STOICHIOMETRY AND MOLE CONCEPT

SUMMARY NOTES & PRELIM QUESTIONS

CONCEPT 1 BASIC MOLE CONCEPT CALCULATIONS

𝑁 number of particles
Number of mole, 𝑛 = =
𝐿 Avogadro's constant, i.e. 6×1023

𝑚 mass (g)
Number of mole, 𝑛 = =
𝑀𝑟 molar mass (g mol-1 )

𝑣 volume of gas
Number of mole, 𝑛 = 𝑉 =
𝑚 molar volume of gas, i.e. 24 dm3 at r.t.p.

Number of mole, 𝑛 = 𝐶𝑉 = concentration × volume of solution

1 Y3EOY/DHS/2008/I/20

Which one of the following contains the greatest number of atoms?

A 1 mole of zinc
B 18.0 g of water
C 48.0 dm3 of hydrogen gas at r.t.p.
D 1.20 × 1024 atoms of oxygen

2 Which of the following quantities is equal to the Avogadro constant?

A The number of atoms in 24 dm3 of nitrogen gas at r.t.p. conditions.

B The number of molecules in 1 dm3 of oxygen at 298 K and 1 atm.
C The number of zirconium atoms in 962 g of tranquillityite, Fe3Zr2Ti3Si3O24, of
molar mass 961.8 g mol-1.
D The number of ions in 29.3 g of sodium chloride.

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CONCEPT 2 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
Steps to Find Percentage Mass of an Element in a Compound

Step 1: Calculate the mass of an element in a compound.

Step 2: Calculate the molar mass.

mass of an element
Step 3: Percentage mass of an element in a compound = molar mass

Purposes of Finding Percentage Mass of an Element in a Compound

• To calculate the mass of an element in a specified mass of compound, mixture or

structure.
• To calculate the mass of compound, mixture or structure that contains a specified mass
of an element.

3 An adult’s bones weigh about 11 kg, and 50% of this mass is calcium phosphate,
Ca3(PO4)2. What is the mass of phosphorous in the bones of an average adult.

4 Copper is found in the mineral chalcopyrites, CuFeS2. What mass of chalcopyrites must
be melted to produce 100 tonnes of copper.

5 A garden fertiliser is said to have a phosphorous content of 30.0% “P2O5 soluble in

water”. What is the percentage by mass of phosphorous in the fertiliser?

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CONCEPT 3 EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAE (PURE CHEM ONLY)
Empirical formula gives the simplest ratio of the number of atoms in each element
present in the compound.

Table to Calculate Using Mass Data

Element1 Element2 Element3

Mass
Number of moles
Division by the smallest number of moles
Simplest ratio

Molecular formula gives the actual number of the number of atoms in each element
present in the compound.

𝑀𝑟 = 𝑛 × sum of Ar in an empirical formula, where 𝑛 is an integer

6 Compound X is an organic liquid which can be combined with other substances to be

used as a cleaning agent. It contains 53.3% carbon, 11.1% hydrogen and 35.6% oxygen
by mass. It is found that 75 cm3 of liquid X contains 1 mol of compound X.

(a) Deduce the empirical formula of X.

(b) Given that the density of X is 1.20 g cm-3, find the molecular formula of X.

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7 An organic compound was known to contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. A 5.25 g
sample was burnt completely in air. The products were water, 2.49 g, and carbon
dioxide, 6.08 g. Determine:

(a) The empirical formula of the compound.

(b) The molecular formula knowing that the compound has a molar mass of 228 g.

8 In an experiment, 15 g of sodium sulfate crystals on being heated left a residue of 7.95

g of the anhydrous salt. Calculate:

(a) The percentage of water of crystallisation in the crystals.

(b) The value of “𝑥” in the formula Na2SO4.𝑥H2O.

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9 An oxide of the type XO2 contains 36.8% of oxygen. Calculate the relative atomic mass
of X.

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CONCEPT 4 STOICHIOMETRY
A balanced chemical equation gives the mole ratio between the reactants and the products
involved in the chemical reaction.

aA + bB → cC + dD

Stoichiometry refers to the relationship, as specified by the mole ratio, between the
reactions and products involved in a chemical reaction.

Steps Involved in Calculations Involving Stoichiometry:

Step 1: Write or refer to the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

Step 2: Check for and determine the limiting reagent.

• Identify key phrases in questions that suggest which reactants are in excess and
which is limiting, such as “complete combustion”, “an excess of acid is used” and
“metal is reacted with sufficient amount of acid”.
• If there is no such key phrases, determine the limiting reagent through calculations
and comparison.

Step 3: Equate mole ratio of limiting reagent to the required product and solve.

10 The exothermic thermite reaction is applied in the welding of railway tracks as

represented by the chemical reaction below. In the process, the molten iron (Fe)
solidifies on cooling, thus welding the tracks together.

3Fe3O4 (s) + 8A𝑙 (s) → 4A𝑙 2O3 (s) + 9Fe (𝑙)

In a given reaction, 60 kg of the iron oxide were reacted with 15 kg of aluminium.

Calculate the mass of molten iron formed in the reaction.

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11 Under certain conditions, 0.84 g of nitrogen gas reacts with oxygen to form 1.8 g of a
gaseous oxide of nitrogen. Find the equation for the reaction.

12 Y3EOY/DHS/2010/III/2

Calcium sulfate can be prepared by:

i. Adding excess calcium oxide to warm dilute nitric acid.
ii. Adding excess sulfuric acid.
iii. Filtering the mixture.
iv. Washing the residue formed with deionised water and drying in an oven.

(a) What is the purpose of step (i)?

(b) Explain why excess calcium oxide is used in step (i).

(c) Name one possible impurity that might be removed when the residue is washed.

(d) Explain why it is not advisable to prepare calcium sulfate by adding calcium oxide
to sulfuric acid.

(e) Write an equation for the reaction between calcium oxide and nitric acid.

(f) A student wishes to prepare 10.0 g of calcium sulfate using the aforementioned
method. Calculate the minimum mass of calcium oxide he would need to use.

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13 10.0 dm3 of chlorine and 30.0 dm3 of hydrogen measured at r.t.p. react to form hydrogen
chloride gas.

H2 (g) + C𝑙 2 (g) → 2 HC𝑙 (g)

Calculate at r.t.p.:

(a) The limiting reactant.

(b) The volume of hydrogen chloride gas produced.

(c) The volume composition of the resultant mixture.

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CONCEPT 5 CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTION
The concentration of a solution is measured in terms of the amount of solute (in g or mol)
contained in a given volume of solution.

Formulae to Calculate Concentrations:

mass of solute (in g)

Concentration in g dm-3 =
volume of solution (in dm3 )

number of moles of solute (in mol)

Molarity, or concentration in mol dm-3 =
volume of solution (in dm3 )

Relationship between Concentrations in g dm-3 and mol dm-3:

Concentration in g dm-3 = concentration in mol dm-3 × molar mass (g mol-1)

14 Y3EOY/DHS/2008/II/5 (part)

0.300 g of magnesium metal was placed in excess hydrochloric acid. The equation for
the reaction is

Mg + 2HC𝑙 → MgC𝑙 2 + H2

(a) Calculate the volume of hydrogen, measured at r.t.p., which was given off.

(b) If the concentration of the hydrochloric acid used in this experiment was 2.00
mol/dm3, calculate the minimum volume of hydrochloric acid required to react
completely with magnesium.

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15 Y3EOY/DHS/2008/III/2

Tartaric acid is found in both white and red wine. Tartaric acid exists as a white solid at
room temperature. This acid is a dibasic acid and has a molecular formula of H6C4O6.

(a) Explain what is meant by the term acid

(b) The concentration of a solution of tartaric acid is 180 g/dm3.

(i) Calculate the molarity of tartaric acid.

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of tartaric acid found in 20.0 cm3 of the
solution.

(iii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen ions in 1.00 dm3 of tartaric acid.

(c) Copper(II) tartrate, CuH4C4O6 is insoluble in water.

(i) Name the chemicals used to prepare copper(II) tartrate.

(ii) Write an ionic equation with state symbols to show the formation of
copper (II) tartrate.

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16 Y3EOY/DHS/2010/II/3

In an experiment, 20.0 cm3 of 1.50 mol/dm3 of aqueous copper(II) sulfate was mixed
with 10.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide to form copper(II)
hydroxide. The equation for the reaction is:

CuSO4 + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4

(a) Write the ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction between aqueous
copper(II) sulfate and aqueous sodium hydroxide.

(b) By calculation, determine the limiting reagent in the above reaction.

(c) Calculate the mass of copper(II) hydroxide produced.

(d) State 2 observations at the end of the reaction.

(e) Copper(II) hydroxide can be converted back to copper(II) sulfate by adding dilute
sulfuric acid. A minimum of 10.0 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid was needed to
completely react with all the copper(II) hydroxide formed in (c).

Calculate the molarity of dilute sulfuric acid used.

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CONCEPT 6 DILUTION
Dilution is the process of adding solvent to a known volume of the solution to lower
concentration, with the amount of solute remaining the same after dilution.

C1V1 = C2V2

17 What volume of water must be added to 200 cm3 of 8.00 mol/dm3 sulfuric acid so that
its final concentration is 2.00 mol/dm3?

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CONCEPT 7 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
Volumetric analysis is a method of quantitative analysis which depends essentially on the
accurate measurement of the volumes of two reacting solutions.

18 Y3EOY/DHS/2009/II/5(part)

In a titration, 25.0 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid was used to react completely with 20.0 cm3
of 0.400 mol/dm3 aqueous sodium hydroxide.

2 NaOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (𝑙)

(a) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide that reacted.

(b) Calculate the number of moles of sulfuric acid that reacted with the sodium
hydroxide.

(c) What is the concentration of sulfuric acid in g/dm-3?

19 25.0 cm3 of a solution containing 4.20 g/dm3 of sodium hydroxide is neutralised by 26.50
cm3 of acid containing 8.37 g/dm3 of HXO3. Calculate:

(a) The molarity of the acid.

(b) The relative atomic mass of X and identify X.

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CONCEPT 8 PERCENTAGE YIELD AND PURITY (PURE CHEM ONLY)
Formulae to Calculate Percentage Yield

actual mass obtained

Percentage Yield = theoretical mass
× 100

Formulae to Calculate Percentage Purity:

mass of the pure compound

Percentage Purity = mass of the impure mixture
× 100

20 10 cm3 of 1 mol/dm3 silver nitrate solution was added to an excess of potassium iodide
solution. The silver iodide precipitated was filtered, dried, and weighed. The measured
mass was 2 g.

Find the percentage yield of silver iodide formed by precipitation.

21 10 cm3 of 1 mol/dm3 silver nitrate solution was added to an excess of potassium iodide
solution. The silver iodide precipitated was filtered, dried, and weighed. The measured
mass was 2 g.

Find the percentage yield of silver iodide formed by precipitation.

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Answers

1 C
2 D
3 1.10 kg
4 289 tonnes
5 13.1%
6 (a) C2H5O
(b) C4H10O2
7 (a) C2H4O3
(b) C6H12O9
8 (a) 47%
9 55
10 3.49 × 104 g
11 N2 + O2 → 2NO
12 (a) To produce CaNO3.
(b) To ensure all HNO3 is reacted to prevent contamination.
(c) Nitric acid or sulfuric acid.
(d) CaSO4 is insoluble, hence able to coat onto surface of CaO and inhibits further
reaction between unreacted CaO and H2SO4.
(e) CaO + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
(f) 4.12 g
13 (a) C𝑙 2 is limiting.
(b) 20.0 dm3
(c) 20.0 dm3 of HC𝑙 and 20.0 dm3 of H2.
14 (a) 0.300 dm3
(b) 0.0125 dm3
15 (a) Produces H+ in aqueous solution.
(b) (i) 1.20 mol dm-3
(ii) 0.0240 mol
(iii) 2.40 mol
(c) (i) Tartrate ion solution and copper ion solution.
(ii) Cu2+ (aq) + H4C4O62- (aq) → CuH4C4O6 (s)
16 (a) Cu (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (s)
2+

(b) NaOH
(c) 0.975 g
(d) Blue precipitate formed. Blue solution turns light blue or remains blue.
17 600 cm3
18 (a) 0.00800 mol
(b) 0.00400 mol
(c) 15.7 g/dm3
19 (a) 0.0991 mol dm-3
(b) C𝑙
20 85.1%

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