennt
Crossing over

These cells are known as Gametes (sex cells; i.e. sperm and egg cells).
There is Genertic vairation

There is no Gentical indentity

What are the five differences between mitosis and meiosis

1. Mitosis produces two daughter cells only from one parent cell splitting in two. It
forms 2 diploid cells
2. Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells from mitosis 1 and mitosis 2. It forms 4 haploid
gamete cells for reproduction.
3. In mitosis, there is genetic identity but in meiosis there is genetic variation
because the daughter cells are not exactly idecombination can be defined as a
process by which the gene present on a particular chromosome can be
separated, and thus a new combination of genes would be formed.entical to the
parent cells. Another reason for genetic variation is the process known as
recombination.
4. Recombination
5. In meiosis there is independent assortment of genetical infromation and crossing
over.
6. Mitosis takes place in somatic cells, used for body cell’s regeneration.
7. Meiosis takes place in reproductive cells, results in formation of gametes
 Genetic and Inheritance

Mutation

Mutation:
Mutation is a rare, random change in genetic material or DNA of an
orgasmin that can be inherited

● As the DNA base sequence determines the sequence of amino acids that
make up a protein, mutations in a gene can sometimes lead to a change in
the protein that the gene codes for

Occasionally, the new phenotype gives the

individual a survival advantage over other members
of the species.
● If mutations occur in body cells then usually the
body cell will die and it wont be passed on.

● However if a mutation occurs to a sex cell it can be

passed onto the next generation.

● Mutations are random events, but the occurrence

can be increased by ionising radiation (UV light,
X-rays) and chemicals called mutagens (cigarettes
smoke, mustard gas).