European

Workshop on photonic
solutions for
wireless,
access, and
in house networks

May 18-20, 2009

inHaus Innovation Centre
University Campus
Duisburg
GERMANY
 Workshop programme at a glance

Monday, May 18 Tuesday, May 19 Wednesday, May 20

9:00 Session #2 Session #5
10:00
Home networks
11:00 European project Session #6
12:00
presentations Poster session
13:00
14:00 Registration Session #3 Session #7
15:00
Components Access networks
16:00 Welcome talks Sessions #4
Session #1 Radio over Fiber
17:00
Optical Wireless techniques
Communications
European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Session 1 Monday May 18th, 2009 16:40 – 18:00 h

Optical Wireless Communications

Session Chair: D. Jäger

University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg (Germany)

Visible light communications (invited)

S. Haruyama
Keio University, Yokohama (Japan)

High-Speed Information Broadcast using Phosphorescent White-Light

LEDs – Advances and Prospects (invited)
K.-D. Langer1, J. Vuþiü1, C. Kottke1, L. Fernández del Rosal1, S. Nerreter2,
J. Walewski3
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Berlin, (Germany)
2
Siemens AG, Berlin (Germany)
3
Siemens AG, Munich (Germany)

Choice of the Modulation for Gbps Wireless Infrared Systems

M. Wolf, L. Grobe, J. Li
Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau (Germany)

Line-of-sight Infrared Wireless Path Loss Simulation in an Aircraft

Cabin
S. Dimitrov1,2, R. Mesleh1, H. Haas1,3, M. Cappitelli2, M. Olbert2, E. Bassow4
1
Jacobs University Bremen (Germany)
2
EADS Deutschland GmbH, Hamburg (Germany)
3
Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh (United
Kingdom)
4
Airbus Deutschland GmbH, Hamburg (Germany)

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

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 Contents 1. Visible Light Communication
Visible Light Communication and
Visible Light communication is a wireless communication
Japanese Visible Light Communications Consortium technology that uses light that is visible to humans.

Shinichiro Haruyama, Professor 1. Visible Light Communication

The Graduate School of System Design and Management 2. Devices used for Visible Light Communication
Keio University, Yokohama, Japan 3. Communication using Image Sensors
Email: [email protected] 4. Applications of Visible Light Communication
Chairman, Visible Light Communications Consortium,
5. Visible Light Communications Consortium
Tokyo, Japan 6. Standardization of Visible Light Communication

Duisburg, Germany
May 2009
An example of visible light communication: the use of LED illumination as a
transmitter
Keio University SDM 1 Keio University SDM 2 Keio University SDM 3

A: LED lights will be used everywhere C: Easy identification of places or things

Characteristics of Visible Light Communication
Many light sources such as electric lights, automobile head/rear If visible light communication is done using LED light,
lamps, traffic lights, indicator lamps, etc. are now being replaced human can easily identify it as a data transmitter.
by LED lights. If LED lights can transmit data in addition to If a flashlight LED is used as a data transmitter, human
A. LED lights will be used everywhere
emitting visible lights, they can be used as pervasive can accurately point the light to a visible light receiver.
B. Infrastructure located at ideal locations
communication equipments.
C. Easy identification of places or things
D: There is no regulation for visible light communication so far
D. There is no regulation for visible light communication so far
B: Infrastructure located at ideal locations

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In general, electric lights are attached to the ceiling, which is an For radio waves, a license is necessary for its use and
ideal position for sending data to users. detailed frequency allocation is strictly regulated in each
Visible light cannot send data if there is an obstacle between a country. However, communication using visible light is not
transmitter and a receiver. If visible light transmitter is attached regulated so far.
to the ceiling, the chances of obstruction is smaller than other
lighting positions.
European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Keio University SDM 4 Keio University SDM 5 Keio University SDM 6

2. Devices used for Visible Light Communication 3. Communication using Image Sensors
Receiver device of visible light communication
Transmitter device of visible light communication
-PIN photo diode
- Visible light LED -high speed reception up to 1Gbps
LED light intensity is modulated by controlling -Avalanche photo diode
its current. -very sensitive reception
data rate: low speed to very high speed -Image sensor
(up to several hundred Mbps) -simultaneous image acquisition and data reception
- Fluorescent lamp
Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

FSK modulation of high frequency fluorescent light

data rate: up to several kilo bps
Data can be received with CCD or CMOS image sensor.

Keio University SDM 7 Keio University SDM 8 Keio University SDM 9

 Principles of communication using image sensor Purpose1: Simultaneous display of contents and
Purpose of communication with image sensor direction of visible light source
LED light is modulated

lens recorded images by an image sensor

Examples:
Purpose 1:
Simultaneous display of contents and direction of ID-CAM by Sony Kihara Laboratory
visible light source
Lighthouse visible light communication by Visible Light
Purpose 2: Communications Consortium (VLCC)
Accurate position detection of a transmitter or
Received data:1 Received data:0 Received data:1 a receiver

time
Camera (receiver) continuously takes images of a scene with an
LED light and a receiver detects the optical intensity at a pixel
where the LED light is focused on.
Keio University SDM 10 Keio University SDM 11 Keio University SDM 12

Lighthouse visible light communication

ID-CAM by Sony Kihara Laboratory Lighthouse visible light communication
by Visible Light Communications Consortium (VLCC) Received image and data

Reproduced image LED light in a

Image sensor
on a cell phone display Maritime Safety Agency Research Center of the Japan photograph image
Coast Guard requested VLCC (Visible Light
Communications Consortium) to do research about visible
light communication using lighthouse or buoy lights in 1300 kilo bits per second

-4-
2008, and VLCC member companies (Casio Computer Co., LED light for a 2780 frames of pictures per second
Ltd., NEC, and Toshiba) are doing experiments. buoy LED light Casio Computer Co., Ltd.

attached to a buoy
Example of services䋺
Computing area We succeeded in the experiment of 2km communication The purpose of this project is to develop a new technology that
• Advertisements/Discounts
Actual scene • Navigation/Landmarks using an image sensor in September, 2008. enables the visible light communication using visible light from
Sony Kihara Laboratory lighthouses and buoys. An image sensor of a camera on a boat
“ID CAM: a smart camera for scene capturing and ID recognition”, Matsushita, N. , Hihara, D., Ushiro, T., Yoshimura, S., demodulates the incoming data from lighthouses and buoys and
Rekimoto, J., Yamamoto, Y., The Second IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, 7-10 Oct.
2003, pp. 227 - 236 displays its content on a display monitor.
European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Keio University SDM 13 Keio University SDM 14 Keio University SDM 15

Purpose 2:Accurate position detection of a transmitter or a receiver 4. Applications of Visible Light Communication 4.1.1. Communication using spotlight
Three dimensional position measuring system using visible light communication
by Keio University, Sumitomo Mitsui Construction Co., Ltd., and Nakagawa Laboratory

4.1. Application of visible light communication to electric lights

4.1.1. Communication using spotlight
4.1.2. Global location service that uses visible light ID system
4.1.3. Visible light information broadcast system
4.1.4. Flow planning survey system for a store
4.2. Application of visible light communication to ITS
(Intelligent Transport System)
Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

4.3. Application of visible light communication to amusement

LED lights attached to a
bridge under construction
Hikari Guide by Shimizu Corporation, Japan
Objects can be measured by receiving and detecting the direction of visible light signal
with an image sensor.
Spot lights sends data such as picture information in a museum as
The error of position for a 100 meter object such as a bridge in the photo is about 5mm. shown above and a receiver guides guests by voice sound.
Keio University SDM 16 Keio University SDM 17 Keio University SDM 18
4.1.2. Global location service that uses visible light ID system 4.1.4. Flow planning survey system for a store
4.1.3. Visible light information broadcast system
Visible light ID from LED lights is received by a receiver
Visible Light ID
attached at the bottom of a shopping cart. LED light transmitters
Visible Light ID
are installed in each passage in a supermarket. Shoppers’
Visible Light ID movement is analyzed based on the received ID history.

Visible Light ID

Internet
Prototype made by NEC and Matsushita Electric Works, members of VLCC
Prototype made by NEC and Matsushita
Server of location information Electric Works, members of VLCC

It accesses the Internet by first obtaining code from a visible light Information of products at a supermarket is obtained by a
Nakagawa Laboratories, Inc. Nakagawa Laboratories, Inc.

source such as LED lights. It then accesses the location server from visible light receiver that is installed in a shopping cart. Visible light transmitter using LED light Visible light receiver attached at
the cellular phone in order to obtain location-related information. the bottom of a shopping cart
Keio University SDM 19 Keio University SDM 20 Keio University SDM 21

4.1.4. Flow planning survey system for a store

4.2. Application of visible light communication to ITS 4.3. Application of visible light communication to amusement
(continued) (Intelligent Transport System)
Example of flow planning of shoppers in a supermarket
Information broadcast system using LED traffic lights

Average speed
fast

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slow

The thickness of lines indicate the traffic amount in each passage, and
the color indicates how fast shoppers walked on the average. SoundSpot By Sony and Agilent at CEATEC 2004, Japan
The Nippon Signal Co., Ltd. and VLCC, at Japan Shop 2006

This system is able to analyze how many shoppers passed in The transmission method is based on JEITA CP-1222 standard. Demonstration of music broadcast system
each passage and how fast they walked.
European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Keio University SDM 22 Keio University SDM 23 Keio University SDM 24

5. Visible Light Communications Consortium VLCC member companies 6. Standardization of Visible Light Communication
Participation from various industries such as telecommunications companies,
Honorary Chairman: lighting companies, LED maker, electric power companies, electronics makers, etc.
Professor Masao Nakagawa, Keio University, Japan List of members: The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc.
NEC Corporation It is necessary to standardize visible light
Chairman: Toshiba Corporation
Sony Corporation communication to communicate between equipments
Professor Shinichiro Haruyama, Keio University, Japan The Nippon Signal Co., Ltd.
Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. made by different companies.
Vice-Chairman: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.
Panasonic Electric Works, Ltd.
Professor Ken Sakamura, University of Tokyo, Japan KDDI R&D Laboratories
NTT DoCoMo, Inc. VLCC is doing visible light communication
Professor Mitsuji Matsumoto, Waseda University, Japan Casio Computer Co., Ltd.
JAPAN RURAL INFORMATION SYSYTEM ASSOCIATION Information System standardization activities in Japan.
Date of Founding: Research Institute
Nakagawa Laboratories, Inc.
November 2003 Fuji Television
Oi Electric Co., Ltd. VLCC members are also participating in IEEE 802.15
Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Purpose of Visible Light Communications Consortium: Sumitomo Mitsui Construction Co., Ltd.
MoMoAlliance Co., Ltd. WPAN Task Group 7 (TG7) Visible Light
VLCC was established in order to realize safe, ubiquitous Tamura Corporation
Nitto Denko Corporation Communication (802.15.7)
telecommunication system using visible light through the Sharp Corporation
Comtech 2000
activities of market research, promotion, and standardization. Outstanding Technology
Japan Coast Guard - Coast Guard Research Center
Home Page: http://www.vlcc.net/?ml_lang=en Rise Co., Ltd.
NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation )

Keio University SDM 25 Keio University SDM 26 Keio University SDM 27

 Standardization effort of visible light communication at VLCC
㽲 2006 – 2007 :
㽲 2006 – 2007 : Standardization of visible light communication with JEITA
Standardization of visible light communication with JEITA
JEITA Standards of visible light communication

㽲 2006 – 2007 :
In 2007, VLCC proposed two visible light
Standardization of visible light communication with JEITA standards to JEITA (Japan Electronics and
Information Technology Industries Association)
㽳 2008-present and the two proposals became JEITA standards
Three groups (VLCC, IrDA, ICSA) related to free-space optical in June 2007.
communication get together for the joint development of visible
light communication standards

JEITA CP-1221: JEITA CP-1222:

Visible Light Communication System Standard Visible Light ID System Standard
These standards documents can be purchased at
http://www.jeita.or.jp/japanese/standard/list/list.asp?cateid=1&subcateid=50
Keio University SDM 28 Keio University SDM 29 Keio University SDM 30

JEITA CP-1221: Visible Light Communication System Standard 㽳 2008-present :

JEITA CP-1222: JEITA Visible Light ID System Standard Three groups (VLCC, IrDA, ICSA) related to an optical
The visible light communication system standard proposed at wireless communication for the joint development of visible
JEITA is the most basic in the visible light communication light communication
system.
The purpose of this standard: The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) and Visible Light
(a) Present an indicator minimum in order to prevent the 䍃Subcarrier frequency: 28.8kHz
䍃Transmission rate: 4.8kbps Communications Consortium (VLCC) began
interference between different optical communication complimentary research and development effort in
equipments. 䍃Modulation: Subcarrier 4-PPM
The modulation was chosen not to cause September, 2008. The Infrared Data Association (IrDA)

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(b) Define a minimum necessary requirement in various visible which establishes infrared standards that provide
light communication applications. flickering.
䍃Error control method: Error detection by CRC convenient wireless connectivity and the Visible Light
(c) Proposal of the use of subcarrier method by modulating the Communications Consortium (VLCC) announced a
light intensity by a specific frequency. By using a different 䍃Transmission contents:
ID (fixed data) and arbitrary data (non-fixed) cooperative agreement between the two organizations.
subcarrier frequencies, interference among different visible
light applications can be avoided. VLCC and ICSA in Japan also agreed to develop
standards for visible light LAN.
European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Keio University SDM 31 Keio University SDM 32 Keio University SDM 33

Concept of visible light communication envisioned by VLCC and IrDA Concept of visible light communication envisioned by VLCC and ICSA
Visible light transmitter

LED light Optical visible light LAN system indoor

Conclusion

Visible light communication may become

Data transmission common communication technology when LED
Data communication Data communication lights become widely available.
Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Data transmission from LED lights

In March 2009, VLCC released their first Specification Standard adopting and
expanding the IrDA Physical Layer to the newly released VLCC Specification
Standard. By adapting IrDA specification, the existing IrDA optical modules can
Visible light LAN enables simultaneous communication for multiple terminals.
be used for VLCC data transmission with slight modification.
Keio University SDM 34 Keio University SDM 35 Keio University SDM 36
 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Choice of the Modulation for Gbps Wireless Infrared Systems

Mike Wolf∗ , Liane Grobe and Jianhui Li
Ilmenau Univ. of Technology, CRL, PO Box 100565 D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany
∗
Corresponding author: Phone: +49 3677 692619, Fax: +49 3677 691195, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – Optical Transmission can be affected both by white and f 2 noise, where for large area PIN-
photodetectors the latter dominates at high transmission speeds. We extend the results with respect to the
required optical power for on-off keying and pulse-position modulation to f 2 noise limited channels.

Introduction – As a part of the EU Seventh truly limited by f 2 noise. However, we will not
Framework R&D programme (FP7), the hOME Gi- prove this statement here, and we will “only” con-
gabit Access (OMEGA) project aims at bridging the sider non return-to-zero (NRZ) OOK, return-to-zero
gap between mobile broadband terminals and the (RZ) OOK, and M -PPM. All these schemes exhibit
wired backbone at home. To provide Gbps connec- only two levels with respect to the instantaneous op-
tivity, three main technologies are considered. One tical power making the laser diode driver much easier
of these is wireless infrared (IR). to build and much more power efficient than a linear
Whereas coherent and differential detection can be driver required for subcarrier modulations or pulse
considered as serious alternatives for fibre optics or amplitude modulation.
for free space optics (like extremely focused outdoor
Noise Modelling – We assume that the current at
or inter satellite links), Gbps indoor communication
the output of the photodiode consists of a signal part
demands for the simplest solution, namely direct de-
and a noise1 part n(t), where n(t) has a two sided
tection. This implies intensity modulation.
power spectral density Φnn (f ) = N20 + N22 f 2 . N0 and
The most popular modulation schemes with respect
to wireless IR are by far OOK (on-off keying) and N2 are constants. After lowpass filtering, σn2 is given
PPM (pulse-position modulation) — including M - by
σn2 = N0 I2 Rb + N2 I3 Rb3 ,
PPM with M orthogonal waveforms each of the same
duration, differential PPM or Multipulse PPM. The where I2 and I3 are the corresponding Personick-
popularity of PPM has primarily two reasons. Firstly, integrals [2]. With G(f ) being the lowpass filter’s
compared to uncoded OOK, it may provide an ad- transfer function and f˜ = f /Rb , I2 and I3 are de-
vantage with respect to the required average optical fined as  
∞ ∞
power. This is important from the power consump-
tion and eye-safety point of view. Secondly, PPM I2 = G(f˜)df˜ and I3 = f˜2 G(f˜)df˜.
0 0
has a favourable spectral characteristic. The contin-
Transmission in White Noise – As mentioned
uous part of the spectrum vanishes at and near DC
above, we assume only two power levels and thus a
which makes the signals robust to highpass filtering.
rectangular pulse shape. In the case of OOK with
A large highpass cut-on frequency corresponds to a
a duty cycle γ, 0 < γ ≤ 1, the pulse width is
good suppression of the harmonic interference caused
Trect = γTb . For PPM, Trect is assumed to be equal to
by fluorescent lighting and ensures a short duration
the chip interval, i.e., Trect = log2 (M ) Tb /M . With
of the transient baseline wander at the beginning of
respect to the noise rejection filter, a pulse matched
a received packet, cf. [1].
filter with the transfer function G(f ) = sinc(f Trect)
Both advantages with respect to OOK are bought
is supposed, which is associated with the Personick
by an increased bandwidth. This may be a serious
integral I2 = 12 γ1 for OOK and I2 = 12 logM(M) for
issue for Gbps transmission, since the device speeds 2

are limited, especially if low capacitance, large area PPM.

silicon photodiodes are intended to be used. Further- For signal space considerations, which are used to
more, the power advantage of PPM is usually proven derive the required optical powers Preq here, it is ad-
for white noise only, where it is well known that op- vantageously to normalise the transfer function G(f )
tical receivers are also affected by f 2 noise, whose of the “truth” filter by a factor
power spectral density increases with f 2 . If f 2 noise 
k = 2Rb I2 .
dominates, the photo current’s noise power σn2 in-
creases with the third power of the bandwidth. This This leads to a unit energy filter and those to a fixed
means that σn2 increases by a factor of 1000 if the noise variance of N20 at the sampling times. Since the
data rate Rb is changed from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. M orthogonal base functions of M -PPM differ only
In this paper, we compare the power requirement in a delay, only one single pulse matched filter, whose
of various modulation schemes in white noise and output is sampled with the chip rate, is required for
in f 2 noise. At 1 Gbps, our internal analysis show optimal PPM detection. Each receive vector consists
that a PIN-photodiode based large area detector is 1 input referred noise

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009
Preq Preq Tb
10 log10 Preq,ook dB — white noise 10 log10 Preq,ook dB — f 2 noise Trect
50% RZ-OOK -1.5 +1.5 2
25% RZ-OOK -3 +3 4
2-PPM, soft Dec. 0 +3 2
4-PPM, soft Dec. -3 0 2
8-PPM, soft Dec. -5.4 -1.13 2.66

Table 1: Normalised required power. Hard detected M -PPM requires additionally 1.5 dB.

of M subsequent samples of the filter output signal. 2RP 1

Without noise, the samples can only take the values 0 dE = dE,ook = 2RP/k =  3 · 
2Rb I3,OOK
and RM P/k — just as the components of the signal
vectors in an orthonormal signal space. R denotes and for√soft detected PPM 
the photodiode responsivity, M P the optical peak 2RM P 2RP 1 log32 (M )
power. For soft detected PPM, the Euclidian distance dE = =  3· · .
k 2Rb I3,OOK 2M
dE between the orthogonal signal vectors is therefore
√  The relative required optical power for soft detected
2RM P M log2 (M ) 1 PPM and for RZ-OOK is therefore
dE = = 2RP · · . 
k 2 Rb Preq 2M Preq 1
If hard decision is applied, the detection basically = 3 and =√ ,
Preq,ook log2 (M ) Preq,ook γ
takes place on the chip level by √
means of a thresh-
old which reduces dE by a factor 2. respectively.
In the case of OOK with an optical peak power 2P/γ,
Results – Table 1 shows the relative required op-
we get
tical power of RZ-OOK and M -PPM both for white
 noise and for f 2 noise, where NRZ-OOK acts as the
dE = 2RP/(kγ) = 2RP/ γRb ,
reference. Whereas RZ-OOK promises a gain in a
which shows that the required power depends on the white noise regime, just the opposite occurs if f 2
pulse shape, too, cf. also [3]. The required power Preq noise dominates. In f 2 noise, even soft detected PPM
relative to NRZ-OOK can be easily estimated by can only achieve a gain for M > 4. However, at
1 Gbps, hard decision is more likely. In this case,
Preq dE,ook M -PPM performs worse than OOK even for M =8.
= ,
Preq,ook dE Clearly, with respect to OOK, the table does not show
√ the whole story, since OOK has to be combined with
where dE,ook = 2RP/ Rb . a line code [1] in a practical system. An 8B10B line
code will increase the required bandwidth by a fac-
Transmission in f 2 noise – Here we assume that
tor 10/8, which increases the required power by 0.5
N0 I2 Rb  N2 I3 Rb3 . The results can be easily ob-
dB and 1.5 dB in white and f 2 noise, respectively.
tained, if the transfer function of the filter is now
However, if the limited speed of the components is
normalised by  also taken into account, OOK can be considered as a
k = 2Rb3 I3 , good choice at 1 Gbps.
which leads to the fixed noise variance of N22 at Acknowledgement – This work was carried out
the sampling times. A major issue with respect within the framework of the European integrated
to the modulation scheme performance is the selec- project OMEGA.
tion of an appropriate noise rejection filter. A short
time integrator can not be applied, since the enve- References
lope of sinc2 (f Trect) drops only with f 2 . Fifth or-
der Bessel lowpass filters are proven to perform well, [1] J. Li, M. Wolf, and M. Haardt, “Investigation
since they provide a good tradeoff between linear dis- of the Baseline Wander Effect on Gbps Wireless
tortions and noise rejection. For NRZ-OOK, that Infrared System Employing 8B10B Coding,” in
is for γ = 1, we set the 3 dB cut-off frequency of International Conference on Telecommunications
this filter to fg = Rb /2, which leads to the Person- 2009, 2009, accepted paper.
ick integral I3 = I3,OOK = 0.084 and a (vertical) [2] T. van Muoi, “Receiver Design for High-Speed
eye-opening penalty of 0.5 dB. Similarly, we choose Optical-Fiber Systems,” Journal of Lightwave
fg = 1/(2Trect) for PPM and RZ-OOK, which yields Technology, vol. LT-2, pp. 243–267, June 1984.
 3
to I3 = I3,OOK · logM(M) and I3 = I3,OOK /γ 3 for [3] M. Wolf and M. Haardt, “Coding limits for short
2
PPM and RZ-OOK, respectively at a similar eye- range wireless infrared transmission,” in IEEE
opening penalty. By ignoring this penalty, we get PIMRC ’05, (Berlin, Germany), Sept. 2005.
for NRZ-OOK

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8 --
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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Line-of-sight Infrared Wireless Path Loss Simulation in an

Aircraft Cabin
Svilen Dimitrov1,2, Raed Mesleh1, Harald Haas1,3, Mario Cappitelli2, Michael Olbert2, Erhard Bassow4
1
Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany, e-mail: s.dimitrov & [email protected]
2
EADS Deutschland GmbH, Nesspriel 1, 21129 Hamburg, Germany, e-mail: mario.cappitelli & [email protected]
3
Institute for Digital Communications, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK, e-mail: [email protected]
4
Airbus Deutschland GmbH, Lueneburger Schanze 30, 21614 Hamburg, Germany, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract – In this paper, the line-of-sight (LOS) infrared wireless path loss in an aircraft cabin is estimated via a
Monte Carlo ray-tracing (MCRT) simulation, performed on a geometric CAD model with defined transmitters and
receivers.

Introduction – With the advent of non-coherent

high-power light emitting diodes (LEDs) and highly
sensitive photodiodes (PDs), optical wireless
communication has become a viable candidate for
medium range data transmission [1,2]. Compared to
radio frequency (RF) communication, it offers an
almost unlimited bandwidth, license-free operation,
low-cost front ends and expected high data rates.
Since there is no interference with RF-based
technology, an optical wireless system can be
deployed in an aircraft cabin to enhance inter-system
communication and multimedia acquisition. One
particular implementation regards the infrared optical
communication [3]. To optimize the performance, the
infrared wireless channel requires characterization. In
Fig. 1.: Generalized model of the setup, including three
a LOS case, the infrared signal suffers mainly the
paths for path loss estimation, the transmitter and some of
attenuation of the surrounding objects due to their the receivers.
reflection / absorption properties [4].
In this paper, a MCRT simulative approach is the geometry is defined through measured diffuse and
presented, which is used to compute the infrared specular reflection coefficients. The simulation
signal power distribution in an aircraft cabin along focuses on monochromatic light at 940nm in a black
chosen paths for a predefined light source. and white simulation color mode.
Considering the reflective properties of the A single transmitter LED fixture is placed in the
environment, particular scenarios of LOS cases are setup as shown on Fig. 1. The light source is modeled
studied, in which the azimuth (AZ) and elevation according to the specifications of the OSRAM high
(EL) properties of a selected of-the-shelf LED are power infrared emitter "Golden Dragon" SFH 4231.
varied to find the appropriate orientation towards a Input parameters are the ball-formed LED's radiation
static set of PDs positioned along the chosen paths. characteristic, field of view (FOV) of 120o, and a
Simulation Modeling – The infrared irradiation total radiant flux of 500mW/nm.
simulation is performed with the software tool The irradiance of the setup volume is sampled by
Specter by Integra Inc. A MCRT algorithm is utilized means of a planar irradiance observer tool, which is a
as a primary lighting simulation method. The collection of receiver points. A receiver in the scene
following inputs are required: geometric model of the is modeled according to the specifications of the
simulation setup, materials reflection characteristic, OSRAM PD BP 104 F with a FOV of 120o and a
simulation color mode, and definition of key radiant sensitive area of 4.84mm2. With the help of
properties of light sources and observers. equidistantly separated irradiance observer planes, a
The geometric 3D model of the aircraft cabin is three dimensional array of 100x100x100 receiver
constructed with the CAD tool Rhinoceros 3D. A points is defined and sketched in Fig. 1.
generalized model of the setup is presented in Fig. 1. The limitations of the simulation are related to the
The reflection characteristic of the different objects in MCRT simulation stopping criterion of stochastic

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

accuracy and the accuracy of definition of the

simulation input parameters [4].
Simulation Results and Discussion – To estimate
the LOS path loss in the cabin, three paths are chosen
as shown in Fig. 1. The result in Fig. 2 shows that the
path loss curve is almost linear in the log domain,
after an alignment of the transmitter’s and the
receivers’ FOVs is achieved. Thus, the generic RF
path loss model [5] can be employed:
(1)

where is the path loss at reference distance

d0, n is the path loss exponent, and d is the distance
between transmitter and receiver.
To avoid the FOV misalignment between the
transmitter and the receivers along the paths, the
receiver planes at distances greater than 1m away

Fig. 2.: Path loss along paths LEFT and UP.

from the transmitter are considered. Thus, in this

shortened spatial region, the path loss curves along
the shortened paths exhibit the linear behavior in log Fig. 3.: Average path loss and path loss exponent in the
domain shown in Fig. 2. Hence, in the rest of the linear region along paths CENTER, LEFT and UP.
paper the path loss along the considered parts of the
paths is described by its average value in dB and its model and can be used to calculate the link budget
path loss exponent. The results for the different LED and optimize the radiation pattern of the transmitter.
orientation scenarios are presented in Fig. 3. A better References
orientation is defined as the one, which provides less [1] T. Komine, M. Nakagawa, “Fundamental
average path loss along the shortened path. Along the Analysis for Visible-light Communication
CENTER path the best irradiation is given for AZ=0o System Using LED Lights”, IEEE Transactions
and EL=30o, because of the high reflection from the on Consumer Electronics, vol.50, no.1, Feb.2004
[2] M. Afgani, H. Haas, H. Elgala D. Knipp,“Visible
upper objects. Along the LEFT path the best Light Communication Using OFDM”, in Proc. of
orientation is AZ=-30o and EL=0o. The UP path is TridentCom2006, Barcelona, Spain, Mar. 2006
best irradiated for AZ=0o and EL=60o. [3] F. Gfeller, U. Bapst, “Wireless In-House Data
Conclusion – In this paper, an approach for the Communication via Diffuse Infrared Radiation“,
estimation of the infrared wireless LOS path loss is in Proc. of IEEE, vol.67, no.11, Nov. 1979
[4] M. Cappitelli, M. Olbert, C. Mussmann and R.
proposed. An MCRT irradiation simulation provides Greule, “GUM in Simulation und Messung”, in
a comprehensive set of measurements of the signal Proc. of Licht2008, Ilmenau, Germany, Sep.2008
power distribution in an aircraft cabin. The results are [5] T.S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications:
consistent with the RF LOS indoor propagation Principle and Practice”, 2nd ed., 2002

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Session 2 Tuesday May 19th, 2009 9:30 – 11:00 h

European project presentations (Part 1)

Session Chair: P-Y. Fonjallaz

Kista Photonic Research Centre, Kista (Sweden)
A. Seeds
University College London, London (United Kingdom)

Photonic in FP7-ICT - Workprogramme 2009-2010

F. Gillessen
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt, DLR, ICT Strategies
and EC Synergies, Köln (Germany)

Photonics21 – The European Technology Platform

K. Flaig
VDI Technologiezentrum GmbH, Düsseldorf (Germany)

ALPHA FP7-IP http://www.ict-alpha.eu/

M. Popov
ACREO AB, Kista (Sweden)

OMEGA FP7-IP http://www.ict-omega.eu/

J.-P. Javaudin
France Telecom Research & Development, Cesson-Sévigné (France)

FUTON FP7-IP http://www.ict-futon.eu/

N.J. Gomes
University of Kent, Canterbury (United Kingdom)

UROOF FP6-STReP http://www.ist-uroof.org/

M. Ran
Holon Institute of Technology, Holon (Israel)

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Session 2 Tuesday May 19th, 2009 11:30 – 13:00 h

European project presentations (Part 2)

Session Chair: A. Seeds

University College London, London (United Kingdom)
P-Y. Fonjallaz
Kista Photonic Research Centre, Kista (Sweden)

IPHOBAC FP6-IP http://www.ist-iphobac.org/

A. Stöhr
University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg (Germany)

GIBON FP6-STReP http://www.ist-gibon.eu/

A. Scavennec
Alcatel-Thalès III-VLab, Marcoussis (France)

HECTO FP6-STReP http://www.hecto.eu/

U. Westergren
Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Stockholm (Sweden)

ISIS FP6-NoE http://www.isis.minatec.grenoble-inp.fr/

J-P. Vilcot
Institut d'Electronique, de Microelectronique et de Nanotechnologie,
Villeneuve d'Ascq (France)

BONE FP7-NoE http://www.ict-bone.eu/

P. van Daele
Ghent University, Ghent (Belgium)

EUROFOS FP7-NoE http://www.euro-fos.eu/

E. Kehayas
National Technical University of Athens, Athens (Greece)

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Session 3 Tuesday May 19th, 2009 14:00 – 15:30 h

Components for Wireless Photonics Applications

Session Chair: C. Gonzalez
Alcatel-Thalès III-VLab, Palaiseau (France)

Large Bandwidth Detectors and Receivers for Telecom and Wireless

(invited)
H.-G. Bach
Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Berlin (Germany)

Generation of 54.8 GHz signal using a modelocked quantum dash

semiconductor laser
F. van Dijk, A. Enard, A. Akrout, G.-H. Duan, F. Lelarge
Alcatel-Thalès III-VLab, Palaiseau (France)

Injection-locked Integrated Twin DBR Lasers for mm-wave Generation

L. Ponnampalam1, C.C. Renaud1, I.F. Lealman2, L. Rivers2, P. Cannard2,
M.J. Robertson2, D. Moodie2, F. van Dijk3, A. Enard3, F. Blache3, M. Goix3,
F. Mallécot3, A.J. Seeds1
1
University College London, London (United Kingdom)
2
CIP Technologies, Ipswich (United Kingdom)
3
Alcatel-Thalès III-V Lab, Palaiseau (France)

Photodiodes and Reflective Electroabsorption Modulators for mm-

wave and UWB Applications
D.G. Moodie1, D.C. Rogers1, P.J. Cannard1, A. Borghesani1, C.W. Ford1,
R. Firth1, R. Cronin1, M.J. Robertson1, D.W. Smithy, L. Ponnampalam2,
C. Renaud2, A.J. Seeds2, M. Thakur3, T. Quinlan3, S. Walker3
1
CIP Technologies, Ipswich (United Kingdom)
2
University College London (United Kingdom)
3
University of Essex, Colchester(United Kingdom)

Demultiplexing Photoreceivers Comprising pin and pinTWA

Frontends for 107 Gbit/s ETDM
H.-G. Bach1, G.G. Mekonnen1, R. Kunkel1, C. Schubert1, D. Pech1, T.
Rosin1,
A. Konczykowska2, F. Jorge2, A. Scavennec2, M. Riet2
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Berlin (Germany)
2
Alcatel Thalès III-V Lab, Marcoussis (France)

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Large Bandwidth Detectors and Receivers

for Telecom and Wireless
H.-G. Bach
Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, Einsteinufer 37, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
Phone. ++49 30 31002-503, FAX ++49 30 31002-558, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: A family of ultrafast (160 Gbit/s) photodetectors based on waveguide-integrated

evanescently coupled photodiodes, is described. The detectors are monolithically integrated with
bias-Ts, coplanar transmission lines and MMI-couplers. Examples of miniaturized ultra-
broadband-, travelling wave-, and narrowband photodetectors, operating up to -3 dB frequencies
of 150 GHz are given. Novel self-biased detectors are demonstrated and integrated with antennas.

or remote antenna driving [8]. Chapter 6 describes

Introduction
monolithic pin-antenna chips suitable for generation
Fast photodetectors with large saturation of THz radiation [6]. The self-biasing scheme [8] was
photocurrent are key components in high-bitrate fibre recently combined with the pin-antenna integration,
networks and photonic microwave applications forming a self-biased pin-antenna chip, which
incorporating optical pre-amplification. For high- radiates simply from the tip of a fiber into free space.
speed operation, the photodetector has to be designed
for low capacitance and small carrier transit times, cf. Chapter 1: Photodiodes up to 160 Gbit/s
to chapter 1. The need for -3dB cut-off frequencies Side-illuminated photodetectors show an improved
beyond 100 GHz leads to a further reduced size of the high-power behaviour, because the absorption is
photodiode (PD) with the consequence of earlier distributed laterally into a larger length of a thinner
limited output saturation current, but now with a 150 absorption layer in a controlled manner. The
GHz response (chapter 2). A way to overcome the fabricated photodetector chips are based on InP and
trade-off between speed and saturation photocurrent comprise an evanescently coupled mesa photodiode
is to distribute symmetrically the optical signal to of 5x20 Pm2 size, a spot-size converter for increased
several photodiodes and combine their photocurrents fiber alignment tolerances, a biasing network and a
by means of a transmission line [1, 2]. Now, due to 50 ȍ matching resistor. An optimized impedance line
the uniform optical power distribution, the connecting the p-mesa to the electrical output line of
unsaturated output photocurrent scales directly with the detector leads to an increase of the cut-off
the number of photodiodes. By embedding the frequency up to 110 GHz [5].
discrete PDs within a transmission line, a travelling
wave photodetector (TWPD) can be built. A 85 GHz
periodic travelling wave photodetector with parallel
optical feed [3], based on evanescently coupled low-
capacitance waveguide-integrated micro-pin
photodiodes, is presented in chapter 3.
The generation of mm-wave signals by photonic
technologies is advantageous for a variety of
applications like fibre radio wireless communication
systems, remotely controlled optically steered
antenna systems, clock recovery in photonic-based
telecommunication networks, and high-speed
measurement systems. We report in chapter 4 on the
design, fabrication and characterization of an
Fig. 1: Relative frequency response of the PD module
efficient InP-based narrowband photodetector family,
(+2.3 dBm optical input power) measured with hp437B
covering the frequency range from 38 to 100 GHz. (black) and PM3 (red) , inset: PD module photo.
The detectors comprise a waveguide-integrated
photodiode and a resonating short stub circuit CPW-
The chip is assembled into a housing equipped with a
based transformer network [4, 7]. Chapter 5 presents
1 mm coaxial output connector and a fiber pigtail
novel self-biased photodetectors, suitable for remote
(Fig. 1, inset), exhibiting a responsivity of 0.55 A/W.
mm-wave generation in EMI sensitive environments

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Fig. 1 shows the calibrated frequency response of the bandwidth far over 100 GHz. Therefore an
photodetector module at 2 V reverse bias (Vbias). optimization of the evanescent coupling scheme has
A -3 dB bandwidth of 100 GHz is obtained. The been performed [6], c.f. Fig. 3. Here the contact and
module converts excellently eyepattern from RZ matching layer with the protrusion length L serves as
PRBS modulation at 80/100/107 Gbit/s into the low-resistance n-type contact layer, controls the
electrical domain. Even at 160 Gbit/s well opened optical intensity distribution in the device, and
provides refractive index match between the
waveguide and absorber.

0.5 V

4 ps

Fig. 2 Detected eye pattern under 160 Gbit/s RZ

excitation, Vbias = -2.5 V.

eyes are obtained, see Fig. 2, which now are Fig. 4: Measured frequency responses of lumped element
converted to NRZ due to bandwidth limitations of the (micro-pin) PDs and a TWPD with d = 110 μm (c.f. ch. 3).
sampling head (Agilent 86118A) and the module. All devices stem from the same wafer with dabs =200 nm.
The measurements were done at a dc photocurrent of 2 mA
and Vbias = -2 V.
Chapter 2: Micro-pin Photodiodes up to 150 GHz
Micro-pin photodiodes are further miniaturized In Fig. 4 the relative frequency responses of three
devices from a standard size 5x20 μm2 [3, 6] with a novel PDs from the same wafer with dabs = 200 nm
relatively broad absorber region to a much more are shown. All devices contain an internal 50 :
reduced size of 4x7 μm2 with a reduced depth matching resistor. In case of the photodetector with
absorber region, without loosing too much of the an active area of 5 x 20 μm2 a 3 dB bandwidth of
responsivity (> 0,35 A/W), and to extend the 85 GHz is achieved, which is primarily limited due to
the RC limit. The responsivity amounts to 0.52 A/W.
By minimizing the active area to 4 x 7 μm2, the
bandwidth is drastically increased to 150 GHz. The
calculated 3 dB bandwidth due to pure carrier transit
effects amounts to 150 GHz, this implies that this PD
is mainly limited by the transit time. Due to the
optimized matching layer, a notable responsivity of
0.35 A/W with a PDL of 0.22 dB can be maintained
for this shortened photodiode.

Chapter 3: Travelling-Wave Photodetectors

In contrast to the lumped photodetectors described in
the previous section, the travelling wave
photodetector (TWPD) is a completely distributed
Fig. 3: Schematic cross-sectional view of the 1.55 μm structure. The inherent trade-off between maximized
wavelength photodiode . The light is injected from the RC-limited and carrier-transit-time-limited
left into the spot-size converter (not shown) and bandwidth can be overcome. Our fabricated
couples evanescently from the semi-insulating travelling wave photodetector with parallel feed
waveguide into the pin-mesa. The insets depict the comprises a spot-size converter for effective fibre-
optical 2D field intensity profiles in the singlemode chip coupling and a 1 x 4 multimode interference
waveguide (left), multimode matching layer (center)
(MMI) power splitter of which output waveguides
and multimode PD mesa (right).

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

feed four miniaturized p-i-n waveguide-integrated (200-250 Ohm) at the diode’s anode feeding point,
photodiodes with active areas of 4 x 7 μm2 [3, 6]. see Fig. 7. Consequently the available RF power
(~i2*Zeff) is increased, due to the constant current
output of the detector. The transformer network feeds
this increased power via L3 to the output load with
only minor losses [7].

Fig 5: Partial view of the fabricated TWPD chip. The input

signal is fed from the left via the spot-size converter and rib
waveguide (not shown) into the MMI splitter. The PD
distance is dpd = 90 μm.
Fig. 7: Circuit scheme of the resonant narrowband
photodetector.
The bandwidth of such travelling-wave detector
amounts to ~85 GHz, which could be optimised Thus an effective gain in the range of ~ 7dB,
further. compared to 50 Ohm internally terminated broadband
detectors, is achieved at resonance.
The frequency response of a narrowband detector
module for 80 Gbit/s clock recovery purposes and its
reverse bias tuneable O/E conversion behaviour is
presented in Fig. 8. By increasing the reverse bias
from 0.5V to 4 V, the resonance peak is shifted from
76 GHz to 80 GHz. The resonance position for a
fixed bias value was proven to be stable when the
optical input power level was varied from -3 dBm to
+ 12 dBm, while the output return loss was better
than 10 dB over the full range of optical input power
levels. Typical Q values of the narrowband detectors
range between 6-8.

Fig. 6: Detected output power vs. the DC photocurrent

(both devices without R50).

Fig. 6 gives the dependence of the detected RF output

power delivered to a 50 : load at 10 GHz on the DC
photocurrent for both devices. In case of the TWPD a
maximum electrical output power of +10.3 dBm has
been achieved. Compared to the single PD this is an
improvement of 10 dB available power. The 1 dB RF
compression point amounts to IPD: 8 mA and 27 mA
for the single PD and the TWPD, respectively.
Fig. 8: Opto-electronic frequency response of the module
Chapter 4: Resonant Narrowband Photodetectors (inset) for 80 Gbit/s clock recovery purposes, showing
slight resonance tuning with reverse bias of 0.5…4 V.
The electrical output signal of the photodiode is
coupled to a resonant transformer network (L1, L2), Chips with resonances at 40/60/80/85/90/100 GHz
which transforms the output load impedance of and responsivities up to 1 A/W are available, higher
50 Ohm to a considerably higher impedance Zeff frequencies can be achieved further.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Chapter 5: Self-biased Photodetectors The pin-antenna chips were further furnished by the
self-biasing scheme, forming a self-biased pin-
The principle circuit scheme of a self-biased
antenna chip, which radiates >PW simply from the
photodetector is depicted in Fig. 9.
tip of a fiber into free space, see Fig. 11 (lower right).
Conclusion
A family of broadband (150 GHz) photodetectors
based on waveguide-integrated evanescently coupled
photodiodes, is described. The detectors are
monolithically integrated with bias-Ts, coplanar
transmission lines and MMI-couplers. Examples of
detectors, capable for 160 Gbit/s RZ conversion,
miniaturized ultra-broadband-, travelling wave
detectors, operating up to -3 dB frequencies of
Fig. 9. Basic circuit scheme of a self-biased photodetector,
and packaged into a module (no! bias pins needed). 150 GHz and narrowband photodetectors, comprising
resonant output networks for increased responsivity
The incoming (modulated) light is split by an e.g. 1:4 up to 1 A/W, are given. Novel self-biased detectors
MMI coupler into four waveguides. One waveguide are demonstrated at 107 Gbit/s. Pin-antenna chips for
feeds the small high-speed signal photodiode THz wave generation were shown and further
(5x20 Pm2), the other three waveguides supply light combined with a self-biasing power cascade for free
to three longer biasing photodiodes (10x40 Pm2), space radiation just from the fiber tip.
each of which produces a bias up to the bandgap of
GaInAs. The series connection of these diodes Acknowledgements
cascades the bias voltages up to approx. 1.5 V, which The contributing work from G.G. Mekonnen,
now serves as the reverse biasing of the signal R. Kunkel, D. Schmidt, W. Ebert, A. Seeger,
photodiode [8]. Fig. 10 shows 107 Gbit/s operation. T. Gärtner, D. Pech, C. Sakkas, and R. Zhang at the
FhI HHI is gratefully acknowledged. This work was
financed partly by the MultiTeraNet program of the
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
and supported by the GIBON and HECTO projects of
the EC.
References
[1] C. L. Goldsmith, G. A. Magel, R. J. Baca, "Principles and
Performance of Travelling-Wave Photodetector Arrays," IEEE
Figure 10: 107 Gbit/s eye patterns at +6 dBm (left) and Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 45, no. 8, August 1997, pp.
+15 dBm (right) optical input power; opt. input pulses RZ: 1342-1349.

2 ps, OTDM multiplexed, PRBS 27-1. [2] S. Murthy, M. C.Wu, D. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Parallel feed
traveling wave distributed pin photodetectors with integrated MMI
couplers," Elect. Lett., vol. 38, no.2, 17th Jan. 2002, pages: 78-80.
Chapter 6: Pin-Antenna Chips (opt. self-biased) [3] A. Beling et al.: “High-Speed Miniaturized Photodiodes and
Parallel-fed Traveling Wave Photodetector based on InP”, IEEE J.
Micro-pin photodiodes have been integrated with of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, special issue on High-
log.-periodic antennas. Such chips radiate (sub) Thz Speed Photonic Integration, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2007), pp. 15-21.
radiation at IPD = 5 mA into free space, see Fig. 11. [4] H. Ito et al.: “High-Power photonic millimetre wave generation
-10
at 100 GHz using matching-circuit-integrated uni-traveling-carrier
-15 photodiodes” IEE Proc.-Optoelectron., vol. 150, no. 2, pp. 138-
-20 142, April 2000.
-25 [5] H.-G. Bach et al, IEEE JSTQE, Vol. 10, no.4, pp. 668-672,
-30
2004.
Pel(dBm)

-35
-40
[6] H.-G. Bach, Ultrafast Waveguide-integrated pin-Photodiodes
-45 and Photonic Mixers from GHz to THz Range (invited), ECOC
-50 2007, Sept. 16.-20, 2007, Berlin, Germany, 05.5.1_1569030753.
P-Log-2 TWPD2#0655 antenna-side
-55
P-Log-2 TWPD2#0655 Si-lensed substrate-side [7] H.-G. Bach, Ultrafast Efficient Photodiodes exceeding 100
-60
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 GHz Bandwidth (invited), Proc. of 19th Intern. Conf. on InP and
Freq.(GHz) Related Materials (IPRM 2007), May 14-18, 2007, Matsue, Japan,
paper TuB3-1, pp. 71-76.
Fig. 11: Heterodyne measured radiated RF output power
vs. frequency of chip at top-right, top curve: via silicon lens [8] H.-G. Bach, High-Speed Photodetectors: Self-Biasing and
High-Power Behaviour (invited), 214th Meeting of the Electro-
at substrate side (inset), bottom curve: radiation at antenna
chemical Society (ECS) 2008, October 12-17, 2008, Honolulu,
side; chip at lower right: novel self-biased pin-antenna chip. Hawaii, USA, Abs. E5 2030, and in ECST 2009, Vol. 16, HI-E5.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Generation of 54.8 GHz signal using a mode-locked quantum

dash semiconductor laser
*
Frédéric van Dijk , Alain Enard, Akram Akrout, Guang-Hua Duan, François Lelarge
Alcatel-Thalès III-V Lab, joint lab of « Bell labs » and « Thales Research & Technology », 1, avenue Augustin
Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
* Corresponding author: Phone: +33 1 69 41 57 35, Fax: +33 1 69 41 57 38, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – In this paper we present how a 1.55µm quantum dash mode-locked laser can be used in order to
generate a 54.8 GHz modulated optical signal with a phase noise compatible with wireless signal transmission.

Introduction –Mode-locked laser sources are very spectrum observed at a DC biased current of 370 mA,
attractive solutions for various applications such as, with the resolution bandwidth of the electrical
pulse generation, clock extraction from digital data spectrum analyser (ESA) set to 3 kHz. One can
and optical microwave signal generation and observe a self pulsation frequency close to 54.8 GHz.
processing [1]. Previously published work showed A nearly lorentzian lineshape is obtained, exhibiting a
how FP QDs mode-locked lasers could be used to get -3 dB linewidth narrower than 18 kHz. A lorentzian fit
low phase noise oscillators at 39.8 GHz [2]. In this is shown on the figure. The extremely narrow
paper, we will report on the generation of 54.8 GHz linewidth for QDs lasers is believed to be a
signal at 1.55 µm using a QDs laser with dispersion consequence of reduced spontaneous emission rate
coupled to the lasing mode, and sufficient four wave
compensation using standard single-mode fibre.
mixing in these QDs structures [3].
I. FABRY-PEROT QUANTUM DASH LASER
DEVICE PRESENTATION AND PASSIVE MODE-LOCKING
II. MODE-LOCKED LASER DISPERSION
COMPENSATION
CHARACTERISTICS
The studied semiconductor lasers are made of a The electrical power that is obtained from a mode-
buried ridge structure, and contain an active layer locked laser source is obtained thanks to the beating of
based on QDs on InP substrate. The vertical structure the couples of optical modes during the
was described in a previously published work [2]. photodetection process. The highest photodetected RF
Both facets are cleaved, forming a 774 µm-long FP power will be obtained if the relative phase difference
cavity. The QDs-FP Laser was mounted on an AlN between the adjacent modes is the same. There are
carrier with a GSG coplanar guide in for biasing and two main contributions to the relative phase: the
direct modulation. dispersion in the laser itself and the dispersion
associated with the optical fibre used for the transport
of the optical signal. Optimizing the transmission
Photodetected electrical power (dBm) -

-20 efficiency will require to minimize these two

-25 contributions. It has been shown that it could be done
-30 using standard single-mode fibre and enabled to get
RBW = 3 kHz
-35
span = 1 MHz
sub-picosecond pulses [4], [5], [6].
-40
We have measured the electrical power after
-45
photodetection from the mode-locked laser. The laser
-50
was biased at 370 mA. At this bias level the coupled
-55 optical power was 11 mW. Detection was made using
-60 a 50 GHz photodiode from U²T. The electrical power
-65 at 58.4 GHz was measured using an Agilent E4448A
-70 electrical spectrum analyzer (ESA) coupled to a V
54.8162 54.8164 54.8166 54.8168 54.817 band (50-75 GHz) H-P 11974V preselected harmonic
Frequency (GHz)
mixer. The power was measured after propagation
trough different lengths of standard single mode fibre
Figure 1: Self pulsation electrical spectrum (diamonds in Figure 2). A correction was applied to
at 370 mA remove the contribution of the coupling losses
associated to the numerous sections that had to be
used by comparison of the DC photocurrents. Without
Passive mode-locking with these devices has been correction, an electrical power of -6.77 dBm was
obtained without the use of any specific saturable measured for a length of fibre of 50 m and -15 dBm
absorber. Figure 1 shows an example of the beating for a length of fibre of 2370 m. The signal has also

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

been measured using an auto-correlator and had a References

FWHM of 722 fs. [1] J. Renaudier, B. Lavigne, F. Lelarge, M.
Jourdran, B. Dagens, O. Legouezigou, P.
0 Gallion, G.-H. Duan, “Standard-compliant jitter
transfer function of all-optical clock recovery at
-5 40 GHz based on a quantum-dot self-pulsating
corrected electrical power after

-10 semiconductor laser”, IEEE Photonics

photodetection (dBm)

-15
Technology Letters, vol. 18, Issue 11, June
2006 Page(s):1249 - 1251Quantum Elec
-20 [2] F. van Dijk, A. Enard, X.Buet, F. Lelarge, G.-H.
-25 Duan; “Quantum Dash mode-locked laser for
-30
millimeter-wave Coupled Opto-Electronic
Oscillator”, IEEE International Topical Meeting
-35 on Microwave Photonics, 3-5 Oct. 2007
-40 Page(s):66 – 69
model [3] F. Lelarge, B. Dagens, J. Renaudier, R. Brenot,
-45
measurements A. Accard, F. van Dijk, D. Make, O. Le
-50 Gouezigou, J.-G. Provost, F. Poingt, J. Landreau,
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 O. Drisse, E. Derouin, B. Rousseau, F.
Pommereau, G.-H. Duan, “Recent Advances on
fibre length (m) InAs/InP Quantum Dash Based Semiconductor
Lasers and Optical Amplifiers Operating at 1.55
Figure 2: corrected photodetected electrical power µm”, Invited paper, IEEE Journal of Selected
Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 13, Issue 1,
as a function of fibre length Jan.-feb. 2007 Page(s):111 – 124
[4] Arahira, S.; Kutsuzawa, S.; Matsui, Y.;
From these measurements it can be observed that Kunimatsu, D.; Ogawa, Y.; “Repetition-
an improvement of the electrical power of more the 15 frequency multiplication of mode-locked pulses
using fiber dispersion”, Journal of Lightwave
dB compared to the laser alone can be obtained just by Technology, Vol. 16, Iss. 3, March 1998
using 65 m of standard single mode optical fibre. Page(s):405 – 410
[5] Arahira, S.; Kutsuzawa, S.; Matsui, Y.; Ogawa,
III. CONCLUSIONS Y.; “Higher order chirp compensation of
A study of the dispersion effects on transmission femtosecond mode-locked semiconductor lasers
efficiency of the signal of a 54.8 GHz mode-locked using optical fibers with different group-velocity
dispersions”, IEEE JSTQE Volume 2, Issue 3,
laser has been performed. From this study it was Sept. 1996 Page(s):480 – 486
found that a significant part of dispersion of the laser [6] Sato, K.; “Optical pulse generation using fabry-
could be minimized using a standard single-mode Pe/spl acute/rot lasers under continuous-wave
fibre. For the optimum fibre length, auto-correlator operation”, IEEE JSTQE, Vol. 9, Issue 5, Sept.-
traces with a FWHM of 722fs were obtained. The Oct. 2003 Page(s):1288 - 1293
different optimum fibre lengths for the signal [7] A. Stoehr, A. Akrout, R. Buss, B. Charbonnier,
transmission were identified. These lasers have been F. van Dijk, A. Enard, S. Fedderwitz, D. Jaeger,
successfully used for 60 GHz wireless signal M. Huchard, F. Lecoche, J. Marti, R. Sambaraju,
A. Steffan, A. Umbach, and M. Weiss, 60 GHz
transmission with data rates of 3 Gb/s when Radio-over-Fiber Technologies for Broadband
modulating the data by directly modulating the laser Wireless Services, Journal of Optical
and more than 10 GB/s using an external modulator Networking, vol. 8, no. 5, 2009, (accepted)
[7].
Acknowledgement - This work was carried out
within in the framework of the European integrated
project IPHOBAC

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Injection-locked Integrated Twin DBR Lasers for mm-wave

Generation
1* 1 2 2 2 2
L. Ponnampalam , C. C. Renaud , I. F. Lealman , L. Rivers , P. Cannard , M. J. Robertson , D.
2 3 3 3 3 3 1
Moodie , F. van Dijk , A. Enard , F. Blache , M. Goix , F. Mallécot and A. J. Seeds
1
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London
WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
2
CIP Technologies, Adastral Park, Martlesham Heath, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP5 3RE, United Kingdom
3
Alcatel-Thalès III-V Lab, joint lab of « Bell labs » and « Thales Research & Technology », 1, avenue Augustin
Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
* Phone: +44 207 679 4464, Fax: +44 207 388 9325, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – A compact highly coherent mm-wave source is described, based on optical injection-locking of
integrated twin-tunable lasers with a quantum-dash mode-locked laser. Output power was 0dBm at 98GHz and
phase noise was -70dBc/Hz at 10kHz offset.

Introduction – Many applications, such as high bit had SMSR greater than 35dB (Fig.2) and a tuning
rate communications, security, radar and range of 7 – 8nm with an offset of 6nm between
instrumentation require highly coherent mm-wave them, giving an heterodyne tuning range of 0Hz to
sources. Generation of mm-wave signals using 1.8THz. A further advantage of the twin laser
photonic technologies [1] such as optical integration is that a 50C change in temperature causes
heterodyning has attracted remarkable interest in the the heterodyne frequency to change only by 2.5GHz,
recent years due to the availability of low loss fibres even though each of the stripes tunes by 60GHz. In
and cost effective optical devices. For compact low order to achieve high spectral purity both the outputs
cost systems it is advantageous to integrate all from the twin laser must be locked in phase which is
components onto a single chip. achieved by injection locking each of the outputs to
In this paper, we describe the performance of a two different lines of the OFCG. The combined
compact tunable mm-wave synthesizer that employs output is amplified and then applied to high speed
a quantum dash semiconductor mode-locked laser as photodetector to generate the mm-wave signal.
an optical frequency comb generator (OFCG), To achieve high power widely tunable mm-wave
injection locked integrated twin distributed Bragg synthesizer high power high speed photodiodes are
reflector (DBR) lasers as highly selective coherent essential. This can be accomplished by using a UTC-
filters and a uni-travelling carrier photodiode (UTC- PD where the light is absorbed in the p-region and
PD) as the mm-wave emitter. hence the electrons are the only active carriers which
Experimental Arrangement and Results – The can be made to travel at the overshoot velocity, which
experimental arrangement is shown in Fig.1. The is an order of magnitude greater than the hole
OFCG is a mode-locked Fabry-Perot semiconductor velocity. The response of UTC-PD is very fast and a
laser with a quantum dash gain medium. The comb 3dB bandwidth of 310GHz has been reported [2]. In
lines are locked in phase and are separated by addition, the higher electron velocity in the depletion
24.5GHz over a 1.6THz span (Fig.2). The twin DBR region leads to much reduced space charge effect
lasers are buried heterostructure lasers fabricated which enables the UTC-PD to have very high
30μm apart on a single InP/InGaAsP chip, each stripe saturation power [3]. The UTC-PD used in this
having 4 sections: front and rear grating sections of experiment had a 3dB bandwidth of 90GHz and a
lengths 150μm and 450μm respectively, a 400μm responsivity of 0.15A/W at a bias voltage of -4V.
This was designed in a waveguide configuration in
long gain section and a 100μm long phase section.
order to further improve the saturation power, and it
The waveguide of each stripe was of different width
was not saturated at an optical input power of
thus changing the centre frequency of the Bragg
140mW. The mm-wave output was collected using a
section to achieve the necessary wavelength offset
coplanar probe, and an external mixer was added for
between them. The outputs are combined by an MMI
frequencies above 50GHz. Fig.3 shows the measured
coupler which is further integrated with an angled
spectrum with a centre frequency of 98GHz with an
tapered semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) to
input optical power of 11dBm (photocurrent of
boost the output power to 20 – 25mW with minimum
2mA). The generated power increased to 0dBm at a
facet reflections. The output from each of the stripes
photocurrent of 20mA (optical power of 140mW).

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

The measured linewidth of the generated mm-wave -72dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 100kHz. This
signal is less than 1kHz (limited by the resolution can be further improved by employing self injection
bandwidth of the spectrum analyzer) at any loops in the OFCG. The tunability could be improved
heterodyne frequency within the tuning range of the if integrated optical phase lock loops are used to
source. replace the optical injection locking mechanism for
Many applications such as instrumentation require the twin lasers.
phase noise less than -90dBc/Hz at an offset Acknowledgement - This work is supported by the
frequency of 10kHz. However, the requirements can European Union within the framework of the
be less stringent for some areas such as high speed Integrated project IPHOBAC.
short reach indoor telecommunication where it is
acceptable to have phase noise <-70dBc/Hz at an References
offset frequency of 100kHz. Fig.4 shows the [1] A. J. Seeds and K. J. Williams, “Microwave
measured phase noise spectra of the signal at 98GHz Photonics”, J. of Lightwave Technology, vol. 24,
compared to that of the mode-locked laser. The pp. 4628-4641, 2006.
[2] H. Ito, T. Furuta, S. Kodama and T. Ishibashi,
OFCG is driven with a 15dBm signal at 24.5GHz to “InP/InGaAs uni-traveling-carrier photodiode
improve its phase noise performance. The resulting with 310GHz bandwidth”, Electron. Lett., vol.
phase noise was -70dBc/Hz for offset frequencies 36, pp. 1809-1810, 2000.
less than 100kHz. The phase noise of the master [3] C. C. Renaud, D. Moodie, M. Robertson and A.
OFCG was the limitation for the phase noise of the J. Seeds, “High Output Power at 110GHz with a
heterodyne signal at 98GHz. Incorporation of self Waveguide Uni-Travelling Carrier photodiode”,
injection loops can further improve the phase noise of LEOS, ThM3, pp. 782-783, 2007
[4] F. van Dijk, A.Enard, X. Buet, F. Lelarge and G.
the OFCG as reported in [4] which should reduce the Duan, “Phase noise reduction of a Quantum dash
phase noise level of the synthesized signal. mode-locked laser in a millimetre-wave Coupled
Summary – We have demonstrated a compact Opto-Electronic Oscillator”, J. of Lightwave
tunable high spectral purity mm-wave synthesizer Technology, vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 2789-2794,
2008.
that has the potential of generating signals into the
terahertz band. The generated power was measured to
be up to 0dBm at 98GHz and the phase noise was
0 OFCG
Twin DBR Laser
-10
Power (dBm)

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60
1560 1565 1570 1575 1580
Wavelength (nm)

Fig. 1.: Experimental Arrangement Fig. 2.: Optical spectrum of OFCG and the twin DBR lasers

-40
OFCG:No electrical injection
-20 -50
OFCG:With electrical injection

-30 -60 Beat signal at 98GHz

Phase Noise (dBc/Hz)

-70
-40
Power (dBm)

-80
-50
-90
-60
-100

-70 -110

-80 -120
1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000
-80000 -60000 -40000 -20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000
Frequency offset (Hz)
Offset Frequency from 98GHz (Hz)

Fig. 3.: Spectrum of the generated mm-wave signal at Fig. 4.: Phase noise spectrum of the mm-wave signal at
98GHz 98GHz compared to that of OFCG.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Photodiodes and Reflective Electroabsorption Modulators for

mm-wave and UWB Applications
D. G. Moodie1,*, D. C. Rogers1, P. J. Cannard1, A. Borghesani1, C. W. Ford1, R. Firth1, R. Cronin1,
M. J. Robertson1, D. W. Smith1, L. Ponnampalam2, C. Renaud2, A. J. Seeds2, M. Thakur3,
T. Quinlan3, S. Walker3
1
CIP Technologies, B55, Adastral Park, Martlesham Heath, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP5 3RE, UK.
2
Dept. of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, UK.
3
School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, C04 3SQ, UK.
* Phone: +44 (0)1473 663223, Fax: +44 (0)1473 663295, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – This paper describes recent progress made on photodiodes for mm-wave applications and EAMs
designed for low cost sub 11 GHz antenna remoting applications.

Introduction – Photodiodes and electroabsorption Chip capacitances comprised the parasitic

modulators (EAMs) are key building blocks of many capacitance of the coplanar electrode structure ~11 fF
photonic systems. This paper will describe progress and the active capacitance. Chips with intended
on high bandwidth photodiodes developed on the active region dimensions of 20 Pm x 2.8 Pm had an
IPHOBAC project and lower bandwidth reflective average active region capacitance measured at 1 MHz
EAMs developed on the UROOF project. Both and -2 V bias of 33 fF. This would give an idealised
devices were designed to have large optical modes at RC limited bandwidth of ~96 GHz with no matching
their front facets for low fibre-chip coupling losses. circuit when R=50 :. The series resistance estimated
from Smith chart traces was ~ 19 :. Measured 3 dBe
Mode Expanded Photodiodes – Edge-coupled bandwidths of chips without matching circuits were
photodiodes with coplanar electrode configurations ~80 GHz, Fig, 3, for reverse biases of 1.5 to 4 V.
for operation at up to 110 GHz and some with
integrated antenna electrode patterns for operation
between 30 and 300 GHz were designed. Some
earlier edge-coupled photodiodes, made without the
mode expansion at the facet, had shown promising Active
frequency response and power handling region
characteristics [1]. A similar active design was used Second
in the mode expanded devices, although they were stage taper
designed to have a partially p-doped absorber layer
rather than an UTC structure. The mode expanded
photodiodes were fabricated to a multi-level ridge First stage taper
waveguide design, shown schematically in Fig. 1 (a).
A 1 mm long double stage taper was employed. Its (a)
purpose was to match the mode at the facet to that of
a cleaved fibre or that of the passive silica
waveguides used on the silicon motherboards at CIP
[2], while delivering relatively tightly confined light
into the active region to maximise the responsivity of
a short low capacitance active region. Fabricated
chips also incorporate precision cleave and scribe
features, Fig. 1(b). The variation in measured
responsivity with photodiode active section length is
shown in Fig. 2. The polarisation sensitivity was
typically 0.5 dB. A lens ended input fibre with a 10
(b)
degree FWHM far-field in intensity beam profile was Fig. 1.: Mode expanded photodiode chip (a) schematic and
used as it gave better coupling efficiencies than a (b) SEM micrograph.
cleaved fibre suggesting that the mode at the facet
was less dilute than design simulations had predicted.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Two photodiode chips from a previous fabrication passive optical alignment. Reflective EAMs
run with higher series resistances were packaged in a fabricated on the UROOF project have been used as
‘W’ connectorised module, Fig. 4(a), and showed 3 modulators and photodiodes in UWB radio over fibre
dBe bandwidths of ~ 60 GHz. systems demonstrators [3, 4].
0.5 0.5 1
0.45

Responsivity (A/W)
0.4 0.4 0.8

Transmission
Responsivity (A/W)

0.35
0.3 0.6
0.3
0.25 0.2 0.4
0.2
0.1 0.2
0.15
0.1 0 0
0.05
-1 0 1 2 3 4
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Reverse bias (V)
Active length (um)
(a)
Fig. 2. Responsivity versus active length of photodiodes

Relative response (dBe)

12
with double stage tapers. 9
6
3
0
-3
-6
-9
-12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Frequency (GHz)
(b)
Fig. 5. Measured characteristics of packaged reflective
Fig. 3. Frequency response of photodiode chips measured EAM (a) DC characteristics measured at 1550 nm and 20
using a coplanar probe. degrees C; solid lines - TM, dashed lines - TE, (b)
Modulation bandwidth at -2 V bias.
Acknowledgement - This work was supported by the
European projects IPHOBAC and UROOF.
References
[1] C. C. Renaud, D.G. Moodie, D.C.Rogers, P.J.Cannard,
R.Firth, A.Borghesani, M. Robertson, A. J. Seeds,
(a) (b) “High Output Power at 110 GHz with a Waveguide
Fig. 4. Photographs of (a) High speed photodiode module Uni-Travelling Carrier photodiode”, LEOS 2007,
and (b) Reflective EAM module. Paper ThM3.
[2] G. Maxwell et al, “Very low coupling loss, hybrid-
Mode Expanded Reflective Electroabsorption integrated all-optical regenerator with passive
Modulators – For ultra-wide band radio (UWB) a assembly” ECOC, Post Deadline Paper, 2002.
[3] M. P. Thakur, T. Quinlan, S. Dudley, M. Toycan, C.
maximum electrical frequency of only 10.6 GHz is
Bock, S. D. Walker, D. W. Smith, A. Borghesani, D.
required, however, a key requirement of the remote G. Moodie, R. Llorente, M. Ran, Y. Ben-Ezra, “Bi-
optoelectronic interface is that it needs to be low cost. directional, 480Mbps, Ultra-Wideband, Radio-over-
Edge-coupled reflective EAMs have been developed Fibre Transmission Using a 1310/1564nm Reflective
for applications up to 10.6 GHz with very low Electro-absorption Transducer and Commercially-
insertion losses and polarization sensitivities. The 3.4 Available Components”, . ECOC’08, vol. 2, pp. 201-
dB insertion loss was achieved by low coupling 202, 2008.
[4] M. Thakur, T. Quinlan, S. B. A. Anas, D. Hunter, S.
losses to a lens ended input/output fibre with a 10 Walker, D. W. Smith, A. Borghesani, D. G. Moodie,
degree FWHM far-field in intensity beam profile, “Triple-Format, UWB-WiFi-WiMax, Radio-over-
Fig. 5. Using a package with only a single fibre, Fig. Fibre Co-Existence Demonstration Featuring Low-
4(b) helps reduce costs, while chips have been Cost 1308/1564 nm VCSELs and a Reflective Electro-
designed for compatibility with other low cost Absorption Transceiver”, OFC’09, Paper OTuJ2,
packaging techniques such as flip chip bonding and 2009.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Demultiplexing Photoreceivers Comprising pin- and

pinTWA Frontends for 107 Gbit/s ETDM
H.-G. Bach (1*), G.G. Mekonnen (1), R. Kunkel (1), C. Schubert (1), D. Pech (1), T. Rosin (1)
A. Konczykowska (2), F. Jorge (2), A. Scavennec (2), and M. Riet (2)
1: Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, Einsteinufer 37, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
Phone. ++49 30 31002-503, FAX ++49 30 31002-558, e-mail: [email protected]
2: Alcatel Thales III-V Lab(*), Route de Nozay, F-91461 Marcoussis Cedex
Phone:++ 33 1 3077 6867, Fax:++33 1 3077 6786, e-mail: [email protected]
(*) joint lab: Bell Labs and Thales Research and Technology

Abstract: Demultiplexing photoreceivers, composed of either pin or pinTWA packaged frontends

and subsequent packaged InP-HBT-based demultiplexers are reported for 107 Gbit/s operation,
paving the way to ultra compact co-packaged pin/pinTWA-DEMUX receivers.

The HEMTs with 0.18 μm gate length, exhibit

Introduction
fT/fmax frequencies of typically 140/300 GHz. The
pinTWA OEIC bandwidth amounts to 72 GHz. This
For short range communications over a single-
bandwidth is completely preserved also in the module
wavelength, serial 100 G OOK (on-off keying),
see Fig. 1(d).
applying ETDM transmitter and receivers, gains
interest when components will be available at
affordable prices. 107 Gbit/s 1:2 demultiplexing
photoreceivers are key components [1, 2]. Within the
European projects GIBON and HECTO InP-based
components for 100 G serial transmission are
developed; this work focuses on the receiver part.
(a) x: 5 ps/div y: 50 mV/div (b) x: 5 ps/div y: 80 mV/div
Chapter 1: Waveguide-integrated pin photodiode
and pinTWA-OEIC photoreceiver modules Fig. 2(a) Eye pattern of photodetector module Fig. 1 (b) at 107
Gbit/s data rate (PRBS7), bias 2V, and +9 dBm opt. input power,
2(b) eye pattern of pinTWA photoreceiver module Fig. 1 (d) at
Waveguide-integrated pin photodiodes allow ultra- 107 Gbit/s data rate (PRBS7) and +10 dBm opt. input power.
high bandwidths exceeding 100 GHz, while
exhibiting responsivities of > 0.7 A/W and The eye patterns at 107 Gbit/s data are given in
polarization dependent losses (PDL) < 0.4 A/W [3], Fig. 2 (a) for the detector module (conversion gain
see Fig. 1(a). 15 V/W into 50 :) and in Fig. 2(b) for the pinTWA
receiver module, respectively. The conversion gain of
(a) (b) the pinTWA receiver module was 20 V/W, the output
eye is clearly opened at 107 Gbit/s, a first of all for a
packaged pinTWA-OEIC.
(c)
(c) (d)
Chapter 2: Demultiplexers based on InP HBTs for
Fig. 1(a) BCB-passivated Photodetector chip with 110 GHz up to 107 Gbit/s data rates
bandwidth, (b) packaged PD module capable of 107 Gbit/s data
rates, (c) pinTWA photoreceiver OEIC with 72 GHz bandwidth, Demultiplexing is performed with a decision circuit
(d) packaged pinTWA OEIC. developed at ATL, started with 2 μm InP DHBT
technology (see Fig. 3 (left)), followed by 2nd
The final module for 107 Gbit/s data rate is generation circuits from a novel 0.7μm HBT process.
shown in Fig. 1(b). An integrated TWA [4] behind The circuit architecture is similar to the one presented
the photodiode allows to save a 100 GHz in [5], but designed for higher operating bitrates (up
interconnection, which otherwise is accomplished by to 100 Gb/s). Biasing employs two bias values
tedious wire bonding or costly 1mm-connectors. at -2 V and -4 V, to be provided at the top of the chip.
Further on its on-chip-gain may spare an otherwise The data input on the left hand side is single-ended.
needed expensive EDFA in short range The data input can provide the DC return path for the
communications. photodiode current, if needed.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

PRBS 7
4

-log(BER)
6
7
8
+7.7dB
9
10
11 53.5 Gb/s 107 Gb/s
12
Fig. 3 (left) Photo of the decision circuit in 2 Pm HBT technology; 13
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

(middle) decision circuit in 0.7 Pm HBT technology, OSNR (dB)

(right) packaged DEMUX from (b).

Fig. 5 (left) Demultiplexed eye of pinTWA-DEMUX at
The demultiplexing IC with ~500 mVpp output 53.5 Gbit/s and PRBS7, Popt.: 9 dBm, IPD: 3 mA;
voltage swing comprises an input for the clock signal (right) BER vs. OSNR.
and two differential data outputs at the right side. The
improved circuit in Fig. 3 (middle), packaged in Conclusion and outlook
Fig. 3 (right), assuring 107 Gbit/s demultiplexing Packaged waveguide-integrated 110 GHz pin
operation can operate with unipolar input signals. photodetector chips and monolithic pinTWA OEICs
were hybridly combined with 1:2 HBT-based half-
Chapter 3: The pin ½-DEMUX 1:2 107 Gbit/s rate DFF demultiplexing modules as sensitive 107
demultiplexing photoreceiver Gbit/s receivers. Very clean demultiplexed output
The pin-DEMUX receiver was combined from the signals with ~500 mV amplitudes have been obtained
modules in Fig. 1(b) and Fig. 3 (right) by direct dc- in both cases. On-going work faces co-packaging of
coupling using 1mm connectors. pin/pinTWA and DEMUX ICs, as was recently
PRBS 7
demonstrated with an 80 Gbit/s demultiplexing
3

4
PRBS 31
single-housing receiver [2], where DEMUX chips of
5
Fig. 3(a) have been used.
-log(BER)

6
7
8
9 error-floor
10
11
12
53.5 Gb/s
+2.7dB

107 Gb/s
Acknowledgements
13
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
OSNR (dB)
The authors gratefully acknowledge contributions
Fig. 4 (left) Demultiplexed eye of pin-DEMUX at 53.5 Gbit/s and from their colleagues D. Schmidt, W. Ebert,
PRBS7; (middle) same as (left) but with PRBS31;
(right) BER vs. OSNR. A. Seeger, and T. Gärtner at the FhI HHI. Further
they acknowledge the cooperation with G. Veith and
E. Lach at Alcatel-Lucent Germany and P. Berdaguer
Fig. 4 (left, middle) show for photocurrents of
and S. Vuye at Alcatel-Thales III-V Lab France. This
4 mA the demultiplexed eye patterns with 53.5 Gbit/s
work was financed partly by the MultiTeraNet
data rate for PRBS7 and PRBS31, respectively.
program of the German Federal Ministry of
Output amplitudes of 500 mVpp are achieved. The
Education and Research and supported by the
BER measurement vs. the OSNR is given in Fig. 4
GIBON and HECTO projects of the EC.
(right) with comparison to a reference 53.5 Gbit/s
BER measurement using the same receiver setup. It References
delivers for PRBS7 20.5 dB at BER 10-3 (28 dB at
[1] J.H. Sinsky et al., “107-Gbit/s Opto-Electronic Receiver with
BER 10-9), which compares favorably to results Hybrid Integrated Photodetector and Demultiplexer”, OFC 2007,
21 dB (30 dB at BER 10-9) in [1], respectively. PDP-30.
[2] G.G. Mekonnen et al., “InP Waveguide-integrated pin-
Photodiode Hybrid Packaged with an HBT-DEMUX-Chip for
Chapter 4: The pinTWA ½-DEMUX 1:2 Receiver Modules of 80-100 Gb/s Data Rates”, ECOC 2008, Vol.
107 Gbit/s demultiplexing photoreceiver 3-33, We.1.C.5.
The pinTWA module was directly dc-coupled to the [3] A. Beling, H.-G. Bach, G.G. Mekonnen, R. Kunkel, and
input of the DEMUX module, thanks to the zero-bias D. Schmidt: “High-Speed Miniaturized Photodiodes and Parallel-
fed Traveling Wave Photodetector based on InP”, IEEE Journal of
dc-output of the TWA and its bipolar bias supply Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, special issue on High-
(-2V, +4V), forming the 107 Gbit/s pinTWA- Speed Photonic Integration, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2007), pp. 15-21.
DEMUX photoreceiver. [4] Bach H.-G., A. Beling, G. G. Mekonnen, “Development
Fig. 5 depict the demultiplexed eyes at 53.5 Gbit/s Roadmap towards 100 GHz Photodetectors and Receivers and
and the BER vs. OSNR, respectively. The additional beyond”, 11th European Conference on Networks and Optical
Communications (NOC 2006), Berlin, Germany, pp. 87-96.
penalty of 7.7 dB is caused by the ripple of the TWA
[5] A. Konczykowska et al., IEEE Trans on MTT, Vol. 53, No. 4,
transfer characteristics, which will be improved in pp. 1228-1234.
subsequent wafer runs to fully exploit the additional
on-chip gain advancement.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Session 4 Tuesday May 19th, 2009 16:00 – 17:30 h

Radio-over-Fibre techniques
Session Chair: C.G. Schäffer
Technical University Dresden, Dresden (Germany)

In-Building Distributed Antenna Systems using Radio over Fibre

(invited)
D. Wake
University of Kent, Canterbury (United Kingdom)

Full-Duplex remodulation of optical microwave signals by Feed-

Forward Current Injection in Reflective SOAs
M. Presi1, A. Chiuchiarelli1, G. Contestabile1, L. Giorgi2, E. Ciaramella1
1
Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa (Italy)
2
Ericsson, Pisa (Italy)

Wireless-Photonics-Wireless Interfaces Based on Resonant Tunneling

Diode OptoelectronicOscillators
J.M.L. Figueiredo1, C.N. Ironside2, B. Romeira1, T.S. Slight2, L. Wang2
E. Wasige2
1
Universidade do Algarve, Faro (Portugal)
2
University of Glasgow, Glasgow (United Kingdom)

A multi-hop UWB Radio over Polymer fibre system for 60-GHz hybrid
Networks
C. Lethien, C. Loyez, J-P. Vilcot, N. Rolland
Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq
(France)

Optical Routing of Millimeter-Wave Signals with a New Optical

Frequency Multiplication Scheme
H.-D. Jung, C. Okonkwo, E. Tangdiongga, T.Koonen
COBRA Research Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology,
Eindhoven (The Netherlands)

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

In-Building Distributed Antenna Systems

using Radio over Fibre
D. Wake
Broadband and Wireless Communications Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
Phone: +44 1229 823244, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract ± Radio over fibre is being used increasingly for in-building distributed antenna systems to provide
enhanced coverage and capacity of wireless networks. This paper looks at the architectures, requirements and
components used for these systems.

Introduction ± In-building wireless coverage and the radio signals from the optical carriers for onward
capacity is an important and growing market in transmission over coaxial copper cables to antennas.
environments such as office buildings, shopping The reverse sequence applies to the uplink direction.
malls and transport hubs. The most effective and The optical fibre span can be a few km in large
efficient way of providing this coverage with good buildings, whereas the coaxial cable length is
service quality is to place one or more radio base generally of the order of 20m or less. The DAS
stations (BSs) at a central location inside the building architecture provides several important advantages
and use a distributed antenna system (DAS) to over alternative architectures in which the base
distribute the wireless signals from the BSs to the stations are distributed around the building:
various antenna locations around the building. The remote hubs have small size, light weight and
Although DASs can be constructed using coaxial low power consumption.
cable, the preferred option for larger installations is Co-location of the BSs allows capacity gains
optical fibre cable using the radio over fibre (RoF) through increased efficiency and better utilization
technique. This is because optical fibre provides a of radio resources.
low loss, high frequency transmission medium. This Centralized base stations are easier and
paper looks at the architectures, requirements and consequently cheaper to operate, maintain and
components for these RoF-DAS systems. upgrade.

Distributed Antenna Systems ± A typical RoF DAS Radio over Fibre ± There are four main RoF types
architecture is illustrated in Fig. 1, which represents a used in current in-building wireless deployments.
large multi-storey building. The BSs are co-located These are illustrated in Fig. 2.
in an equipment room, in this case in the basement of RF transmission over single mode fibre (SMF)
the building. A central hub places the radio signals directly at the radio carrier frequency (usually in
from the BSs onto optical carriers for distribution the range 800 ± 2700MHz).
over optical fibre to remote hubs, placed in services
RF transmission over multimode fibre (MMF).
closets around the building. The remote hubs remove
The ability to use existing MMF cabling is
important for low installation cost. However, the
bandwidth of MMF is not sufficiently high to
support RF transmission over the required link
lengths using traditional launch arrangements for
the optical input signal. However, successful
transmission of RF signals over MMF can be
achieved using restricted launch conditions [1].
IF transmission over MMF or SMF. The RF
signal from the BS is downconverted to IF and
transmitted to the remote hubs where it is
upconverted back to RF. This allows MMF cables
to be used, although at the expense of additional
cost and complexity.
Fig. 1.: Typical architecture for RoF-DAS installation.

- 29 -
 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

DAS uplink needs to be sufficiently linear to

ANTENNA UNIT DYRLGµEORFNLQJ¶IURPuplink overload.
CENTRAL HUB REMOTE HUB
RF
Broadband noise transmitted by the DAS which
RF
BTS L PD blocks handsets near DAS antennas. This
SMF coax
primarily affects uncoordinated handsets
operating at low signal level.
ANTENNA UNIT
CENTRAL HUB REMOTE HUB
RF RF Similar considerations apply in the reverse direction.
BTS L PD
MMF coax
For the case of a GSM system deployed in an office
building, it has been shown previously that the
ANTENNA UNIT downlink SFDR requirement is 103dB.Hz2/3 and the
CENTRAL HUB REMOTE HUB
IF RF
uplink requirement is 95dB.Hz2/3 [2].
RF IFIF
BTS L PD
SMF / MMF UTP
LO LO
Link Performance ± All link types use direct
ANTENNA UNIT modulation of laser diodes for low cost and
CENTRAL HUB
IF RF performance depends critically on the choice of laser.
RF IF IF
BTS A/D L PD D/A There are three main types of laser that are
SMF / MMF
LO LO considered for this type of application;
VCSEL (vertical cavity surface emitting laser).
Fig. 2.: RoF link types used for DAS. These lasers usually operate at 850nm with
multiple transverse modes. Cost is very low
Digitised IF over MMF or SMF. This approach (~$20) because they are produced in high volume
uses downconversion to IF and then digitises the for datacomms applications. VCSELs typically
signal for transmission over optical fibre. The have SFDR values of around 90dB.Hz2/3.
analogue signal is then re-constructed and FP (Fabry-Perot laser). These lasers are edge-
converted back to RF at the remote hub. This has emitters and predominantly operate at longer
the advantages of digital transmission (no wavelength (1310 or 1550nm windows) with
impairments due to noise or distortion), but at the multiple longitudinal modes. Cost is typically
expense of high complexity. $50 - $100. Low cost uncooled FPs typically have
SFDR values of around 110dB.Hz2/3.
Link Requirements ± RoF links suffer from noise DFB (distributed feedback laser). These lasers
and distortion and these impairments affect both are edge-emitters and predominantly operate at
downlink and uplink directions. Link noise affects longer wavelength (1310 or 1550nm windows)
the downlink because it adds to transmitted noise, with a single longitudinal mode. Cost ranges
which increases interference with other mobiles. It from $150 - >$500 depending on the
affects the uplink because it reduces the sensitivity of specification. Low cost uncooled DFBs typically
the base station receiver. Distortion in both downlink have SFDR values of around 110dB.Hz2/3.
and uplink creates additional interference with other Both FP and DFB lasers have adequate performance
channels. A convenient metric that includes both for RoF DAS systems.
noise and distortion is the spur-free dynamic range
(SFDR). The SFDR requirement depends on the
Conclusions ± In-building wireless is an important
radio system and the environment, and can be
and growing market for cellular network operators.
determined from four inter-related radio system
The use of low cost optical components is leading to
specifications (downlink power, downlink noise,
more widespread use of radio over fibre for these
uplink noise figure and uplink blocking level) for any
applications.
particular deployment scenario. There are two
critical blocking mechanisms which influence the References
four radio system specifications mentioned above; [1] D. Wake et al³-QAM radio transmission over
Blocking of the DAS resulting from approach of PXOWLPRGH ILEUH EH\RQG WKH ILEUH EDQGZLGWK´
an uncoordinated handset (i.e. one being served IEEE Int. Topical Mtg on Microwave Photonics,
by a BS outside the DAS) to a DAS antenna. The 2001.
handset is likely to be transmitting at high power [2] D. Wake et al, ³5DGLR RYHU ILEUH IRU PRELOH
to try to overcome high attenuation losses. The communications´ IEEE Int. Topical Mtg on
Microwave Photonics, 2004.

- 30 -
 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Full-Duplex remodulation of optical microwave signals by

Feed-Forward Current Injection in Reflective SOAs
M. Presi1,*, A. Chiuchiarelli1, G. Contestabile1, L. Giorgi2 and E. Ciaramella
1


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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

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- 32 -
European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Wireless-Photonics-Wireless Interfaces Based on Resonant

Tunneling Diode Optoelectronic Oscillators
J. M. L. Figueiredo1,*, C. N. Ironside2, B. Romeira1, T. S. Slight2, L. Wang2, E. Wasige2
1
Universidade do Algarve, CEOT, Departamento de Física, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
2
University of Glasgow, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
* Phone: +351 289 800 987/905, Fax: +351 289 800 066, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – Resonant tunneling diode voltage controlled oscillators integrated with laser diodes and photo-detectors
can work as wireless to optical and optical to wireless converters, respectively, with high-potential to act as low-
cost wireless/photonic interfaces in future picocellular networks.

Introduction – The rapid growth of wireless network running oscillation frequency, the RTD-LD phase-
users demanding higher coverage and higher data locks to broadcasted signals with the laser output
rates has motivated an increasing attention into being modulated by the broadcasted signal [5]. We
hybrid wireless-optical communication systems to have observed locking with considerable noise
take advantage of the large bandwidth of optical reduction for broadcasted powers as lower as -40
communications networks [1]. Recent work on an dBm. Figure 1(b) shows the RF spectra of the
Optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) based on the detected laser optical output at the second harmonic
integration of a resonant tunneling diode (RTD) (1.8 GHz) of the circuit relaxation oscillations at 600
oscillator with a laser diode (LD), the RTD-LD, has MHz and when phase-locked to a 1.8 GHz injected
demonstrated it can act as an optoelectronic voltage wireless signal. When the 1.8 GHz wireless signal is
controlled oscillator (OVCO) [2,3]. Resonant present, stable frequency locking with significant
tunneling diodes are semiconductor nanostructures noise reduction occurs, as shown in Fig. 1(b). Phase-
with strong nonlinear current-voltage (I-V) locking was also observed for broadcasted signals
characteristic showing wide-bandwidth negative with frequencies close to other harmonics of the
differential conductance (NDC) at room temperature circuit’s free running frequency. In all cases, the
[4]. Since circuits showing NDC can act as oscillators frequency locking range was adjusted using either the
with built-in amplifiers, simply dc biasing the RTD- DC bias or the wireless power. The circuit operation
LD circuit in the NDC region produces relaxation mode applications includes phase modulated wireless
oscillations at frequencies determined by both the to phase modulated optical sub-carrier conversion
circuit components and the dc voltage value, with the [5]. We propose that these characteristics could be
relaxation oscillations modulating the laser optical employed in a digital wireless access network
output [3]. Both monolithic and hybrid (separate employing phase shift keying (PSK) modulation.
RTD and LD chips) have been investigated. A hybrid Outside the above phase-locked regions and under
RTD-LD circuit showing oscillation frequency as appropriate wireless injection conditions the RTD
high as 2.2 GHz, tunable from 1.8 GHz to 2.2 GHz as nonlinear characteristics can induce the RTD-LD
the dc voltage cross the NDC region (a voltage range OVCO to operate on other nonlinear regimes
around 0.5 V) was already demonstrated [3]. This is a including period-adding and intermittence routes to
simply way of converting a RF signal into an optical chaos, producing broadband (GHz-wide) chaotic
subcarrier. current oscillations that modulate the laser diode
Here we describe the work on RTD OVCOs that are optical output, generating optical sub-carriers with
capable to phase-lock to wireless signals with the same broadband chaotic features, Fig. 1(c). The
significant noise reduction, and produce broadband numerical model of the RTD OVCO based on the
chaotic signals. We also present preliminary results circuit differential equations in the form of a
on optical to electrical conversion using another Liénard’s system and the laser diode rate equations
OEIC consisting of a RTD VCO incorporating a accurately predicts the observed circuit optoelectronic
photoconductive region. operating regimes including synchronization, quasi-
Synchronized and chaos wireless-photonic periodicity and chaos generation [6].
conversion – The RTD based wireless microwave- Photonics-wireless conversion – A RTD oscillator
photonic circuit converter consists of a RTD-LD containing a photo-conductive region can be used to
OVCO which incorporates a patch antenna for extract a RF carrier from an optical signal, using the
wireless detection, Fig. 1(a). In the presence of a synchronization between a modulated optical signal
wireless signal with frequency close to circuit free and RTD oscillations [7]. Embedding a RTD within

- 33 -
European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

an optical waveguide core (as described in [4]) we simple way to convert an optical signal sub-carrier
have implemented a photo-detector with a built-in onto an RF signal. The RTD based OEICs
amplifier that can act as a photonics-wireless applications can include single chip platforms with
converter, Fig. 2(a). Figure 2(b) presents the RF reduced size and low cost microwave/photonics
injection locking capture level using light from a interfaces for Radio-over-Fiber communication
tuneable laser diode modulated by a sinusoidal signal networks.
at 1 GHz, showing the RTD-PD responsitivity-gain Acknowledgement - This work was carried out with
increases with the transition from RTD peak to valley financial support of Fundação para a Ciência e
by more than 15 dB. Figure 2(c) illustrates photo- Tecnologia, and Research Networks - Treaty of
detection capabilities at 5 GHz. We are currently Windsor Programme – Acções Integradas Luso-
investigating the synchronization between optical Britânicas 2008/09 - U32, Portugal.
sub-carriers and RTD oscillations to take advantages
of the RTD NDC to transfer and amplify the References
information bearing signal from the optical to the RF [1] M. Sauer and A. Kobyakov, Radio over fiber for
wireless domain. Circuit applications include optical picocellular network architectures, J. Lightw. Technol.
25, 3301 (2007).
sub-carrier to wireless conversion and optical control
[2] J. M. L. Figueiredo, et al., Self-oscillation and period
of microwave circuits. We believe the conversion adding from a resonant tunnelling diode – laser diode
characteristics can also be employed for phase shift circuit, Electron. Lett. 44, 876 (2008).
keying (PSK) modulation. [3] T. J. Slight, et al., A Liénard Oscillator Resonant
Conclusion – We have described the current activity Tunnelling-Laser Diode Hybrid Integrated Circuit:
on design, fabrication, characterization and modeling Model and Experiment, IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 44,
1158 (2008).
of a new class of wireless-photonic-wireless
[4] J. M. L. Figueiredo, et al., Electric field switching in a
interfaces based on integration of RTD with resonant tunneling diode electroabsorption modulator,
optoelectronic devices such as laser diodes and IEEE J. Quant Electron., 37, 1547 (2001).
photo-detectors to convert phase modulated [5] B. Romeira, et al., Wireless/Photonics Interfaces Based
wireless/optical signals into phase modulated optical on Resonant Tunneling Diode Optoelectronic
sub-carriers/wireless signals. Phase-locking of a Oscillators, CLEO 2009, paper CTuT4.
RTD-LD OEIC relaxation oscillator by direct [6] B. Romeira, et al., Synchronization and Chaos in a
injection of low power wireless signals has been Laser Diode Driven by a Resonant Tunneling Diode,
demonstrated. The frequency locking range is tunable IET Optoelectronics 2, 211 (2008).
[7] T. M. Ramond, et al, Low-noise optical injection
by adjusting the circuit natural frequency using the dc
locking of a resonant tunneling diode to a stable optical
bias or the wireless power. We have also shown a frequency comb, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 171124 (2007)
RTD with a photoconductive region that provides a

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 1.: (a) Wireless microwave-photonics circuit converter. (b) Phase-locking at 1.8 GHz induced by a broadcast signal of -40
dBm at the RTD-LD receiving antenna. A phase noise reduction of ~25 dB at 10 kHz offset is observed (resolution and video
bandwidths of 1 kHz). (c) Generation of chaotic signals induced by a 3 GHz injected wireless signal.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2.: (a) RTD-PD photonic-wireless converter. (b) RTD-PD I-V characteristic and RF injection locking capture level of an
optical signal 1 mW@1550 nm modulated at 1 GHz. (c) Photo-detection of a 5 GHz modulated optical signal at the valley region.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

A multi-hop UWB Radio over Polymer fibre system

for 60-GHz hybrid Networks

1, 2* 1, 2 2 1, 2
C. Lethien , C. Loyez , J-P. Vilcot and N. Rolland
1
Institut de Recherche sur les Composants logiciels et matériels pour l'Information et la Communication Avancée
(IRCICA), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, CNRS FR 3024, Parc Scientifique de la Haute Borne,
50 avenue Halley, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq – France
2
Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), Université des Sciences et
Technologies de Lille, CNRS UMR 8520 Avenue Poincaré - BP 60069 - 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex – France
* Corresponding author: C. Loyez; : +33 36253 1620; E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract – A specific impulse optical fibre system has been achieved to enhance the connectivity of 60-GHz
wireless networks. Properties of the multimode plastic optical fibre (POF) based on a perfluorinated material are
exploited to transmit such signals..

I – Introduction II - RF Topology – The overall topology is

This study proposes an efficient alternative to 60- depicted in the figure 1. The RF emitter and receiver
GHz ROF systems by reducing the architecture include MMICs realized with different pHEMTs from
complexity: we have achieved a specific impulse Ommic foundry (ft up to 120 GHz). The main
fibre-radio system based on a simple RF architecture component of the emitter is a pulse generator. This
using optical COTS (commercial off the shelf) generator consists of a high-speed NOR logic gate
components. The RF transmission is assumed by a associated to a varactor diode which enables to delay
monolithically integrated RF system using sub- the relative position of generated pulses. By this way,
nanosecond pulses up-converted in the 60-GHz NRZ data are transmitted using a pulse position
frequency band. The optical transmission is modulation (PPM) scheme. The 60-GHz carrier
performed by modulating the intensity of a Laser: signal is generated by a 30-GHz VCO associated to a
only the envelope of sub-nanosecond pulses is frequency doubler. Based on a pulse position
transmitted through the optical link by using the modulation (PPM) technique, this system not requires
intensity modulation (IM) of a distributed feedback local oscillators with strict phase-noise properties.
laser (DFB) operating at 1300nm (cutoff frequency: The frequency up-conversion of the sub-nanosecond
3GHz) and the direct detection (DD) technique in a pulses is obtained by modulating the amplitude of the
large area PIN photodiode. Most of conventional 60- 60-GHz OL signal. This amplitude modulation (AM)
GHz ROF systems use the glass single mode fibre is performed by a switch having a SPDT (single-pole
(SMF) with frequency conversion and studies have double-throw) topology and ensuring an isolation of
already been led on IF-over-glass multimode fibre more than 23 dB. The RF modulated signal is then
(MMF) for 60-GHz wireless networks [1]. In this amplified using a medium power amplifier (MPA)
study, we deliberately aim getting it compliant with a which provides an output power of 16 dBm. The
low cost application: it has been so achieved thanks to receiver includes a low noise amplifier (LNA), a RF
the simultaneous use of a perfluorinated graded index detector and a correlator. The LNA has a noise figure
polymer optical fibre (PF GIPOF) and the IMDD equal to 6.5 dB and a power gain of 42 dB at 60-
technique. Furthermore, this system potentially GHz. The RF detector performs the envelope
enables a temporal multiplexing of the detection of 60-GHz up-converted pulses. Next, the
communications. In this paper, both RF and optical correlator mainly consists of a matched filter and a
topologies are described in details. The main fast sampling and hold amplifier (SHA). Another
measurements of RF modules are depicted as well as pulses generator is used to trig this SHA. This second
the experimental results which concern the signal pulses generator is synchronised with the incoming
quality of a typical multi-hop transmission performed signal by using a specific synchronisation technique
by this system. which renders output data. No channel coding is
applied within this first demonstrator:

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

II - Experimental Set-up and Results modulated signal is amplified in the same manner as
As depicted by the figure1, the NRZ data stream is for the first RF hop and is transmitted over a distance
provided by a data timing generator Tektronix DTG of 4 meters by using similar antennas. The 60-GHz
5334. These data modulate the pulse position of a receiver, as the first one, is only composed by a LNA
first 60-GHz transmitter. The pulse width is close to and a detector which enables to recover the pulse
300 ps and corresponds to a good trade-off between envelope. The eye diagram of the received pulse
channel capacity and spectral band filling: the stream can be observed in Fig. 2. The eye aperture
narrowness of the pulse width enables to decrease the shows the quality of the multi-hop 100 Mbps
probability of collisions between users and offers a transmission. To our knowledge, frequency selective
sufficient spread spectrum to limit signal fading due fading is the main degradation factor of this system
to the multipath propagation. The radiated signal has and prevent it from reaching performance such as in
a power of 16 dBm and is transmitted over a distance an additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.
of 4 meters. The emitter and receiver antennas have a By the way, a large amount of measurements is
3dB aperture beam-width equal to 60 degrees. The required to qualify statistically the system
radiofrequency waves are circularly polarized and the performance in similar configurations. Nevertheless,
cross-polarization rejection is equal to 23 dB. The we give further information about the signal quality
propagation environment is a large room (6 m x 15 thanks to BER measurements: for data rates up to 200
m) with metallic and wood furniture. The RF part of Mbps, we obtained BER results reaching values
the electro-optic transceiver is only composed by a greater than 10-6 for the configuration described
LNA and a detector enabling to recover the pulse previously.
envelope. Then, theses pulses modulate the intensity
of a DFB operating at 1300nm. The modulated
Acknowledgement - This work was supported by the
optical signal is transmitted through the fibre
ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) and
characterized above. The coupled optical power
through this fibre is -4dBm. We choose to transmit by the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Region (France).
the sub-nanosecond pulses through 100m of PF References
GIPOF due to the trade-off between fibre optical
bandwidth and pulse spectrum. Nevertheless, this [1] Loyez, C.; Lethien, C.; Kassi, R.; Vilcot, J.P.;
length is compatible with indoor applications [4]. A Decoster, D.; Rolland, N.; Rolland, P.A,
“Subcarrier radio signal transmission over
low cost PIN photodiode followed by a DC-6GHz multimode fibre for 60 GHz WLAN using a
amplifier delivers the sub-nanosecond pulses to the phase noise cancellation technique”, IEE
RF part of the optoelectronic transceiver. Recovered Electronics Letters, Vol. 41, no. 2, pp.91 – 92, 20
pulses modulate a second 60-GHz LO signal. The Jan. 2005
60-GHz electo-optic
emitter transceiver

data NRZ pulse generator

RF
(PPM)
detector DC
4m

X2
SPDT MPA LNA
DFB
switch
1300nm
(AM)
VCO
PF GIPOF 62.5µm
(100 m)

MPA
SHA DC
LNA 4m
RF SPDT
SYNC detector switch
(AM) X2
data correlator
PIN
NRZ VCO photodiode

60-GHz opto-electronic Fig. 2 - Eye diagram of received PPM signal

receiver transceiver
Fig. 1 - multi-hops opto-RF transmission

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Optical Routing of Millimeter-Wave Signals with a New

Optical Frequency Multiplication Scheme
,*
Hyun-Do Jung , Chigo Okonkwo, Eduward Tangdiongga, and Ton Koonen
COBRA Research Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600MB, the Netherlands
* Corresponding author: Phone: +31 40 247 5627, Fax: +31 40 245 5197, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – We demonstrate a new OFM configuration using XGM in SOA for simultaneous all-optical generation
and routing of mm-wave signals for in-building networks. After routing, EVM of 4.5% is achieved for 20MS/s, 64-
QAM data at 39.6GHz.

1. Introduction –The millimeter-wave (mm-wave) to individual rooms based on encoded header

frequency band (26~70GHz) has raised much interest information [4]. This centralized optical routing can
in broadband wireless access applications as it offers dynamically adjust the optical connectivity and RF
a large bandwidth, avoids the spectral congestion frequency allocation. Hence the radio-cells can be
occurring in the lower microwave bands, and reduces dynamically adjusted in size and capacity, which
interference by creating picocells, but the difficulties improve the traffic handling capacities and network
in millimeter-wave generation, transmission, and operational efficiency. As a proof of concept, we
processing limit its wide usage. However, with the successfully demonstrated optical up-conversion of
development of fiber-optic technologies, Radio-over- 3.6GHz radio signal carrying 20MSymbols/s 64-
Fiber (RoF) techniques can offer valuable solutions QAM data to 39.6GHz mm-wave frequency, and
for these problems [1],[2]. Moreover, the selective optical routing of mm-wave signals to the
combination of mm-wave technology with Radio- destination. At the destination, the detected signal
over-Fiber (mm-RoF) has emerged as a key showed error vector magnitude (EVM) of 4.5% at
technology for in-building networks. By means of 39.6GHz.
mm-RoF systems, picocells in a building can be
extended to several rooms instead of having a single 2. Operational principle of the proposed system –
large wireless network, which covers the whole Figure 1 illustrates the in-building network scenario.
building and causes interference problems. Recent An optical transparent gateway routes wired radio
proposals have suggested that radio signals are data signals from the central station (CS) to each
broadcasted through the optical fiber link and the room based on address information [4]. The proposed
channel selection is done at each destination. With all-optical routing system for mm-wave signals
broadcast-and-select configurations, however, there consists of a tunable source, a phase modulator, a 3-
are concerns regarding high power consumption and dB coupler, an SOA, a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
security. In this paper, we demonstrate a new optical (MZI), and an optical router based on an arrayed
frequency multiplication (OFM) configuration [3] for waveguide grating (AWG). The continuous wave
in-building networks shown in Fig. 1. Key (CW) optical signal (λCW) from the tunable source,
functionalities of the proposed architecture are which are selected based on the address information
simultaneous all-optical mm-wave generation and extracted from the downstream optical signal,
selective routing of the mm-wave signals
AWG

Fig. 1 Concept and experimental setup (Radio signal from the central station: 20Msymbols/s, 64-QAM at 3.6GHz RF carrier)

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

are phase-modulated (PM) by the RF sweep signal there is an EVM penalty of 2.5%, compared to the
(fSW) to generate optical harmonics (the OFM input RF signal. In addition, a nonlinear skirt slope
technique [3]). These PM optical signal (λCW) is appears at the edge of the signal band. This
injected into the SOA together with the intensity- degradation comes from the ASE noise of the SOA,
modulated (IM) optical signal (λMOD) carrying the the wavelength-conversion penalty, and the
radio signal from the CS. By cross-gain modulation nonlinearity of the SOA gain profile. Nevertheless,
(XGM) in the SOA, the radio signal is duplicated the performance of the routed signal at the destination
onto the PM optical signal (λCW). In the MZI, PM-IM meets the EVM requirements for the wireless
conversion allows the mm-wave carriers at the standards.
multiples of the RF sweep frequency (fSW) to appear 4. Conclusions –In this paper, we proposed a new
at the optical wavelength (λCW) as illustrated in Fig. 1. configuration for all-optical generation and routing of
Then, the converted optical signal (λCW) are routed by mm-wave signals using the OFM technique for in-
means of the AWG to the destination (room), where building networks. By using XGM in an SOA, we
it is detected and the mm-wave radio signal is can optically up-convert radio signals at low
selected by a bandpass filter (BPF). frequency to mm-wave frequency region and convert
3. Experimental results and discussion –To radio signals to different wavelength signal at the
generate mm-wave carrier signal, the CW optical same time. In the experiment, we successfully
signal (λCW) from the tunable source was phase- demonstrated optical up-conversion from a 3.6GHz
modulated with a 6GHz RF sweep signal (fSW). The radio signal carrying 20MS/s 64-QAM data to a
39.6GHz mm-wave frequency and optical routing of
CW wavelength (λCW) was selected by header
the mm-wave signal to different destination. At the
processing based on the address information
receiver side, the routed signal showed the EVM
extracted from the modulated optical signal (λMOD)
performance of 4.5% for 20MS/s 64-QAM data at
[4]. Figure 2 (a) shows the RF spectra of the multiple
39.6GHz.
harmonics generated by the OFM technique. The
proper adjustment of both the phase modulation Acknowledgement - This work was carried out within in
index (β) and the center-wavelength (λCW) of the the framework of the European integrated project ALPHA.
tunable source allows the amplitude of each harmonic References
signal to be tuned. In the experiment, the 6th order [1] A.J. Seeds, “Microwave phtonics,” IEEE Trans.
harmonic (36GHz) was optimized at 6.8 (β), Microw. Theory Tech., 50, 877-887 (2002)
1550.735 nm (λCW). This PM optical signal was [2] L. Noel, D. Wake, D.G. Moodie, D.D. Marcenac, L.D.
inserted into the SOA with the IM optical signal Westbrook, and D. Nesset, “Novel techniques for
high-capacity 60GHz fiber-radio transmission
carrying the radio data signal (fRF = 3.6GHz) shown systems,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 45,
in Fig. 2 (b). Then, the radio signal was duplicated 1416-1423 (1997).
(wavelength-converted) on the PM optical signal and [3] A.M.J. Koonen and M. Garcia Larrode, “Radio-over-
optically up-converted along with the harmonics of MMF techniques – Part II: microwave to millimeter –
fSW to fUP = nfSW ± fRF (where n is the order of wave systems,” J. Lightw. Technol., 26, 2396-2408
harmonics) by XGM of the SOA; Fig. 2 (c) depicts (2008).
the radio signal up-converted to fUP = 39.6GHz (6th [4] Hyun-Do Jung and et. al., “All-Optical Routing
Architecture of Radio Signals using Label Processing
harmonic of fSW). As shown in the figure, the SNR of Technique for In-building Optical Network”, in Proc.
the mm-wave signal is reduced by around 16dB and ECOC 2008, Brussels, paper Tu.4.F.2.

Fig. 1 RF Spectra of (a) multiple harmonics generated with RF sweep frequency (fSW = 6GHz), (b) input 64-QAM signal (20MS/s) at 3.6GHz,
(c) received 64-QAM signal (20MS/s) at 39.6GHz. (Inset : Constellation diagram)

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Session 5 Wednesday May 20th, 2009 9:15 – 11:00 h

Home networks
Session Chair: N. Gomes
University of Kent, Canterbury (United Kingdom)

Future Home Network Requirements (invited)

B. Charbonnier1, H. Wessing2, B. Lannoo3, M. Popov4
1
France Telecom R&D, Lannion (France)
2
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)
3
INTEC, Ghent University-IBBT, Gent (Belgium)
4
ACREO AB, Kista (Sweden)

Comparison of two types of 60 GHz photonic millimeter-wave

generation and distribution of a 3 Gb/s OFDM signal
F. Lecoche1, B. Charbonnier1, E, Tanguy2, H. Li2, F. van Dijk3, A. Enard3
F. Blache3, M. Goix3, F. Mallecot3
1
Orange Labs, Lannion (France)
2
Université de Nantes (France)
3
Alcatel-Thalès III-V Lab, Palaiseau (France)

Bidirectional Multi-Standard RoMMF Transmission Using a Reflective

Electro-Optic Transceiver
I. Möllers, D. Jäger
University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg (Germany)

High modal bandwidth glass multimode fibers used for the

simultaneous transmission of 10GbE and band group 5 MB-OFDM
Ultra-Wide Band signals
C. Lethien, C. Loyez, J-P. Vilcot, P.-A. Rolland
Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq
(France)

Experimental implementation of real-time optical OFDM modems for

optical access networks (invited)
R.P. Giddings, X.Q. Jin, H.H. Lee, X.L. Yang, J.M. Tang
Bangor University (United Kingdom)

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Future Home Network Requirements

1,* 2 3 4
B. Charbonnier , H. Wessing , B. Lannoo , M. Popov
1
France Telecom Research and Development, 2 AV. P. Marzin, 22307 LANNION Cédex, France
2
Technical University of Denmark., DTU Fotonik, Bldg. 343, Oersteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
3
Dep. of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University-IBBT, G. Crommenlaan, 8/201, 9050 Gent, Belgium
4
ACREO AB, SE 164 40 Kista, Stockholm, Sweden
* Corresponding author: Phone: +33 2 96052176, Fax: +33 2 96051723, Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – This paper presents the requirements for future Home Area Networks (HAN). Firstly, we discuss the
applications and services as well as their requirements. Then, usage scenarios are devised to establish a first
specification for the HAN. The main requirements are an increased bandwidth (towards 1 Gbps) and a reduced
delay (< 10-20 ms).

In this paper, an overview of the requirements for future telephony and television will certainly be used in the
Home Area Networks (HAN) is given. First, the future with improved Quality of Experience (QoE)
applications that will be required to run over this network and user friendliness. As a first step we can forecast
are defined and described and then, by a suitable choice of the evolution of those services. For television, the
usage scenarios, the network requirements themselves are
emerging video standards (e.g. Ultra High Definition
specified.
TV – UHDTV, immersive TV) lead to large
Introduction – Residential multimedia content usage bandwidth requirements (for instance 640 Mbps for
has evolved tremendously in the last few years compressed UHDTV) but relaxed delay constraints.
starting from the single home PC with dial-up This bandwidth demand is reinforced by the
connection to what is seen today with multiple multiplication in homes of multimedia connected
connected end-devices all exchanging information devices (Media servers and TV sets). For telephony
within or to/from the network via a broadband over IP, the strictest requirements come from delay
connection to the outside [1]. This has induced as (<200 ms) but it has to be expected that this service
well some changes in the way we consume will evolve towards video-phony or even video-
information, becoming more and more content conferencing adding also bandwidth requirements
producers ourselves (e.g. digital photos and videos). depending on the image quality targeted. Lastly,
Pressure on requirements for a HAN capable of Internet cannot be considered as a single application
handling large data rates and high Quality of Service anymore because many services are being offered via
(QoS) is increasing. This factor is particularly Internet such as email, web browsing, gaming, video
important and is supported by a number of industrial conferencing, peer-to-peer, messaging etc. All these
initiatives or pre-standardization work such as applications have to be considered separately to
WWRF [2], DLNA [3] or HGI [4] aiming at offering define precisely what the network requirements are.
access to remote services by operator's networks and As a second step, we can consider new applications
high speed connectivity between end devices such as which are emerging to allow different usages to
TVs, media centres, home cinema or PCs. develop such as social networking, tele-working,
In this paper, we will review the different remote services and/or e-health. Each of these new
applications available to the end-users today and applications will have again a different set of
tomorrow. We will also try to establish the network requirements which are analysed in [5].
requirements for each application. Further, through Usage Scenarios – The two main keywords for
usage scenarios we will aggregate those applications HANs in the future are Simplicity and Mobility: The
and derive an overall target for the requirements put end-devices must connect to the HAN without human
on the HAN. We will extensively base this study on intervention and recognize the other connected
the work performed in the framework of the ICT-FP7 elements. A protocol like UPnP allows devices to
ALPHA project deliverable D1.1p [5] but as well, to connect seamlessly and to simplify network
a lesser extent, on other projects working on the implementation in the home [8]. In addition, the data
subject such as the ICT-FP7 OMEGA project [6] and which are stored locally or remotely must be
the IST-FP6 MUSE project [7]. accessible to the user wherever he is. Technological
Applications – First of all, the basic applications that candidates here are wireless access to the end-user,
are used today by residential private users are mainly e.g., WiFi in terms of flexibility and user-friendliness
issued from the triple/quadruple play offers i.e. [9]. This wireless connectivity shall comply of course
broadband Internet access, mobile and fixed with the bandwidth and delay requirements for Home

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Networking and could be achieved via IEEE802.11n delay as applications necessitating real time
or HSDPA (FemtoNode) in the short to medium term interaction develop and are more and more widely
while other radio standards may be provided in the adopted by end users. Delay requirements are
future such as ECMA-387 [10], IEEE802.15.3c [11], evaluated to be in the region of 15 ms max in the
IEEE802.11ac [12], IEEE802.11ad [12] or LTE [13]. medium term, decreasing to <10 ms in the long term.
The HANs will have to be able support a plurality of If Bandwidth or Data rate is not really a challenge
services dealing mainly with Multimedia content, today, it is anticipated that this requirement will
Online Entertainment, Tele-Working, Home significantly grow in the future due the development
Management and Health. Many usage scenarios can of high quality video applications leading to
be derived from the different combinations of service requirements of around up to 1 Gbps in a five years
types [5]. We will detail here a Home Office scenario time frame. Other requirements must be considered
as it is one which has a large potential for growth in as well such as user-friendliness (plug and play,
the near future [14]. wireless connectivity), Quality of Experience (flow
To really facilitate the trend toward Tele-Working it management) but as well low electrical consumption.
is necessary to establish an environment that does not Acknowledgement - The research leading to these
isolate the worker. A variety of communication tools results has received funding from the European
should coexist with different non-compatible Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)
requirements. In addition, in order for the enterprise under project 212 352 ALPHA “Architectures for
to keep control of the work-related applications used fLexible Photonic Home and Access networks”. All
by the tele-worker as well as to secure the sensitive authors who contributed to ALPHA Deliverables
data handled remotely, it is anticipated that the tele- D1.1 [5] and D1.2 which material has been used in
worker's computer will act as a thin client to the this paper are gratefully acknowledged.
enterprise local servers. Some remote PC References
management applications as well as the standard [1] Philip Marshall, "Surviving the Digital Home",
access to telephony and email are also provided. Yankee Group, April 2008.
However, their impact on the HAN is low compared
to the main applications, i.e. videoconferencing and [2] WWRF SIG 4 "Home and enterprise networks"
thin client. Aggregating the different requirements http://www.wireless-world-research.org/?id=92
arising from these services as they stand today (Basic [3] Digital Living Network Alliance
quality Video Conference requires 4Mbps bandwidth http://www.dlna.org/home
and less than 200 ms delay, Thin Client ranging from [4] Home Gateway Initiative
100 kbps to 6 Mbps and 150ms), it is anticipated that http://www.homegatewayinitiative.org/
the HAN will have to handle in the medium term,
data flows of the order of less than 30 Mbps but with [5] ALPHA Project Deliverable D1.1p available at
extremely tight constraints on delay as the higher http://www.ict-alpha.eu/
limit of 150 ms applies for the overall Home, Access [6] OMEGA Project Deliverables D1.1 and D1.2
plus eventually Metro/Core network over which the available at http://www.ict-omega.eu/
thin client application will have to run. The HAN
[7] MUSE Project Deliverables D3.3 and D1.7
itself shall not contribute to a noticeable delay
available at http://www.ist-muse.org/
increase and thus we limit the tolerable HAN delay to
less than a tenth of the overall delay requirement. [8] UPnP Forum, http://www.upnp.org
In the longer term, as the video standards improve, [9] "Home Networking Forecast, 2006 to 2011",
the applications requirement will increase to Jupiter Research, March 2007
640 Mbps and 150 ms for Video Conferencing
[10] Standard ECMA-387, "High Rate 60GHz
(UHD/Immersive Type) and Thin Client will require
PHY, MAC and HDMI PAL", December 2008.
6 Mbps and even higher and 80ms to allow video
streaming. This will lead to HAN requirements in the [11] IEEE802.15 WPAN Task Group 3c,
region of 1Gbps for bandwidth and less than around http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG3c.html.
10 ms for delay. [12] IEEE802.11Task Group AD, "Very High
The coexistence of the high bandwidth consuming Throughput in 60 GHz" and AC "Very High
applications together with the delay sensitive ones, Throughput <6GHz"
requires that complex though scalable QoS measures
[13] 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE),
are provided to isolate each flow or at least provide
http://www.3gpp.org/article/lte
the necessary prioritization.
Conclusion: Home Network Specification – Today [14] Jeremy Green "Homeworkers and the
the main constraint on the Home Network is given by Enterprise", OVUM 7th May 2008.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Comparison of two types of 60 GHz photonic millimeter-wave

generation and distribution of a 3 Gb/s OFDM signal
1,* 1 2 2 3 3 3
F. Lecoche , B. Charbonnier , E, Tanguy , Hongwu. Li , F. van Dijk , A. Enard , F. Blache ,
3 3
M. Goix , F. Mallecot
1
Orange Labs, 2 Avenue Pierre Marzin, 22307, Lannion, France
2
Université de Nantes, IREENA, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322, Nantes, France
3
Alcatel-Thalès III-V Lab, 1, avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
* F. Lecoche : Phone: +33 296 051 042, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – We demonstrate and compare experimentally two set-ups achieving very high data rate (3 Gbps)
wireless transmission in the 60 GHz window, both using Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) for reach extension with OFDM
signal compliant to the IEEE 802.15.3.c pre-standard.

Introduction – Multiplication of connected devices

and services (computers, media center, videophony,
TVoIP etc…) [1] lead to a novel home network
architecture and technology to enable wireless
coverage offering a data rate above 1 Gbps (Figure 1)
[2]. This Home Network architecture is based on a
wired backbone network distributing local very high
speed wireless connectivity in the different rooms of Fig 1: RoF home architecture and solution for very high
the house/building because the only radio technology data rate wireless next generation
whose capacity approaches some Gb/s uses the the electrical signal into an optical one. After
60 GHz frequency window as for instance ECMA- transport over 300 meters of multimode fiber (OM3
387 [3] or upcoming standards like IEEE 802.15.3c with 4000 MHz.km), an 8.5 GHz bandwidth
[4] or IEEE 802.11ad [5]. Such radio interfaces are photodiode converts the optical signal into an
inherently short reach (<15 m) and the radio signal is
electrical one. After, the signal is sent into a low
confined to within one single room. The radio home
noise amplifier (LNA) and a mixer fed with a
network then becomes a multicellular network where
54.5 GHz local oscillator (LO) to reach the 60 GHz
the cell interference and management issues are
similar to that of larger scale mobile/radio networks. radio frequency window. A high power amplifier
In this context, again, the use of the optical (HPA) and a 20 dBi horn antenna are used for the
infrastructure with RoF, to link the different remote subsequent wireless transmission (10 m). In the radio
antennas to provide a cost effective and flexible receiver, two LNA amplify the signal before
solution, must be considered. In this paper, we frequency down-conversion and analysis by a Real
present and compare the performance of two types of Time Oscilloscope (RTO).
photonic system for 60 GHz millimeter-wave
generation and distribution of a 3 Gb/s OFDM signal.
The first one uses low cost well known components
and the second one a new generation of optoelec-
tronic components designed for 60 GHz applications.

I. RADIO OVER FIBRE SET-UPS

In this part, we show two RoF set-ups generating a 60
GHz millimeter-wave radio signal. For both set-ups, Fig 2: VCSEL set-up with distribution of OFDM QPSK
we use an OFDM QPSK signal compliant to signal before up-conversion to 60 GHz
IEEE802.15.3.c pre standard [4] (3 Gb/s).
B. Single Mode Fibre Set-up (Fig3)
A. Multi-Mode Fibre Set-up (Fig 2) This set-up up-converts signal to 60 GHz before
The OFDM signal is generated first on an transmission over fiber using a 54.8 GHz Mode
intermediate frequency (IF=4.5 GHz) and is used to Locked Fabry Perrot Laser (ML-FPL). The IF OFDM
modulate directly a VCSEL (850 nm) which converts signal modulates directly the ML-FPL. The laser
pulses with a repetition rate of 54.8 GHz. Its

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

modulation produces a mixing between the pulsating spectrum of the received signal and the QPSK
frequency and the IF carrier leading to an optical constellation diagram. The computed EVM is 19%
frequency up-conversion of the original signal to for a SNR of 21.5 dB. The value of BER can be
59.3 GHz. The optical radio signal is then transmitted estimated at 10-10 [6]. Again, the measured SNR
through 50 m of standard Single Mode Fibre (SMF) should provide a theoretical EVM of 8.4% [6].
up to a commercial 70 GHz photodetector followed Distortions and non linearity do affect the calculated
by a LNA, a band-pass filter and a HPA. The transmit EVM but results are still acceptable.
antenna and the receiver radio front end are identical
to the ones used in the Multi-Mode Fibre Set-up.

a) b)
Fig 6: Multi-mode fibre set-up received OFDM
Spectrum (a) and respective constellation (b).

Fig 3: ML-FPL set-up with OFDM QPSK signal up- III. CONCLUSION
conversion to 60 GHz before distribution In this paper, we presented two different set-ups for
very high data rate wireless transmission using radio-
II. RESULTS over-fibre at 60 GHz. The first one uses low cost
In this part, we show the results obtained for an commercial components (VCSEL emitting at 850 nm
OFDM modulation at 3 Gb/s and for each set-up. and 8.5 GHz photodiode) as well as Multi Mode
Fibre and the up-conversion to 60 GHz is performed
A. Multi-Mode Fibre Set-up at the remote antenna site after the signal optical
The electrical power at the input of VCSEL is set to distribution. The second one uses a ML-FPL at
-10 dBm and the power at the output of the 20 dBi 54.8 GHz which is able to up-convert directly the
horn antenna is also +10 dBm. In figure 4 a) and b), signal to 60 GHz before distribution over Single
we present respectively the spectrum of the received Mode Fibre. For both set-ups, we present the
OFDM signal and the associated QPSK constellation performance evaluations with an OFDM QPSK
diagram obtained after demodulation. In spite of a signal carrying 3 Gb/s. At 10 meters of wireless radio
strong disturbance of the spectrum, the mean transmission, we report a computed EVM of 18.7%
computed EVM is 18.7% for a signal to noise ratio for the VCSEL set-up and 19% for ML-FPL. These
(SNR) of 23 dB. From the calculated EVM, a BER values should lead to a BER around 10-10 and show
can be estimated to be around 10-10 [6]. Theoretically, that both set-ups have quite similar performances. On
the measured SNR should provide an EVM of 7% one hand, the Multi-Mode Fibre Set-up has proven
[6]. The difference between the measured and commercial availability but requires a more complex
theoretical values of EVM is attributed to the residual remote antenna station. On the other hand, the Single
non-linearities of the system. Mode Fibre Set-up allows the remote antenna station
to be simplified but the components maturity is not
yet achieved.
References
[1] European project ICT-FP7-ALPHA deliverable 1.1 available
online at www.ict-alpha.eu
[2] B. Charbonnier, H. Le Bras, P. Urvoas, Q.T. N'Guyen, M.
Huchard, A. Pizzinat, "Upcoming perspectives and future
a) challenges for ROF", MWP 2007, Pages: 21 – 23.
b) [3] Standard ECMA-387, "High Rate 60GHz PHY, MAC and
Fig 4: Multi-mode fibre set-up received OFDM HDMI PAL", December 2008, /www.ecma-
Spectrum (a) and respective constellation (b) (dots around international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-387.pdf.
coordinates [1,0] are pilot tones used for equalization). [4] IEEE802.15 WPAN Task Group 3c,
http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG3c.html.
B. Single-Mode Fibre Set-up [5] IEEE802.11Task group AD, "Very High Throughput in 60
GHz".
The level of radiated power is similar to the previous [6] V.J.Urick et al, " Wide-Band QAM-Over-Fibre Using Phase
set-up at the output of the transmit horn antenna. In Modulation and Interferometric Demodulation", IEEE PTL
figure 5 a) and b), we exhibit, respectively, the vol. 16, No 10, 2004

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Bidirectional Multi-Standard RoMMF Transmission

Using a Reflective Electro-Optic Transceiver
*
I. Möllers , D. Jäger
Universität Duisburg-Essen, Zentrum für Halbleitertechnik und Optoelektronik, Lotharstr. 55, Duisburg, Germany
* Phone: +49 203 379 4635, Fax: +49 203 379 2409, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – A characterization of a Radio-over-Multimode fiber link for picocellular architectures using a novel
reflective electro-optic transceiver (REOT) for bidirectional transmission over a single fiber is presented. Spurious-
free-dynamic-range (SFDR) analysis and error-vector-magnitude (EVM) measurements for multi-standard and
subcarrier-multiplexed (SCM) wireless signals are carried out.

Introduction – The ever increasing demand on high Central Station Base Station
f1
data rates in conjunction with mobility for different
REOT
REOT
services leads to a convergence of fixed and wireless TX TX
RX RX
Antennas
f2
access systems supporting picocellular networks Signal
Processing
[1,2]. Especially for short-range and in-building
systems highly integrated but low-cost solutions are Fig. 1.: Block diagram of bidirectional RoMMF system
required. Radio-over-Multimode Fiber (RoMMF) or using separate channels (f1, f2) for up- and downlink
Radio-over-Polymer Optical Fiber (RoPOF) systems
can address exactly this scenario by providing high is needed for the system due to a 0 V biased
bandwidth and reliability coexisting with relatively modulator and photodiode operation. Multi-standard
low installation costs. Distributed Antenna Systems signal transmissions like WLAN, GSM, UMTS and
(DAS) based on RoMMF techniques together with DPRS are demonstrated.
one or more central units and several fiber linked
Transceiver Design – The transceiver is a
distributed base stations, both containing active
monolithically integrated epitaxially grown
devices, have been reported [2-4]. We propose a DAS
GaAs/AlAs/AlGaAs heterostructure with pinip-
by coevally reusing frequency channels in separate
configuration resulting in two pin-diodes. A bragg
picocells. This enables using separate frequency
with an intrinsic resonator layer composes a vertical
channels for full-duplex transmission for up- and
modulator changing the reflected intensity of a
downlink in one picocell. New developments show
continuous incident beam at 790 nm wavelength
that self-sustaining or even passive base stations, e.g.
utilizing the well known Franz-Keldysh-Effect. The
by power over fiber techniques [5] or using fully
modulator is quasi transparent for a modulated
passive eo/oe-components, could be a solution for
incident beam at a wavelength of 850 nm. This signal
DAS in the future. Addressing these systems we
is detected by the subjacent nip-photodiode structure
present the characterization of intensity modulation-
for the downlink [6]. Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of
direct detection (IM-DD) RoMMF WDM link using a
the RoMMF link containing the passive bidirectional
passive full-duplex vertically integrated reflective
full-duplex REOT as key oe/eo-element for low-
electro-optic transceiver as key element for DAS base
power consuming base stations in DAS systems.
stations for the first time. No bias voltage or current
P P P
fc

fc f fλ1 f fλ1 f fc f

DC LD MMF/POF
Supply λ1,CW (10m ≤ lMMF ≤ 510m) VSG
WLAN (fc=2.44GHz)
Y-coupler REOT
GSM (fc=0.9GHz,
1.8GHz)
50/50 UMTS (fc=2.0GHz)
VSA ROSA DPRS (1.88GHz)
(PD+TIA)

Fig. 2.: System block diagram for RoMMF uplink measurements using the modulator function of the REOT

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

20 Required Measured
Standard Modulation Carrier Chip / Data
Filter EVM EVM
IP3 = -17 dBm (Technique) Format Frequency Rate
0 Fundamental (%rms) (%rms)
IMD3 GSM 900 GMSK 900 MHz 270.833 kbps BT= 0.3 < 7.0 1.19
Meas. Noise Level (-122dBm) (TDMA)
-20
DCS1800 GMSK 1800 MHz 270.833 kbps BT= 0.3 < 7.0 1.74
Output Power (dBm)

Link Gain G = -38 dB (TDMA)

-40 Frequency f = 2.45 GHz
DPRS 64QAM 1.88 GHz 1.152 Msps α = 0.5 < 2.6 2.51
(TDMA)
-60 UMTS QPSK 2 GHz 3.84 Mcps α = 0.22 < 12.5 2.61
(WCDMA)
-80 WLAN
802.11b QPSK 2.45 GHz 11 Mbps α = 0.3 < 35 6.82
-100 (DSSS)
WLAN
2/3 64QAM 2.45 GHz 54 Mbps α = 0.3 < 5.6 9.79
SFDR = 77.1dB/Hz 802.11g
-120 (OFDM)

-140
Table 1.: EVM requirements [4] and measured results of
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 IEEE and ETSI standard signal transmission using the
Input Power (dBm) proposed uplink with a GOF length of 25 m (fig.2)
Fig. 3.: SFDR analysis (RBW = 1 Hz) with input vs. output
power of fundamental and third order intermodulation signal
(IMD3) In addition to the analog analysis RoMMF data
transmission measurements were carried out for
Experimental Setup – In the proposed system (fig. different wireless standards, lengths and types of
1) the uplink turns out to be the more critical fibers. Table 1 summarizes the EVM measurement
transmission; hence we focus on the uplink results for different wireless standards such as GSM
experiment in this paper. A RoMMF link with the (GSM900 and DCS1800), DPRS (DECT), UMTS,
REOT device was set up for SFDR and EVM uplink and WLAN 802.11 b/g. It can be seen that the EVM
measurements of multi-standard wireless access requirements for all GSM, UMTS, DPRS and WLAN
signals, shown in fig. 2. All fibers used were 62.5µm 802.11b transmissions can, to some extend, be highly
core diameter with graded-index (GI) profile. A exceeded with the proposed system. Selected
continuous wave signal, provided by a fiber pigtailed constellation and eye diagrams are displayed in fig. 4.
edge emitting LD (λ1 = 790 nm, Popt = 5.8 dBm @ Clearly open eye diagrams were observed for GSM
110 mA), is guided through an optical isolator and y- (DCS1800) and UMTS transmission experiments.
coupler, multimode glass optical fiber (MM-GOF),
over different lengths and types of MMF/POF fibers.
A MM-GOF pigtail bare end is free-space coupled to a1) a2)
the REOT device. An Agilent vector signal generator
(VSG) E4438C is directly connected to the REOT
modulator with 0 V bias using microprobe contact
equipment. The modulated signal is received by the b1) b2)
same fiber and guided through the y-coupler to a
ROSA package (f3dB,ROSA = 9 GHz). The
demodulation was provided by an Agilent MXA
N9020A vector signal analyzer (VSA). c) d)

Link Analysis – The SFDR of a transmission system

is used to analyze the uplink performance with
respect to intermodulation distortion (IMD) of the
link. A dynamic range measurement according to [7] Fig. 4.: Selected constellation (1) and eye diagrams (2) for
has been done with the proposed optical link for input transmission experiments listed in table 1:
powers ranging from -4 dBm to +12 dBm at a (a) DCS 1800 EVM: 1.74 %rms, (b) UMTS QPSK 2 GHz
frequency of 2.45 GHz. Fig. 3 displays the SFDR EVM: 2.61%rms, (c) WLAN 802.11b DSSS EVM: 6.82 %
analysis of the system. A SFDR value of rms, (d) WLAN 802.11g OFDM EVM: 9.79 % rms

77.1 dB/Hz2/3 and a link gain of -38 dB was observed

considering a measured noise level of -122 dBm In order to relate the link performance to carrier
(1 Hz). The IP3 value was found to be -17 dBm. An frequency up to 5 GHz EVM/SNR vs. frequency
uplink with this value achieves the requirements of measurements were carried out applying a 16QAM
WLAN 802.11b/g transmission systems of 24 Mbps (6 MHz modulation bandwidth) signal (fig.
75 dB/Hz2/3 [8]. 5). By adjusting the applied modulator input power
for each measurement point separately EVM values

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

10 30
790 nm to 850 nm could increase link performance
significantly due to optical loss reduction by y-
8 28 coupler and isolator. Coupling efficiency of the
REOT to the fiber and modulator matching or
EVM (% rms)

6 26 matched driving circuitry could further improve

SNR (dB)
measurement results.
4 24
Conclusion – In this paper we have proposed a
RoMMF transmission system using a passive
2
Conditions 22
16QAM, 24Mbps (6MHz mod.bw) bidirectional full-duplex transceiver for eo-
10m MM-GOF 62.5µm, 0V BIAS
Optimal Modualtion Input Power adjusted conversion at the base station for the first time. A
0
0.1 1 10
20 SFDR value of 77.1 dB/Hz(2/3) was found for
Frequency (GHz) 2.45 GHz by achieving a uplink gain of -38 dB. EVM
Fig. 5.: EVM/SNR vs. carrier frequency, 16 QAM, analysis show that multiple standard wireless access
24Mbps, 0V Bias at Modulator, Modulation Input signals such as GSM, UMTS, WLAN 802.11b and
Power adjusted (range: 3 dBm to 13 dBm) WiMAX can be transmitted with values partially far
below the required ones according to the standards.
below 5 %rms were recorded up to carrier frequencies Different scenarios on fiber type and length were
of 3.5 GHz. This allows IEEE 802.16e WiMAX tested in order to demonstrate their dependence for
WCDMA transmission (Germany: 3.4 GHz - in-building installations.
3.6 GHz) with medium data rate performance. For Acknowledgement – The work described in this
in-building scenarios different types of fibers and paper was carried out with the support of the BONE-
lengths will be of interest for such RoMMF systems. project (“Building the Future Optical Network in
Therefore we investigated the influence of fiber types Europe”), a Network of Excellence funded by the
of 62.5µm GI-GOF and 62.5µm perfluorinated (PF)- European Commission through the 7th ICT-
GI-POF and lengths for the system, respectively. A Framework Programme, and the FP6 IST ePIXnet-
QPSK signal at a carrier frequency of 2.44 GHz with project (“European Network of Excellence on
a data rate of 2 Mbps was used for EVM analysis. Photonic Integrated Components and Circuits”). We
The results of the measurement are summarized in thank E. Arslangiray from Agilent Technologies
fig. 6. For both fibers we obtain a somehow linear Deutschland GmbH for his support.
correlation of fiber length and EVM value for this
uplink system. The comparison of both slope values References
for the different fibers shows ten times higher slope [1] R. Gaudino, A. Pizzinat, I. Möllers et al., “Future
in PF-GI-POF compared to GI-GOF. The difference Internet in Home Networks: Towards Optical
Solutions?“, Future of the Internet Conference,
of NA between both fibers (PF-GI-POF and pigtail Prague, May 2009, accepted for publication
GI-GOF) results in coupling losses at both, the y- [2] M. Sauer et al., “Radio Over Fiber for
coupler and to the pigtail fiber of the REOT causing Picocellular Network Architectures”, JLT, Vol.
signal loss and EVM rising. For all measurements a 25, No. 11, 2007
broadband circulator for a wavelength range from [3] H. Al-Raweshidy et al., “Radio over Fiber
Technologies for Mobile Communication
20
Networks”, Artech House, 2002
PF-GI-POF (62.5µm)
GI-GOF (62.5µm)
[4] C. Lenthien et al., “Potentials of Radio over
15
Multimode Fiber Systems for the In-Building
Coverage of Mobile and Wireless LAN
Applications”, PTL, Vol. 17, No. 12, 2005
EVM (%rms)

10
[5] D. Wake et al., “Optically Powered Remote
Units for Radio-Over-Fiber Systems,” JLT, Vol.
5 26, No. 15, 2008
[6] I. Möllers, M. Bülters et al., “High-Speed
Transceiver for Radio-over-POF Applications”,
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 ICPOF, pp. 48-51, Turin, Italy, 2007
Fiber Length (m) [7] J. Capmany, “Measurement issues in Microwave
Fig. 6.: EVM measurement results for different lengths Photonics”, Symposium on Optical Fiber
(excluding pigtail fiber of 10m MM-GOF) of MM-GOF and Measurements, Tech. Digest, 2004
MM-POF with a QPSK 2Mbps at 2.44GHz carrier [8] K. Hagedorn et al., “Heterogeneous wireless/
frequency wireline optical access networks with R-EAT as
backend component, SPIE, Vol. 5466, pp.27-33,
2004

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

High modal bandwidth glass multimode fibers used for the

simultaneous transmission of 10GbE and band group 5 MB-
OFDM Ultra-Wide Band signals
1, 2* 1, 2 2 1, 2
C. Lethien , C. Loyez , J-P. Vilcot and P-A. Rolland
1
Institut de Recherche sur les Composants logiciels et matériels pour l'Information et la Communication Avancée
(IRCICA), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, CNRS FR 3024, Parc Scientifique de la Haute Borne,
50 avenue Halley, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq – France
2
Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), Université des Sciences et
Technologies de Lille, CNRS UMR 8520 Avenue Poincaré - BP 60069 - 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex – France
* Corresponding author: C. Lethien; : +33 36253 1617; E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract – This paper deals with the potential of high modal bandwidth glass multimode fibers used for the
simultaneous transmission of baseband 10GbE and MB-OFDM Ultra-wide band signals.

Introduction – In this paper, we describe the Test bench – The test setup used during these
potential of the OM4 (or A1a.3) MaxCap 550 glass experiments is described in fig. 1b (downlink
multimode fiber (GMMF) from Draka Comteq topology). A Pseudo Random Bit Sequence (PRBS)
combined with wavelength division multiplexing of 223-1 bits is provided by the pattern generator with
devices in order to carry out the simultaneous a 10.3125Gbps data rate and feeds the baseband input
transmission of high data rate 10GbE signals with of a commercially available XFP transceiver; the
high throughput radio signal. baseband signal directly modulates the bias current of
The idea is to use the indoor fiber Ethernet network an 850nm VCSEL (TX part of a 10G XFP). The
for the enhancement of the coverage of wireless combined uses of an arbitrary waveform generator
signals such as developed by the Wimedia and the (IQ generation) and a vector signal generator (RF
Multiband OFDM alliances (under the acronym generation) allow to generate the bandgroup 5 (Time
ECMA-368 [1]). Due to the large amount of Frequency Code 5 – carrier frequency close to
exchanged data, the bandwidth requirement of the 9.768GHz) of the MB-OFDM Wimedia [1] radio
next generation of wired optical Local Area Network signal. In order to develop an easy architecture, the
induces the deployment of the 10GbE standard. intensity modulation/direct detection technique is
Moreover, most of the existing fiber network is based performed for the transmission of the radio signal
on short haul glass multimode fiber (GMMF) over the OM4 fiber at 1300nm (DFB laser).
topology. In this study, we focus firstly on the The two signals are then optically combined and
10GBase-SR declination of the 10GbE standard divided after propagation over a single OM4 fiber
(IEEE802.3ae) dealing with an 850 nm thanks to the use of wavelength division multiplexing
communication over GMMF. Then, the optical components specially designed for multimode
multiplexing of the ECMA-368 WPAN Standard (by communication.
using a radio over fiber technique at 1300 nm) with Results – Concerning the 10GbE analysis, we have
the baseband one is realized over the GMMF. This measured the bit error rate as a function of the
radio standard uses the frequency range from 3.1GHz received optical power in order to exhibit the power
up to 10.6GHz (divided into 14 unlicensed bands) dispersion penalties of the fibers under test in the
and supports data rates of up to 480 Mbps. Regarding back-to-back case and for the 5 fiber lengths under
to the ECMA standard proposal, we focus on the test. An optical variable attenuator has been inserted
band group presenting the highest carrier frequency to just before the photodetector in order to reduce the
exhibit the high potentialities of the OM4 fiber. received optical power. The results are presented in
Reference transmitter and receiver have been used in the fig. 1c. The 5 lengths of high bandwidth fiber
order not to induce penalties owing to the E/O and the exhibit power dispersion penalties from 0dB (100m)
O/E conversion. The properties of the GMMF under to 2.4dB (1100m). These penalties are inherent to the
test are summarized in the fig. 1a. modal bandwidth of the fiber. The mask test
compliance of the 10GbE signal transmitted over the
GMMF under test allows to investigate the bandwidth

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

limitations, the intersymbol interference (ISI) inherent the band groups dedicated to the MB OFDM UWB
to the overall system (TX, RX and optical fiber) and Wimedia deployment.
the signal jitter.
Concerning the radio UWB MB-OFDM analysis, we Conclusion – Regarding to the obtained results, we
have performed the measurement of the relative can conclude that the OM4 fiber is a promising
constellation error (RCE) as a function of the RF candidate to be used for multi-standard transmission
input power. The RCE (max RCE requirements: both for wired and wireless high data rate signals such
10.6% for 480Mbps data rate) measurement has been as tested in this paper. Owing to its high modal
led firstly over the GMMF. An additional radio bandwidth at 850nm and 1300nm, the 5 lengths of
propagation of 1m length is realized secondly to OM4 GMMF under test are suitable for 10GbE
transmit the radio signal till the mobile receiver. The applications. Thanks to the wavelength multiplexing
test setup composed of the MB-OFDM Wimedia technique, no influence between the two signals has
generation and analysis equipments linked by a short been quantified.
length of coaxial cable provides a RCE up to 4%. All
the measured curves (fig. 1d) present the same Acknowledgement - This work was supported by the
evolution. At a specific RF power level, the RCE ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) and
increases quickly with the growth of the RF power by the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Region (France). The
authors want to thank DrakaComteq for the supply of
mainly due to the non linearity effect occurring in the
the OM4 fibers.
laser and the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of
the MB-OFDM UWB signal: this increase is inherent References
to the high level of RF power used to modulate the
bias current of the laser [2]. Further results dealing [1] Standard ECMA-368, “High Rate
UltraWideband PHY and MAC Standard,” 2nd
with RCE variation as a function of the fiber edition, (December 2007) http://www.ecma-
attenuation and the fiber length could be presented international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-
during the workshop. A RCE value up to 7.2 % has 368.htm
been obtained for an 1100m OM4 fiber link and 1m [2] C. Lethien et al, “Review of glass and polymer
multimode fibers used in a Wimedia UltraWide
wireless radio path. As expected, the OM4 fiber could Band MB-OFDM radio over fiber system”,
be considered as a high performance transmission IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology,
radio path over a large RF power range for the band accepted for publication since January 2009
group 5 (BG5) centered to 9.768GHz and thus, for all
:; 9   7
4<
  ( 
I Q
8, 9
/,!  
!  

0 1(   0123

7  (2

  
    4/
evaluation board

    

mounted in an
10GbE TX/RX
56(,

    !"# $!"

!%&    '()*$"#+ )*$"
, &  - - ' 
4/
.    $
 &  &
 Access point

0 17

1E-3 12
Relative Constellation Error (% rms)

Short length Short length

1E-4
100m 11 100m
1E-5 200m
1E-6 200m 10 300m
300m
Bit Error Rate

1E-7 9 600m
1E-8 600m 1100m
1E-9
1100m 8
1E-10 7
1E-11
6
1E-12
1E-13 5
1E-14
4
1E-15
1E-16 3
-18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -32 -28 -24 -20 -16 -12 -8 -4
Received Optical Power (dBm) PRF-In (dBm)

Fig. 1.: (a) Summary of the OM4 fiber properties; (b) test setup of the simultaneous transmission (10 GbE and Wimedia BG5);
(c) Bit Error Rate as a function of the received optical power ; (d) RCE as a function of the input power level and the fiber length

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Experimental Implementation of Real-Time Optical OFDM

Modems for Optical Access Networks
R.P. Giddings, X.Q. Jin, H.H. Kee, X.L. Yang and J.M. Tang
School of Electronic Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 1UT, UK

Abstract
Real-time optical OFDM transmitters and receivers are, for the first time, successfully
demonstrated for 1.5Gb/s transmission over 500m 62.5/125Pm multimode fibers in an
intensity-modulation and direct-detection system involving a directly modulated DFB laser. A
BER of less than 1.0×10-9 was observed in the corresponding optical back-to-back system.
The implemented modems only use standard, commercially available components including
FPGAs and DACs/ADCs.

Introduction
The concept of optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OOFDM) was first
proposed in 2005 [1], soon after, opportunities of employing OOFDM signals converted by
directly modulated DFB lasers (DMLs) were theoretically explored over multimode fiber
(MMF)-based LANs [2] and single mode fiber (SMF)-based MANs [3]. Since then, extensive
investigations of OOFDM transceivers of various configurations have been reported in long-
haul [4,5], MANs [6] and LANs [7]. However, all the experimental works published so far
have been undertaken using non-real-time signal processing approaches, which do not
consider the limitations imposed by the precision and speed of practical digital signal
processing (DSP) hardware. In addition, the non-real time approach is just able to utilise
relatively short data transmission sequenecs in analysing the transmission performance of
various systems. The experimental demonstration of real-time OOFDM transceivers is critical
for not only rigorously validating the OOFDM technique but also establishing a solid platform
for evaluating its feasibility for practical implementation. In an optical back-to-back system, a
real-time coherent OOFDM receiver has been reported recently [4], which is, however, not
able to perform real-time data transmission due to the absence of a corresponding real-time
transmitter.
In this paper, real-time OOFDM transmitters and receivers based on standard commercially
available components such as FPGAs and ADC/DACs are, for the first time, demonstrated
experimentally, whose transmission performance is investigated over a DML-based MMF
IMDD transmission system. This work indicates the great potential of OOFDM as an
important technology for practical implementation in next generation high capacity optical
networks of various architectures.

Real-time OOFDM modems and experimental setup

Fig.1a shows the real-time experimental system configuration. The transmitter consists of an
Altera Stratix II GX FPGA, which performs the real-time digital signal processing (DSP) on
the generated data source and outputs four 8-bit samples in parallel at a rate of 500MHz.
These samples are fed to an 8-bit DAC running at 2GS/s. The analog electrical signal with a
1GHz bandwidth is attenuated by a variable attenuator to adjust the modulating current
injected into a 1550nm DML having a modulation bandwidth of 10GHz. The optical signal
emerging from the DML is coupled into a 500m OM1 MMF link having a 3-dB optical
bandwidth of 1200MHz·km. At the receiver, a 12GHz bandwidth PIN with a TIA converts the
transmitted optical signal to the electrical domain. The electrical signal is amplified by a
2.5GHz, 20dB RF amplifier, attenuated as needed to adjust the signal amplitude. The low-
pass-filtered, single ended electrical signal is converted via a balun to a differential signal to
feed an 8-bit ADC operating at 2GS/s, whose digital interface format is identical to the DAC
input in the transmitter. Finally, the digital samples are fed to a second Altera Stratix II GX

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

FPGA, which performs the real-time DSP on the received symbols and determines the BER
measurement. Clock synthesizers based on a common reference clock are used to generate
the system clocks for the transmitter and the receiver.
Fig.1b shows the detailed transmitter (top) and receiver (bottom) architectures. The digital
logic is entirely implemented with self-designed logic blocks. The core functions required for
real-time OOFDM transceivers are the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) in the
transmitter, and FFT in the receiver. The developed real-time IFFT/FFT logic function is a 32
point, decimation in time, pipelined architecture, whose key parameters can be fully adjusted
and optimized to minimise the finite computational error inherent in physical DSP hardware.

4x A modulating
FPGA 8 bit DAC current MMF
2Gsps V to I optical Fiber
Altera attenuator
Stratix IIGX 636mV attenuator
1 DFB
B C

bias current

D 4x
+20dB ADC FPGA

Balun
8 bit
PIN & TIA LPF 2GSps Altera
RF attenuator 500mV Stratix IIGX
(a) amplifier 2

Transmitter

LVDS Interface
32 bit Parallel
High speed IO
Organisation
Bit & Sample
Parallel Data

Cyclic Prefix
Quantisation
Modulators
Generator

(Parallel to
Unsigned
Clipping &

Signed to
DQPSK

Serial)
Conjugate

Add
Complex

IFFT

Logic Array Dedicated HW

Receiver
Logic Array Dedicated HW
Signal Tap II Signal Tap II Symbol Position

LVDS Interface
32 bit Parallel
High speed IO
Sync
Demodulators
Parallel Data

Organisation
Cyclic Prefix

Bit & Sample

Unsigned to
Generator

(Serial to
Parallel)
Analyser

Remove

Signed
DQPSK
BER

FFT

(b)

Figure 1: a) Experimental transmission system, b) Real-time OOFDM transceiver architectures

In the transmitter, except for the digital back-to-back case, DQPSK is considered. 32
subcarriers are used, of which 15 carry data. A 30-bit parallel data sequence feeds 15
DQPSK modulators which generate the complex data for the data-carrying subcarriers. To
achieve a real-valued IFFT output, the data-carrying subcarriers are arranged to satisfy the
Hermitian symmetry with respect to their complex conjugate counterparts [2]. The signed, 32
real-valued IFFT outputs are clipped at a clipping ratio of 11.6 dB and quantized to 8 bits. A
cyclic prefix of 8 samples is added to each symbol, producing 40 samples per symbol. The
DAC sampling rate of 2GHz gives a symbol rate of 50MHz. The signed samples are
converted to unsigned values as the DAC requires positive values only. Sample reordering
and bit arrangement are performed to present the symbol data to the 32 high-speed, 10:1,
serialisers in the required order and to ensure that the serialisers feed the four sample
interface to the DAC in the correct sequence. In the receiver, an inverse DSP procedure,
compared to that described above, is used to recover the received data, as shown in Fig.1b.
To achieve symbol alignment, a test symbol of a fixed pattern is sent repeatedly by the
transmitter, the received symbol is detected and analyzed using the Signal Tap II, embedded
logic analyzer and the Altera Quartus II software, the measured sample offset is
compensated for by adding an appropriate time delay. As shown in the Fig.1b, a BER
analyser block continuously detects and counts errors occurring within one million symbols.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

The error count is viewed via the Signal Tap II embedded analyser and an average BER is
obtained over a large number of readings.

(a) Digital back-to-back (One FPGA) (b) Analog back-to-back

9,375 Gbps, 16QAM, subcarrier 1 1.5Gbps, DQPSK, subcarrier 3
100 100

50 50

Q
0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100
-100 -50 0 50 100 -100 -50 0 50 100
I I
(c) Optical back-to-back (d) 500m, 62.5um, MMF
1.5Gb/s, DQPSK, subcarrier 3 1.5Gb/s, DQPSK, subcarrier 3
100 100

50 50
Q

0 Q 0

-50 -50

-100 -100
-100 -50 0 50 100 -100 -50 0 50 100
I I
Figure 2: Subcarrier constellations for different system configurations

Results
To evaluate the developed real-time DSP function only, investigations are first undertaken of
the performance a digital back-to-back transmitter and receiver configuration implemented
within a single FPGA without involving the DAC/ADC. Based on a symbol rate of 156.25 MHz
(less than half of the maximum FPGA clock speed), 9.375Gb/s is achieved at a BER of zero
by using a 16QAM modulation format on all subcarriers. Fig.2a shows a representative
constellation of subcarrier 1. This confirms the capability of the developed real-time DSP
function for supporting high speed transmission.
By including the DAC/ADC, experimental measurements are also conducted in an analog
back-to-back transmitter and receiver configuration, in which points A and D, as shown in
Fig.1a, are connected with attenuator 1 being set to 3dB. With the sampling rate of 2GS/s
and DQPSK, 1.5Gb/s transmission at a BER of zero is achieved with the constellation of
subcarrier 3 being shown in Fig.2b. Further measurements are also performed in an optical
back-to-back configuration, in which points B and C, as shown in Fig.1a, are connected. For
this case, attenuator 1, the optical attenuator and the receiver’s electrical gain are taken to
be 5dB, ”6dB and 3dB, respectively, also a DFB bias current of 38mA is adopted. 1.5Gb/s
transmission at a BER of <<1.0×10-9 is measured, as shown in Fig.3, and the constellation of
subcarrier 3 is shown in Fig.2c.
Finally, experimental measurements are undertaken of 1.5Gb/s transmission over a 500m
62.5/125Pm MMF IMDD link illustrated in Fig.1a. The measured BER as a function of optical
launch power is plotted in Fig 3. For an optical launch power of -3dBm, a BER of <1.0× 10-6
is observed with a corresponding constellation of subcarrier 3 being shown in Fig.2d. The
constellation of the same subcarrier for a BER of 1.0x10-4 is also inserted in Fig.3. A power
penalty of 5.8dB at a BER of 1.0x10-3 is observed in Fig.3. Experimental measurements also
show that the transmission performance is insensitive to different launch conditions.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

BER 1.0E-4
500m MMF

Q
I

Figure 3: Measured BER performance for 1.5Gb/s transmission over a 500m MMF
Conclusions
First real-time OOFDM modems have been demonstrated successfully for 1.5Gb/s
transmission over a 500m MMF IMDD system. Experimental measurements also indicate
that the demonstrated transceivers are potentially capable of supporting much higher data
rates, when use is made of higher modulation formats and faster DAC/ADC sampling rates.
Results indicate that the accuracy and speed of the developed real-time DSP hardware are
not limiting factors for achieving 10Gb/s real-time OOFDM data transmission.
References
1. N.E. Jolley, H. Kee, R. Rickard, J. Tang, K. and Cordina, OFC/NFOEC, Anaheim,
California USA, paper OFP3, March, 2005.
2. J.M. Tang, P.M. Lane, and K.A. Shore, J. Lightwave Technol., 2006, 24, (1), pp.429-
441
3. J.M. Tang, P.M. Lane, and K.A. Shore, OFC/NFOEC, Anaheim, California USA,
paper JThB8, March, 2006
4. Q. Yang, N. Kaneda, X. Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, W. Shieh, and Y.K. Chen,
OFC/NFOEC, San Diego, California USA, paper PDPC5, March, 2009
5. B.J.C. Schmidt, Z. Zan, L.B. Du, and A.J. Lowery, OFC/NFOEC, San Diego,
California USA, paper PDPC3, March, 2009
6. W. Wei, M.D. Feuer, D. Qian, P.N. Ji, N. Cvijetic, C. Wang, T. Wang, OFC/NFOEC,
San Diego, California USA, paper PDPA7, March, 2009
7. H. Yang, S.C.J. Lee, E. Tangdiongga, F. Breyer, S. Randel, and T. Koonen,
OFC/NFOEC, San Diego, California USA, paper PDPD8, March, 2009

Acknowledgement

This work was partly supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) within the project ICT ALPHA under grant agreement n° 212
352, in part by the U.K. Engineering and Physics Sciences Research Council under Grant
EP/D036976, and in part by The Royal Society Brian Mercer Feasibility Award. The work of
X.Q. Jin was also supported by the School of Electronic Engineering and the Bangor
University.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Session 6 Wednesday May 20th, 2009 11:00 – 13:00 h

POSTER Session

[P1] System Concept for 60 GHz DWDM-Radio-over-Fibre

R. Herschel, N. Neumann, C.G. Schäffer
Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden (Germany)

[P2] Colourless Radio over Fibre Access Network architecture using

New RSOA devices for high performances
G. de Valicourt1, M.A. Violas2, F. van Dijk1, D. Maké1, R. Brenot1
1
Alcatel-Thalès III-Vlab, Palaiseau (France)
2
Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro (Portugal)

[P3] Improvements in the Radio-over-Fiber Transmission for

Broadband Wireless Networks
E. Udvary, T. Berceli
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest
(Hungary)

[P4] Bidirectional Multi-UMTS FDD Carrier Distribution over an

Extended-Reach PON Architecture using a shared SOA
F. Frank1, B. Charbonnier1, A. Pizzinat1, Ph. Chanclou1, C. Algani2
1
France Telecom, Lannion (France)
2
CNAM, Paris (France)

[P5] Radio over Fibre for the Support of 4th Generation

Mobile/Wireless Communications
N.J. Gomes1, S. Pato2, P. Monteiro2, A. Gameiro3
1
University of Kent, Canterbury (United Kingdom)
2
Nokia Siemens Networks S.A., Amadora (Portugal)
3
University of Aveiro (Portugal)

[P6] Research and development of wireline and wireless physical

layer components and subsystems
J. Bauwelinck, C. Mélange, X. Yin, B. Baekelandt, T. De Ridder,
X.Z. Qiu, J. Vandewege
IMEC/INTEC, Ghent University, Gent (Belgium)

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Session 6 Wednesday May 20th, 2009 11:00 – 13:00 h

POSTER Session (cont'd)

[P7] All-Optical Mixer Based on an 850nm Emitting VCSEL

Y. Ben-Ezra, M. Ran, B.I. Lembrikov, M. Haridim, A. Leibowitch
Holon Institute of Technology, Holon (Israel)

[P8] The Possibility of UWB Signal Detection in a Thin SiGe Layer

B.I. Lembrikov, Y. Ben Ezra
Holon Institute of Technology, Holon (Israel)

[P9] Advanced phase detection for electro-optical phase-locked loop

(EO-PLL)
L.Naglic, L.Pavlovic, M.Vidmar
University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana (Slovenija)

[P10] An Antenna-Integrated Photonic Millimeter-Wave Transmitter

V. Rymanov1, M. Weiß1, A. Steffan2, S. Fedderwitz1, A. Stöhr1,
D. Jäger1
1
University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg (Germany)
2
u2t Photonics AG, Berlin (Germany)

[P11] Millimeter-wave frequency generation with dual-wavelength DFB

laser
S. Ginestar1, F. van Dijk2, A. Accard2, O. Legouezigou2, F. Poingt2
F. Pommereau2, L. Legouezigou2, F. Lelarge2, B. Rousseau2,
J. Landreau2, J-P. Vilcot1, G.H. Duan2
1
Institut d'Electronique, de Microelectronique et de Nanotechnologie,
Villeneuve d'Ascq (France)
2
Alcatel-Thalès IIIVLab, Marcoussis (France)

[P12] Performance of 802.11g signals over a multimode fibre-fed

distributed antenna system incorporating optical splitting
L.C. Vieira, A. Nkansah, P. Assimakopoulos, N.J. Gomes
University of Kent, Canterbury (United Kingdom)

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Session 6 Wednesday May 20th, 2009 11:00 – 13:00 h

POSTER Session (cont'd)

[P13] Static nonlinear distortion modelling of radioover-fibre systems

L.C. Vieira1, N.J. Gomes1, A. Nkansah1, F. van Dijk2, A. Enard2,
F. Blache2, M. Goix2
1
University of Kent,Canterbury (United Kingdom)
2
Alcatel-Thalès III-V Lab, Palaiseau (France)

[P14] Dynamic Binary Interleaving Codes for ECMA-368 standard and

future Multi-Gigabit Wireless Systems
I. Siaud, A.M. Ulmer-Moll
Orange-Labs, Cesson-Sévigné (France)

[P15] Line-of-sight Infrared Wireless Path Loss Simulation in an

Aircraft Cabin
S. Dimitrov1,2, R. Mesleh1, H. Haas1,3, M. Cappitelli2, M. Olbert2,
E. Bassow4
1
Jacobs University Bremen (Germany)
2
EADS Deutschland GmbH, Hamburg (Germany)
3
Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh (United
Kingdom)
4
Airbus Deutschland GmbH, Hamburg (Germany)

[P16] Nonlinear optical Ti:PPLN wavelength conversion modules for

free-space communication at 3.8 μm
K.-D. Büchter, C. Langrock, H. Herrmann, M.M. Fejer, W. Sohler
Universität Paderborn, Germany, Stanford University, USA

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

System Concept for 60 GHz DWDM-Radio-over-Fibre

R. Herschel1,*, N. Neumann1, C. G. Schäffer1,, ….
1
Technische Universität Dresden, Communications Laboratory, Chair of Microwave Technology/Photonics,
Helmholtzstraße 18, 01062 Dresden, Germany
* Corresponding author: Phone: +49 (0)351 463 38759, Fax: +49 (0) 351 463 37163,
E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – The paper presents a concept for a DWDM Radio-over- fibre system based on an optical frequency
comb source and periodic optical filtering, including phase correlated uplink carriers for optical downconversion
reducing system complexity and enabling the step beyond 100GHz.

Introduction – A lot of research concerning radio

over fibre systems in the 60 GHz range was done in Central Unit
the last years [4]. Due to low losses and reduced Optical filters
Optical comb and carrier
dispersion penalty these fibre optic systems show a generation
far better performance for transmitting RF signals in modulation
the higher GHz range than classical copper wire
60 GHz
systems. Most systems suffer from high costs for
generating RF carriers and optical processing at the
base station, especially as the systems have to be
designed for multi channel functionality. Therefore,
the aim of the presented system is to make use of the
spectral periodicity of the used components in order Optical down
to realize a simultaneous carrier generation as well as ADM ADM
conversion
optical processing for all channels in a DWDM RoF
system at the central unit.
RF Wireless RF Wireless
The paper provides a general description of the entire Base Station Base Station
system in the following paragraph while each part
such as filtering at the central unit, the structure of
the RF base stations as well as the optical
downconversion of the uplink signal at the central
unit are described in further detail in separate Figure 1: Block diagram of DWDM system concept
paragraphs.
General system design – As shown in figure 1 an Optical filtering and modulation – One key aspect
optical frequency comb [1], [2] is used to generate is taking advantage of the spectral periodicity of the
the carriers with the appropriate spectral distance. By used filters. As shown in figure 2 the spectrum
using a periodic filter with a high finesse the generated by the optical frequency comb generator is
frequency lines with the desired spectral distance are filtered in a first step by a 60 GHz FSR high finesse
selected out of the spectrum. Every second carrier is fabry-perot filter to achieve the 60 GHz grid for the
then modulated with a data signal and transmitted downlink carriers.
over SMF. At each base station an Add-Drop- The resulting comb is then divided into two
Multiplexer (ADM) is used to select one pair of the interleaving 120 GHz spectra where one is split by an
frequency component modulated with the desired AWG and the channels modulated separately whereas
data signal and an unmodulated carrier signal as the second spectrum remains unmodulated as phase
phase reference for optical heterodyning as already reference for the optical heterodyning [3]. An optical
shown for single carrier systems [3]. A fraction of the N-to-1 combiner couples the modulated as well as the
reference carrier is used as optical carrier for the up- reference carriers into one SMF.
link signal at every base station. At the central unit
the uplink signal can then be down-converted
optically due to the phase correlation between the up-
link carrier and the frequency components of the
optical frequency comb.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

FP-Filter Downlink
FSR = 60 GHz Data
channels

Figure 4: Block diagram of optical down-

conversion
MZI
FSR = 120 GHz Conclusion – The paper presents a concept for a
DWDM Radio-over-fibre system working at 60 GHz
carrier frequency. This system was designed for cost-
effective realisation of a multi-channel system by
Figure 2: Block diagram of optical filtering and utilisation of the periodicity of a frequency comb
modulation source as well as the optical filtering. The reuse of
the unmodulated phase reference carriers for the
Base Station design – In order to reduce the base optical downlink lowers the complexity of every base
station’s complexity a fraction of the reference carrier station by replacing the optical source needed for
needed for optical heterodyning in the photodiode is classical uplink realisations. Due to the phase
split off by a Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) and reused coherence of the optical source at the central unit and
as carrier for the optical uplink. This approach the uplink carriers the down-conversion to base band
replaces the optical source at the base station and can be shifted to the optical domain in order to lower
ensures phase correlation between the frequency the bandwidth requirements for the electrical
comb at the central unit and the uplink signal needed components for receiving the uplink data signal. First
for optical downconversion. experiments on frequency comb generation with a
comb grid spacing of 10 GHz as well as carrier
filtering by a fabry-perot filter with 40 GHz FSR
have been performed successfully while further
experimental work has to be invested on phase
FBG (3dB)
stabilisation of the optical frequency comb. Also the
ADM concept was validated by simulation results from
VPIphotonics™.
This concept is meant to be a promising option for
high data rate systems enabling the use of complex
EOM data formats and being suitable for next generation
RoF-networks in the 120 GHz domain and above.
References
Figure 3: Scheme of the Wireless Base Station [1] P. Shen, N. J. Gomes, P. A. Davies, “Generation of 2 THz
Span Optical Comb in a Tunable Fiber Ring Based Optical
Optical downconversion – Especially in systems Frequency Comb Generator”, IEEE International Topical
operating in the higher GHz range the down- Meeting on Microwave Photonics, pp .45-49, 2007
conversion to baseband needs high bandwidth [2] Keang-Po Ho, J. M. Kahn, “Optical Frequency Comb
components adding much complexity to the system. Generator Using Phase Modulation in Amplified Circulating
Loop”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 721-
One of the main advantages of the system concept is
725, June 1993
the fixed phase correlation between the frequency [3] I. González Insua, K. Kojucharow, C. G. Schäffer:
comb source and the uplink carriers. This feature "MultiGbit/s transmission over a fiber optic mm-wave link",
enables direct mixing with the appropriate comb lines International Microwave Symposium 2008 in Atlanta, USA,
in the photodiode for RF frequencies matching the paper no. WE3D-02
grid of the optical frequency comb. Depending on the [4] J. J. Vegas Olmos, Takahiro Sono, Kazunori Tamura,
Hiroyuki Toda, Ken-ichi Kitayama, “Reconfigurable 2.5-
comb grid spacing this type of down-conversion Gb/s Baseband and 60-GHz (155-Mb/s) Millimeter-
promises flexibility in terms of the uplink carrier Waveband Radio-Over-Fiber (Interleaving) Access
frequency. Network”, J. Lightw.Technol., vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 2506–
2512, Aug. 2008

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Colourless Radio over Fibre Access Network architecture

using New RSOA devices for high performances
G. de Valicourt1,*, M. A. Violas 2, F. van Dijk 1, D. Maké1 and R. Brenot1
1
Alcatel-Thalès III-V labs, A joint Laboratory of "Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs" and "Thales Research & Technology"
Campus Polytechnique, 1, Avenue A. Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau cedex, France
2
Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade de Aveiro,
Campus Universitário, Aveiro 3810-193 , PORTUGAL
*Phone: +33 169 41 60 83, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract - We demonstrated that the use of a high gain reflective semiconductor optical amplifier as remote
modulator antenna used at the Base Station (BS) for colourless operation.

1.Introduction – The development of higher capacity

networks is required in order to satisfy the demand
from the different communication technologies.
Internet, wireless and mobile network are being
widely used and present customers want to enjoy the
same quality for mobile multimedia service as fixed
networks. In this context, WLAN hot-spots or third
generation of wireless networks (3G) are already able
to establish a wireless personal area network. In order
to obtain a wide service coverage area, many BS
should be connected to a Central Station (CS) via an
Fig. 1.: Schematic diagram of radio over fiber Network
optical fiber network. Efficient architecture has been
architecture
proposed in [1] using WDM techniques and allowing
a RoFnet-Reconfigurable Radio over Fiber network. Due to their broad bandwidth characteristics, same
RSOA devices were used as a low cost solution with devices can be used over a wide wavelength range,
wide bandwidth at the BS in order to perform therefore they allow Colorless Radio-on-Fiber
modulation and amplification functions [1-3]. RSOA network with dynamic wavelength allocation.
devices with electrical bandwidth up to 1.5 GHz have In order to experimentally simulate the
been used [1] and Error-free transmissions of 1.25 behaviour of a BS, a setup represented by figure 1
Gbit/s have been demonstrated [2-4]. was implemented. It consists of an optical network
In this paper, we demonstrated the use of which uses an AWG at the BS to separate the
colourless RSOA device in a Radio over fiber Access wavelength assigned to a particular BS. A vector
Network architecture driven by standard wifi 802.11g signal generator (SMU 200A) provides the standard
signal and also modulated at 5 Gbit/s with digital wifi signal at an IF carrier of 1 GHz, which
modulation. Uplink configuration exploits the modulates the RSOA through a linear power
capabilities of using RSOA in order to perform amplifier. An ECL (External Cavity Laser) is used to
modulation and amplification for a OFDM launch the required wavelength into the system. The
modulation. receiver is composed of a photodiode and a low noise
Mini-circuits amplifier connected to the Vector
2. Network description and experimental set up – The Signal Analyzer. All the other parts are a standard
schematic of radio over fiber network concept is optical circulator and optical attenuator.
represented in Fig. 1. N base stations are used to
provide wireless connection with mobile users and 3. Device characteristics – The InGaAsP active zone
BS are connected via optical fiber to the CS. WDM is of the RSOA was grown using molecular beam
used in order to provide high capacity network by epitaxy. AR (HR) coatings were deposed on the
allocating different wavelength to individual BS [5]. angled front (real) facet. The RSOA structure has
RSOA are perfect devices for low cost been designed to achieve a small optical confinement
uplink configuration. They replace high cost WDM (Γ~20%) which ensures lower noise figure, less gain
source at the BS and high speed external modulator. ripple and wider optical bandwidth compared to

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

larger optical confinements. Polarization independent

optical gain values up to 30 dB were observed in the
small signal regime for devices with a length of 500
µm and 700 µm respectively, and the optical gain
bandwidth is 50 nm typically. Dynamic
measurements performed at 1558.9 nm show a
modulation bandwidth up to 3GHz for both RSOA
(Fig. 2.).

Fig. 4.: 5 Gbps eye-diagram at the output of the RSOA.

EVM measurements show the feasibility of this

configuration using Reflective SOA and on a wide
range of input power (from –22 dB to17 dB).

5. Conclusion – A cost effective WDM Radio over

fiber network is presented. The large gain of the
RSOA and also its high output power has also
permitted to obtain a suitable transmission over fiber
from a RF signal. This upstream colourless result
Fig. 2.: RSOA direct modulation bandwidth
allows investigating this solution to achieve in the
trunk line a wavelength multiplex of several next
4. Experimental measurements – A 700 µm cavity generation radio over fiber solution solutions.
length RSOA is used in the experimental setup
Acknowledgement – This work was supported by
explained in part 2. The RSOA was driven by a 80
ICT-FUTON projects.
mA DC current and standard IEEE802.11wifi signal
with a 64QAM modulation format OFDM References
multiplexing at 54 MB/s. CW input optical power of
[1] M. C. R. Medeiros, R. Avó, P; Laurêncio, N. S.
–14 dBm and –7 dBm were used. In Figure 3, EVM Correia, A. Barradas, H. J. A. da Silva, I. Darwazeh,
measurements are presented at 1530 nm and J. E. Mitchell and P. M. N. Monteiro, ICTON
frequency subcarrier of 1 GHz as a function of the Mediterranean Winter Conference, pp. 1-5 (2007).
input electrical power.
[2] Yong-Yuk Won, Hyuk-Choon Kwon, Sang-KooK
Han, “ 1.25 Gib/s Wavelength Colorless Radio-on-
Fiber Systems Using Reflective Semiconductor
Optical Amplifier”, journal of lightwave tevhnology,
Vol. 25, No. 11 (2007).

[3] Maria C.R. Medeiros, Ricardo Avo, Paula

Laurencio, Noelia S. Correia, Alvaro Barradas,
Henrique J.A. daSilva, Izzat Darwazeh, John E.
Mitchell and Paulo M. N. Monteiro,“RoFnet-
Reconfigurable Radio over Fiber Network
Architecture Overview”

Fig. 3.: EVM values as a function of the electrical RF [4] N.Calabretta, G. Carvalho Kassar and I. Tafur
Figure 4 displays the eye-diagram at the output of the Monroy, Electronics Letters, Vol. 43, No. 22 (2007).
RSOA for a direct digital modulation (pseudo
aleatory scheme 231-1) at 5 Gbit/s. [5] H. Bolcskei, A. J Paulraj, K. V. S. Hari, and R. U.
Nabar, “Fixed broadband wireless access: State of the
art, challenges, and future directions”, IEEE
Commun. Mag., Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 100-108 (2001)

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Improvements in the Radio-over-Fiber Transmission

for Broadband Wireless Networks
Eszter Udvary, Tibor Berceli
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract - An approach is presented to reduce the chromatic dispersion-induced distortions in radio-over-fiber links carrying
combined baseband and millimeter wave signals. This new method is based on the interplay of intensity dependent phase
modulation in SOAs and fiber nonlinearities.

Introduction - The microwave/mm-wave optical trans- SOA device. Consequently, in SOA the optical signal becomes
missions are severely deteriorated by the chromatic dispersion amplitude modulated (AM) and phase modulated (PM). It is
of the optical link using Standard Single Mode Fiber (SSMF) fundamental to know the behavior of the refractive index
near 1550nm [1, 2]. This limitation is mainly caused by the RF within the active region. That can be modeled using the
carrier suppression effect due to dispersion-induced sideband Linewidth Enhancement Factor (LEF = Henry factor = α
cancellations at certain combinations of microwave/mm-wave factor) approximation. LEF is a function of bias current,
frequencies and propagation distances. Several techniques wavelength and input optical power [8]. As the optical input
have been proposed to overcome this effect like optical single power (Pin) increases, carrier depletion occurs in SOA and this
sideband (SSB) modulation [3], chirped fiber gratings [4], induces gain saturation. In optical amplifiers under saturation
fiber self-phase modulation [5], dual mode lasers [6], etc.
conditions, an increasing input intensity causes a decrease in
A new approach will be presented to overcome dispersion-
the amplifier gain.
induced effects and adjusting the chirp and phase modulation
The chirping parameter which is positive for light sources
generated by saturated semiconductor optical amplifiers.
and unsaturated optical amplifiers, is negative for saturated
Fiber nonlinearities - With the increase of input optical power amplifiers [9]. Fig. 2 represents the optical gain and the LEF
the fiber non-linearity can no longer be neglected. At a specific dependence on the input optical power. When the input power
photon flux density, self-phase modulation (SPM) can become becomes larger, the chirp parameter falls to a negative value.
significant resulting in distortions. High input intensity 30 10
modifies the transfer function of the fiber and can compensate
modulation suppression caused by dispersion [7]. As the signal

LEF (Henry factor) [aU]

25 5

intensity increases the notches caused by dispersion shift to

Optical Gain [dB]

20 0
higher modulation frequencies (see Fig. 1). The measurement
results show that the fiber-induced SPM hardly influences the 15 -5
frequency notches even at relatively low powers.
3dB
10 -10
20

10 5 -15
Detected Subcarrier [dBm]

0
0 -20
-10 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Psat
-20 Input Optical power Input Optical Power [dBm]
16 dBm
-30
11 dBm Fig. 2 Optical gain saturation and the calculated chirp
6 dBm
-40
0 dBm
Fiber length=30 km
The negative chirp of saturated SOA cancels the positive
-50
Wavelength=1550nm chirp-parameter of the optical modulator, in such way enhances
-60 the transmission distance and operating frequency. Furthermore
5 7 9 11 13 15
Modulation Frequency [GHz] the optical amplification causes RF signal gain, too [10].
However the SOA adds significant noise to the system. The
Fig. 1 Measurement results over 30 km fiber at four different negative chirp affects both sidebands and then causes the
average input intensities asymmetrical optical power between the sidebands. As a result,
the RF carrier suppression effect is reduced.
SOA based dispersion compensation - When the incoming Experimental work was performed in the laboratory over
power of the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is different lengths of single mode fibers. Fig. 3 shows the
intensity modulated, the optical gain is affected in both simplified measurement setup. The SOA under test worked
magnitude and phase via the modulation of the complex with different bias (DC) currents. The polarization state of the
refractive index caused by the electron density changes in a incoming optical power was set by a polarization controller.

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Temperature
near to a frequency notch caused by the dispersion, the eye
controller diagram closes and the communication deteriorates or lost.
Applying the optimized SOA compensator the eye diagram
Pol. Spectrum
LD MZ
contr.
SOA O/E analyzer opens and the BER is improved (see Fig. 5).
SSMF
Bias
RF carrier
Current Conclusions - The optical fiber is more and more employed all
Microwave source the way to the home to enable broadband connections. The
sweep Computer
generator microwave and millimeter-wave optical transmissions are
limited by the fiber chromatic dispersion. To overcome the RF
carrier suppression effect an approach has been proposed based
Fig. 3 Simplified experimental setup on the joint effect of SOA chirp, chromatic dispersion and fiber
nonlinearities. The results show that the fading of the RF-to-RF
30
SOA bias current system response can be significantly alleviated. Hence the
20
transmitted digital signal performance can be improved.
Normalised Transmission [dB]

10
0
-10
Acknowledgement - The authors acknowledge the EU
-20
Network of Excellence project called ISIS (IST-FP6-26592) for
-30 without SOA the support to their research work.
-40
-50
References
-60 Fiber length=50km [1] W. van Etten, J. van der Plaats, “Fundamentals of Optical
Wavelength=1550nm
-70 Reference fiber=4m
SOA bias current=400mA, 200mA, 125mA, 100mA
Optical Gain=15dB, 13.5dB, 4.5dB, -9.5dB
Fiber Communications”, Prentice Hall Int. Series in
-80 Optoelectronics, pp. 62-68, UK, 1991.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 [2] H. Schmuck, “Comparison of optical millimetre-wave
1st order of modulation frequency, fRF [GHz]
system concepts with regard to chromatic dispersion”,
Electronics Letters, Vol. 31, No. 21, pp. 1848-1849,
Fig. 4 Measured RF response with SOA, normalized to back-to-back October 1995.
optical link parameters [3] G.H. Smith, D. Novak, “Broad-band millimeter-wave (38
Ghz) fiber-wireless transmission system using electrical
The required optical power and wavelength were produced SSB modulation to overcome dispersion”, Photonic
by a tunable laser source. The intensity modulated optical Techn. Letters, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 141-143, Jan. 1998.
signal was detected by a photo-detector. The harmful effect of [4] J. Marti et al.: “Experimental reduction of chromatic
dispersion effects in lightwave microwave/millimeter-
the optical reflection was eliminated by optical isolators. The wave transmission using tapered linearly chirped fiber
setup was controlled by a computer program, hence the gratings”, Electron. Lett., Vol. 33, No. 13, 1997
measurement parameters were carefully set by the program [5] V. Polo, J. Marti, F. Ramos: “Mitigation of chromatic
and the measurement results were processed and stored. dispersion effects employing electroabsorption modulator-
The RF response was measured with different parameters based transmitters”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., Vol. 11,
pp. 883–885, July 1999.
(see Fig. 4). As the SOA bias current (optical gain) increases, [6] D. Wake, C.R. Lima, P.A. Davies : “Optical Generation
the frequency notches of the RF response are reduced and of Millimeter-Wave Signals for Fiber-Radio Systems
shifted to higher modulation frequencies. Using a Dual-Mode DFB Semiconductor Laser”, Tans.
MTT, Vol. 43, No. 9, pp. 2270-2276, September 1995.
[7] Z. Várallyay, I. Frigyes, O. Schwelb, E. Udvary, L. Jakab,
P. Richter, “Soliton Propagation of Microwave Modulated
Signal through Single-Mode Optical Fiber”, Acta Physica
Hungarica B), Quantum Electronics, Akadémiai Kiadó
(Academic Press), Vol. 23, No. 3-4, pp. 175-186, 2005
[8] L. Occhi, L. Schares, G. Guekos: “Phase Modeling Based
on the α Factor in Bulk Semiconductor Optical
Amplifiers”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics In Quantum
Electronics, pp. 788-797, 2003.
Fig. 5 Simulated eye diagram, without and with SOA compensator, [9] T. Watanabe, N. Sakaida, H. Yasaka, F. Kano, M. Koga,
400km optical link, subcarrier frequency 3.2GHz, modulation “Transmission performance of chirp-controlled signal by
bandwidth 512MHz using semiconductor optical amplifier”, IEEE Journal of
Lightwave Technology, pp. 1069-1077, August 2000.
Based on the results, we conclude that the interplay of chirp [10] Sang-Yun Lee, Bon-Jo Koo, Hyun-Do Jung, and Sang-
generated by the saturated SOA and the chromatic dispersion Kook Han, ”Reduction of chromatic dispersion effects
of the fiber enables a significant reduction in the dispersion- and linearization of dual-drive Mach-Zehnder Modulator
induced effects. by using semiconductor optical amplifier in analog optical
In radio over fiber systems the radio frequency carrier is links” in Proc. ECOC 2002, 28th European Conf. Optical
modulated by digital information. The above presented Comm., Copenhagen, Denmark, September 8-12, 2002.
dispersion compensation technique affects the eye diagram and
the BER of the modulation signal. If the subcarrier frequency is

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Bidirectional Multi-UMTS FDD Carrier Distribution over an

Extended-Reach PON Architecture using a shared SOA
1,* 1 1 1 2
F. Frank , B. Charbonnier , A. Pizzinat , Ph. Chanclou , C. Algani
1
France Telecom, Orange Labs, RD/RESA/ANA/ASHA, 2 av. P. Marzin, 22307 Lannion, France
2
CNAM, ESYCOM (EA2552), Communications Systems, 292 rue St-Martin, 75003 Paris, France
* Corresponding author: Phone: +33 296 051 175, Fax: +33 296051723, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract - We demonstrate the distribution of a multiplex of UMTS RF carriers over extended reach PON
architectures for overall optical budgets up to 47 dB. A SOA and an APD are respectively used for the reach
extension and the photodetection.

Introduction – Today, there are more than 1.3 million simultaneously three UMTS Band I RF signals over
FTTH/B customers throughout Europe [1] and this an Extended Reach Passive Optical Network (ER-
figure is expected to rise to 14.5 millions by 2013 [2]. PON) Architecture using radio-over-fiber techniques.
Similarly to what is currently seen is Asia FTTH/B Experimental results are reported. The reach extension
will gradually replace DSL connections. However, is realized by an in-line Semiconductor Optical
FTTH connection costs are estimated to be around Amplifier (SOA) which is shared between the uplink
1500 in most densely populated areas (i.e. Paris) and and downlink radio signals each carried by a
rising to 2500 for average density areas [3]. This is dedicated wavelength.
the most expensive connectivity solution among all
the others (WiFi Hot spots, xDSL, WiMAX, etc…) Radio Set-up – The used UMTS signal is a
and 70% of this sum is engineering work for the Wideband–Code Division Multiplex Access (W-
actual fiber installation. Nevertheless, it is the CDMA) QPSK signal at 3.84MChip/s composed of
technology of choice by all operators because of the the five Physical Channels composing the Test Model
large bandwidth provided and its ability to meet all 4 of [5] which is specified by 3GPP for EVM (Error
potential future bandwidth demands. For instance, Vector Magnitude) measurement purposes.
IDATE has identified in 2007, 201 optical fibre The above mentioned UMTS baseband signal is
current deployments in Europe [4]. In parallel, optical processed offline on a computer using Matlab® in
infrastructures are also deployed mainly for upgrading order to be generated on a dual output Arbitrary
the mobile telephony network to 3G (UMTS) and Waveform Generator (AWG). Each output of the
3.5G as there are now more than 116 million 3G users AWG represent the I and Q components of a signal
in Europe [1]. It is then key for operators to study composed of a multiplex of three 10 MHz spaced
ways of sharing the optical infrastructure investments
UMTS carriers. After frequency up-conversion using
between mobile telephony networks and access
a Vector Signal Generator (VSG#1, 2) the three
networks.
carriers are centered around 1940 MHz for the uplink
The goal of this paper is to demonstrate (UL) and 2140 MHz for the downlink (DL). Finally a
experimentally the possibility of transporting UMTS Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is used as a Laser
FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) signals over Driver and is followed by a UMTS Band I Diplexer
current and more importantly over future GPON (DL and UL BPF on Figure 1) to filter out the noise
architecture (Extended reach) so as to validate this and unwanted mixing products. All three carriers are
infrastructure sharing concept. Hence, we describe in always maintained with the same RF power.
this paper a system for distributing and collecting
For the experiment, each UMTS RF signal power can
Central Office containing Transport Reach Access Section Remote Antenna Site
Towards
Radio Base Band Unit Section Extension Antenna
Site
LNA APD + TIA
AWG DFB #1 20km
{I, Q} VSG #1 DL BPF FO DL BPF VSA

{/I, /Q}
VSA UL BPF VOA UL BPF VSG #2
VOA SOA
Circ.#1 #2 Circ.#2
#1
DFB #2 LNA

Figure 1 : Radio & Optical Set-up

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

be swept from -40 to +15 dBm/carrier. Performance 25dB can be achieved. However this limit of 17.5%
evaluation is done by a Vector Signal Analyzer is specified to be the maximum EVM to be received
(VSA) through measurement of the Error Vector at the end of the air link. Thus in our case considering
Magnitude (EVM). an EVM target of 8% at the output of the radio-over-
fiber-system is more realistic since the RF signals
Optical Set-up – The optical path of an ER-PON can still have to propagate through the air link. In this
be divided into a Transport Section (starting at the case we still have a power margin of 18dB.
Central Office) and an Access Section (finishing at
the Remote Antenna Site), the Reach Extension Site In the uplink direction, an EVM power margin - for a
– made of a single SOA – lying in between. The limit at 17.5% - of 26dB can be observed on Figure 3.
Transport Section is represented by pure optical 20
attenuation corresponding to a 17dB budget, whereas 18
the latter is composed by 20km of optical fiber and 16 EVM @1930 MHz
optical attenuation representing a typical PON Class 14
EVM @ 1940 MHz
EVM @ 1950 MHz

Composite EM (%)
B+ budget of 28dB. 12
EVM @1930MHz at launch
EVM @1940MHz at launch
Here we used cooled DFB lasers emitting each ~ 10
EVM @1950MHz at launch
3GPP EVM Spec. Limit
+9dBm of optical power at 1551nm and 1546nm for 8

the downlink and the uplink respectively. The 6

different wavelengths are separated by optical 4

circulators each having an insertion loss of ~0.8dB 2

and which are not included in the PON budget 0

-48.00 -44.00 -40.00 -36.00 -32.00 -28.00 -24.00 -20.00 -16.00
calculations. The SOA has a gain of 14dB. Received RF Power per UMTS carrier (5MHz)[dBm]

For practical purposes the APD and the VSA (shown Fig. 3: UMTS RF carrier multiplex on Uplink
dotted on Figure 1) are permuted for realizing the up- Wavelength
and downlink measurements, however optical signals In this case we do not consider the 8% threshold as
remain unchanged, thus simultaneity is conserved. we measure the signal after is would have propagated
Results – For an overall optical budget of 47dB, the in the air.
EVM is plotted against the received RF power (in a 5 Conclusion – We prove the capability of transporting
MHz band) for each one of the three multiplexed transparently and simultaneously a Multiplex of three
carriers. The EVM measurements are referenced to UMTS RF FDD carriers per direction over an
electrical back to back evaluations in order to Extended Reach PON architecture with an optical
differentiate between the distortions originating from budget of 47 dB relying on the use of an SOA for
the optoelectrical conversions and the optical reach extension and an APD for photodetection.
amplification from the ones originating from our test
equipment. This work validates that current and next generation
PON infrastructures can be shared with the UMTS
20
FDD mobile networks' backhaul infrastructure
18
leading to potentially large investment savings.
16 EVM @ 2130 MHz
EVM @ 2140 MHz
14 EVM @ 2150 MHz Acknowledgement – The research leading to these
EVM @2130MHz at launch
results has received funding from the European
Composite EVM %

12 EVM @2140MHz at launch

EVM @2150MHz at launch
10
3GPP EVM Spec. Limit% Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)
8 under project 212 352 ALPHA “Architectures for
6 fLexible Photonic Home and Access networks”
4
References
2 [1] Didier Pouillot, "World Market for Telecom Services",
0 IDATE, December 2008.
-55 -53 -51 -49 -47 -45 -43 -41 -39 -37 -35 -33 -31 -29 -27 -25 -23 -21
Received RF Power per UMTS carrier (5MHz)[dBm]
[2] FTTX Watch Service, IDATE July 2008
[3] Roland Montagne, "FFTH deployments: what solutions to
Fig. 2: UMTS RF carrier multiplex on Downlink lower the costs?", IDATE, August 2008.
Wavelength [4] Roland Montagne, "FFTx Market Watch 2008", IDATE,
March 2008.
In the downlink direction, Figure 2 shows that an [5] TS 25.141 – Base Station (BS) Conformance Testing (FDD)
EVM power margin (calculated as the difference [6] TS 25.104 – BS radio transmission and reception (FDD)
between the maximum and minimum RF power to [7] TS 25.101 – UE radio transmission and reception (FDD)
achieve the UMTS EVM limit value of 17.5%) of

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Radio over Fibre for the Support of 4th Generation

Mobile/Wireless Communications
N.J. Gomes1,*, S.Pato2, P. Monteiro2,, A. Gameiro3
1
University of Kent, Dept. of Electronics, Canterbury, United Kingdom
2
Nokia Siemens Networks S.A., Amadora, Portugal
3 University of Aveiro, Instituto de Telecommunicações, Aveiro, Portugal
* Corresponding author: Phone: +44 1227 823719, Fax: +44 1227 456084, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – The main aims of the FUTON EU project are presented. Progress in the radio over fibre work package
during the first year of the project is outlined and the key achievements are summarised.

Introduction – It is expected that 4th generation (4G) To meet these objectives, the radio over fibre
mobile/wireless systems will be specified with bit- infrastructure needs to support the transmission of
rates up to 1 Gb/s. To cope with such increased multiple 4G signals to/from the RAUs, with each 4G
bandwidth demands in a cost-effective manner signal occupying a bandwidth of 100 MHz, operating
requires changes in system architecture. In this at around 3.5 GHz and employing high-level QAM
context, the FUTON project [1] proposes the for the highest bit-rates (up to 256-QAM assumed),
development of a hybrid fibre-wireless infrastructure and large numbers of OFDM subcarriers (up to 2048
for the transparent interconnection of multiple remote assumed). These specifications follow those
access units (RAUs) to a central unit (CU), which is typically proposed for 4G systems. For wireless
responsible for the joint processing of all radio transmission over ranges of several hundred metres,
signals, as depicted in Fig.1. This architecture allows these are very demanding specifications [4]. High
the development of virtual MIMO concepts to dynamic range analogue radio over fibre links,
achieve broadband wireless transmission, and inter- relying on high performance but low-cost
cell interference cancellation, fulfilling the objectives optoelectronic components will be necessary. In
specified for 4G systems. addition, to minimize costs, it is desirable to share
deployments with fixed (wireline) infrastructures,
The general aims and objectives of the FUTON such as passive optical networks (PONs). The work
project have been presented elsewhere [2]. In this in the radio over fibre work package in FUTON
paper, the discussion will focus on the radio over covers studies over the full range of activity areas
fibre infrastructure (RoF) being proposed within the from component development, to link analysis and
FUTON project. Previously, radio over fibre has design, through to access network architecture and
been proposed for the interconnection of simplified topology proposals.
RAUs in micro-cellular environments [3], or for
antenna remounting to eliminate dead-spots. In Progress and main achievements – The work in the
FUTON, however, the RoF infrastructure is a key radio over fibre work package has been divided into
enabler of the wireless technologies being proposed, several tasks covering the definition of the optimum
such that the vision shifts from a remoting technique hybrid optical-radio infrastructure (including the
to an aggregating one. topology/architecture studies and the link
performance analysis), the development of
optoelectronic components (with specifications
derived from the link analysis), subsystem design and
integration for final testing. Work on the latter tasks
has only just commenced, and in this paper we
concentrate on the progress and achievements in the
former areas.

The FUTON radio-optical infrastructure uses a

Fig.1: FUTON joint processing of radio signals. combination of subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) with
frequency translation of the signals (necessary as
several signals to/from RAUs occupying the same RF
spectrum must be transported) and coarse wavelength
division multiplexing (CWDM), most likely for the

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

addressing of individual RAUs. The use of CWDM directly modulated laser links do not significantly
enables the use of less expensive and uncooled affect performance compared to wireless
components. A bidimensional signal space is defined transmission with no supporting radio over fibre link,
with RAUs addressed by wavelength and individual and work is now progressing on the design of the
signals for the RAUs separated in the electrical RAUs and central unit radio-optical interfaces [7].
domain by SCM. By defining the appropriate
granularity, both new RAUs and additional wireless Conclusion – The work conducted during the first
systems can be easily added. The current proposal for year of the FUTON project in the work package
the support of the 4G wireless system only, uses 16 devoted to radio over fibre has been briefly reviewed.
CWDM channels to support 8 RAUs for each joint The work has resulted in architecture/topology
processing unit, as shown in Fig.2. Space division proposals compatible with PON deployments, and
multiplexing or more dense forms of WDM may be link budget and cost analyses which demonstrate the
necessary for the support of additional systems or advantages of the analogue radio over fibre approach
RAUs. compared to digital approaches, and that the radio
over fibre transmission does not degrade the wireless
ranges possible compared to the radio transmission
on its own.

Acknowledgement - This work was carried out

within the framework of the European Union
Integrated Project FUTON (FP7 ICT-2007-215533).
The authors are grateful to all of their collaborators in
FUTON, particularly D. Wake, A. Nkansah (Univ.
Kent), J. Pedro, J. Santos (NSN), M. Violas (Univ.
Fig. 2: Proposed topology using 16 CWDM channels
to support up to 8 RAUs. Aveiro), F. van Dijk, R. Brenot, G. de Valicourt, C.
Gonzalez (AT 3-5 Labs), E. Lopez and M. Lobeira
For the radio over fibre link analysis, the work has (Acorde Technologies).
investigated the requirements for digital as well as
analogue link types. This is very important as
specifications for “digital” base stations with remote References
radio heads have already been made for 3rd [1] FUTON project website: www.ict-futon.eu
generation (3G) mobile and WiMAX systems, and [2] see, e.g., S. Pato, P. Monteiro, N.J. Gomes, A.
Gameiro, T. Kawanishi, “Next-generation
are currently being extended for LTE. The work has distributed and heterogeneous radio
shown that very high bit-rate transmission and time- architectures: the FUTON project”, accepted for
division multiplexing equipment will be necessary to publication at APMP 2009, Beijing, April 2009.
cater for the 4G systems with digital links, with the [3] see, e.g., A.J. Cooper, “Fibre/radio for the
costs for the FUTON system being an order of provision of cordless/mobile telephony services
magnitude more expensive than the use of analogue in the access network”, Electron. Lett., 26, pp.
links [4]. The analogue links are dependant on 2054-2056, 1990
[4] D. Wake, S. Pato, J. Pedro, E. Lopez, N.J.
directly modulated laser performance close to the Gomes, P. Monteiro, “A comparison of remote
state-of-the-art in terms of slope efficiency, linearity radio head optical transmission technologies for
and noise and requiring some effort to obtain such next generation wireless systems”, submitted to
performance in a single device, uncooled, stably over ECOC 2009
a range of operating temperatures, and at 1550 nm. [5] G. de Valicourt, R, Brenot, M. Violas,
Other analogue link types have been examined, in “Colourless radio over fibre access network
architecture using new RSOA devices for high
particular using reflective semiconductor optical performances”, submitted to ECOC 2009
amplifiers (RSOAs) for the uplink. The work on [6] A. Hekkala, M. Lasanen, L.C. Vieira, A.
using these devices for analogue radio over fibre in Nkansah, N.J. Gomes, “Architecture for joint
their saturated region has shown improved compensation of RoF and PA with nonideal
performance over that previously reported world- feedback”, submitted to PIMRC 2009
wide [5]. Compensation techniques are also being [7] see, e.g., D.Wake, A. Nkansah, N.J. Gomes,
investigated which may alleviate some of the more “Optical transmission link design for a
broadband distributed wireless system”, this
stringent demands placed on the device linearity [6]. workshop.
Initial performance comparisons of analogue link
types show that Mach-Zehnder modulator and

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Research and development of wireline and wireless physical

layer components and subsystems
*
J. Bauwelinck , C. Mélange, X. Yin, B. Baekelandt, T. De Ridder, X.Z. Qiu, J. Vandewege
1
IMEC/INTEC, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, Gent, Belgium
* Corresponding author: Phone: +32 9 264 3346, Fax: +32 9 264 3593, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – This paper presents an overview of the various research activities at INTEC_design. In this lab, high-
frequency electronic components and subsystems are designed for the physical layer of emerging wireline and
wireless applications.

Introduction – INTEC_design is one of the research sight, complicate the time-of-arrival estimation of the
groups of the Department of Information Technology transmitted signal.
(INTEC) at Ghent University and an associated A proof-of-concept ranging transceiver, shown in
laboratory of IMEC [1]. Fig. 1, was developed comprising both the analog
The INTEC_design lab is specialized in the design of front-end and the digital signal processing in FPGA.
high-frequency and high-speed electronic and opto- In a number of field trials in warehouse-like
electronic circuits and systems. It has gained environments and harsh industrial environments this
extensive experience by the study and development prototype showed a significant improvement in
of innovative physical layer components and precision (<1m) compared to existing technologies.
subsystems, and associated instrumentation for
wireless, wired and broadband optical access
networks.
The development of such prototypes and
demonstrators requires the ability to trade off system
level requirements with implementation details and a
combination of various skills in a multidisciplinary
team:
x System modeling, architecture partitioning
and subsystem specification. Fig. 1.: PCB demonstrator of a 2.4GHz ranging transceiver
x Board level design of complex mixed On-going research
analog/digital systems using commercial
off-the-shelf components, taking care of Automotive optical networks – Fiber optic networks
signal integrity challenges. will bring many advantages into the automotive
x Transistor level circuit design on chip in environment, such as lower weight, higher data rates
CMOS and BiCMOS technologies. and improved electromagnetic compatibility.
INTEC_design is one of the few university A number of transmitters (VCSEL drivers) and
labs certified by ST microelectronics. receivers that comply with the MOST standard were
x Package and interconnect modeling, developed for POF and PCS fibers. Ongoing research
including 3D electromagnetic simulation. targets higher data rates (150Mbps, 1Gbps). An
x Experimental characterization of high- important challenge in this application is the extreme
frequency, low-noise, and high-linearity low cost requirement. For this reason, the photodiode
circuits and systems. was integrated into the silicon receiver chip, as
This broad expertise is the basis for the successful shown in Fig 2(a).
development of various applications, beyond the
state-of-the art. Broadband over power line –Broadband over power
lines (BPL) aims to offer low-cost broadband
Ranging-enabled RF transceivers – Well- communications over the ubiquitous power grid.
established technologies for position determination Within the IST project POWERNET, INTEC_design
are mostly addressing outdoor scenarios, such as was mainly responsible for the specification and
global positioning system (GPS). Indoor, a high development of the analog front-end transceiver chip,
number of reflections and often obstructed lines-of- shown in Fig. 2(b) [2].

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

This PON offers a high capacity hybrid wavelength

division multiplexing/time division multiple access
(WDM/TDMA) physical layer, integrating access and
metro networks into one system. Within this
framework three 10Gbps burst-mode (BM) ICs with
advanced features have been designed by
INTEC_design, shown in Fig. 3.
Beyond PIEMAN, INTEC_design continues the
development of an advanced APD-based BM-TIA
with high sensitivity and a wide dynamic range for a
(a) (b) symmetric 10Gbps PON. This activity aims to
Fig. 2.: Die micrographs (a) a Silicon photodiode comply as much as possible with the emerging
monolithically integrated with a transimpedance amplifier 10Gbps ITU-T 10G-XGPON2 standardization.
(b) BPL analog front-end transceiver chip Furthermore, INTEC_design is involved in the EU-
funded FP7 ICT EURO-FOS Network of Excellence
This novel design pushed the BPL frequency range [4]. This is a perfect platform to continue our R&D
from 30MHz up to 60MHz and achieved the highest on the design of innovative 10Gbps BM ICs and their
dynamic range (99.5dB) available to date. The chips subsystem integration.
were integrated in modems, and evaluated in field
trials. These new modems outperformed state-of-the- Acknowledgement - This work was supported in
art commercial modems, and the technology part by the Flemish Government under the IWT
complies with the emerging IEEE P1901 standard. research contracts ELOCA, OptoCMOS and
AutoFun, and in part by the European Commission
Passive optical networks (PONs) – PONs are one of under the research contracts POWERNET, PIEMAN
the most promising solutions for fiber-to-the- and EURO-FOS.
premises (FTTP) applications, as feeder and central
office costs can be shared by multiple customers. References
Within the framework of the EU-funded FP6 IST [1] www.intec.UGent.be/design
[2] www.ist-powernet.org
PIEMAN (Photonic Integrated Extended Metro and [3] www.ist-pieman.org
Access Network) project an optically amplified, [4] www.euro-fos.eu
large-split, long-reach PON is being developed [3].

Fig. 3.: 10 Gbps burst-mode OLT prototypes developed in the IST PIEMAN project: BM-transimpedance amplifier (BM-TIA),
BM-limiting amplifier (BM-LA), BM Clock and Data Recovery (BM-CDR)

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

All-Optical Mixer Based on an 850nm Emitting VCSEL

1 1 1* 1 1
Y. Ben-Ezra , M. Ran , B.I. Lembrikov , M. Haridim , A. Leibowitch
1
Holon Institute of Technology (HIT), Department of Engineering, 52 Golomb Str., Holon 58102, Israel
* Corresponding author: Phone: +972 3 5026684, Fax: +972 3 5026685, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract - We present an all-optical mixer for up-conversion of MB OFDM UWB signals, based on VCSEL non-
linearity. The measurements show that low conversion loss values of 7dB and low EVM values can be achieved.

Chapter 1 – Radio over fiber (RoF) systems are VCSEL output was detected using a Finisar PIN
incorporated in many desirable communication photodiode (PD) including a transimpedance
applications, such as signal processing of microwave amplifier, after a 3m MM fiber (MMF) link. Due to
signals and photonic integrated circuits. Transmission relatively high conversion efficiency of the optical
of ultrawide band (UWB) signals over fiber can mixer, no optical or RF amplifier was required in the
provide an effective solution for high rate data links link. The LO frequency fLO was varied from 2GHz up
in indoor networks. Among other types of UWB to 6GHz. An Agilent 89600 VSA vector signal
technologies, the multi-band orthogonal frequency analyzer was used to monitor the detected signals.
division multiplexing (MB OFDM) is the most
promising and the most available technology. The
MB OFDM can be implemented at various parts of
the spectral mask for UWB of 3.1-10.3GHz. An
efficient and low cost optical microwave (MW) mixer
can provide a flexible solution for transition between
different MB OFDM signals in order to facilitate
transition between existing systems. Recently, a low
cost optical mixing based on vertical cavity surface
emitting laser (VCSEL) non-linearity has been
reported, presenting experimental results for up-
conversion by 2.1GHz using a 1550nm VCSEL [1].
We extend the use of VCSEL based optical mixers
for the 850nm band which is becomming attractive
for use in UWB systems as mentioned above. We Fig. 1. The experimental set-up for the proposed
investigate, theoretically and experimentally, the up mixing method
conversion of MB OFDM signals in a multimode
(MM) VCSEL operating at 850nm. Experimental The measured values of the conversion loss as a
results for the conversion efficiency and error vector function of the VCSEL bias current for several values
magnitude (EVM) are presented. They are inn of fLO presented in Fig. 2, show that the mixing
agreement with the simulation results. The influence efficiency is evaluated by the conversion loss of the
of the VCSEL's bias current and the CW power is mixer, which is determined mainly by the non-
also investigated. linearity level of the VCSEL's P − I characteristics
and its transfer function S21 . The conversion loss is
Chapter 2 – A schematic diagram of the
in the range of 8-30 dB, and depends on both the bias
experimental set up used in our measurements is
current and the detuning frequency (Fig.2). The
shown in Fig.1. e use a Finisar multimode VCSEL of
quality of the up-converted signal passing through the
850nm, biased by a stabilized HP E3620A current
whole link was evaluated by EVM measurements for
source. A Wisair UWB development kit was used to
two values of the LO power, -10dBm, and -3dBm
provide the MB OFDM signals with a central
(Figures 3,4) In these experiments, the lowest values
frequency of 3.432GHz and bandwidth 5.28GHz. The
of EVM to ensure signal detectability are -5dB, -3dB
UWB power was kept at -14dBm as required by the
and -1dB for data rates of 480Mbps, 200Mbps and
Federal Communication Commission (FCC). Using
53Mbps, respectively. The relatively low value of
an RF combiner, the MB OFDM signal was
EVM for fIF =7.656GHz can be attributed to the
combined with a signal of frequency fLO from an
Agilent E8257C local oscillator (LO) and then it was relatively flat region of |S̈́ͅ| in the vicinity of fIF
fed as the modulating signal into the VCSEL. The =7.656GHz. The EVM values for -3dbm are on

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

average 3dB better than for -10dbm, as expected due

to the high power in the former case. Simulations for the link shown in Fig.1, based on the
commonly used models for VCSEL [2], PIN PD and
MMF [3], were carried out in order to optimize the
VCSEL design as a mixing device. The typical values
of the following parameters were used: UWB central
frequency 3.432GHz, UWB bandwidth 528MHz,
average power -14dBm, sampling frequency
33.792GHz, symbol length 242.4nsec, guard time
70.08nsec, total bits per symbol 200, data bits per
symbol 150, and total number of symbols 600. The
simulation results indicate that the conversion loss
exhibits qualitatively the same behavior as the
measurements. These simulations can be used to
Fig. 2. Measured values of the conversion loss as a study the impact of different design parameters of
function of a VCSEL bias current for a UWB RF VCSEL on the mixing performance.
signal power of -10 dBm and different up-converted
frequencies Chapter 3 – We have presented a new method for
up-conversion of MB-OFDM based on the
nonlinearity of VCSEL. Our experimental results
show that using this approach conversion losses as
low as 7dB and low values of EVM can be achieved,
at low bias currents. The mixing properties of
VCSELs have been also studied by simulations that
are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Acknowledgement - This work was supported in

part by the European Project UROOF-Photonic
Components for UWB over Optical Fiber (IST-5-
033615).
Fig. 3. Measured values of EVM as function of a
VCSEL bias current for a UWB RF signal power References
of -10 dBm and different up-converted frequencies [1] S.B.Constant,, Y.Le.Guennec, G.Maury,
N.Corrao, and B.Cabon, "Low-cost all-optical
up-conversion of digital radio signals using a
directly modulated 1550-nm emitting VCSEL",
IEEE Photonic Technology Letters, VOL 20, No.
2, pp 120-122 (2008).
[2] P. V. Mena, J. J. Morikuni, Member, Kang, A.
V. Harton, K. W. Wyatt, "A Simple Rate-
Equation-Based Thermal VCSEL Model",
Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 17, No. 5,
May 1999, 00. 865- 672.
[3] P. Pepeljugoski, S.E. Golovich, A. John Ritger,
P. Kolesar, and A. Risteski, "Modeling and
simulation of next-generation multimode fiber
links", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.
21, No. 5, May 2003, pp. 1242-1255.
Fig. 4. Measured values of EVM as a function of a
VCSEL bias current for a UWB RF signal power
of -3 dBm and different up-converted frequencies

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The Possibility of UWB Signal Detection in a Thin SiGe Layer

1,* 1
B.I. Lembrikov , Y. Ben Ezra
1
Holon Institute of Technology (HIT), Department of Engineering, 52 Golomb Str., Holon 58102, Israel
* Corresponding author: Phone: +972 3 5026684, Fax: +972 3 5026685, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract - We developed a theoretical model of UWB modulated optical signal detection in a thin layer SiGe-on-Si.

Chapter 1 – The efficient detection of an ultra Here Z1,2,3 are the wave impedances of the media,
wideband (UWB) radio frequency (RF) envelope is
required in UWB over optical fiber (UROOF) α is an optical absorption coefficient,
2
technology. The variations of the photocurrent at the
2 Z1Popt cos θ E1+ Aeff
optically controlled load of the microstrip (MS) line I0 = 2
; Popt = ; Aeff = π rb2
produce electromagnetic (EM) waves that propagate Aeff D Z 2 2 Z1
along the MS line towards the output port of an
⎡ Z Z ⎤ ( Z + Z3 )
2
optically controlled microstrip convertor (OCMC)
D = sinh ( γ 2 d ) ⎢1 + 1 23 ⎥ + 1 cosh (γ 2 d )
2
from which they are probed by a coaxial line of the
⎣ Z2 ⎦ Z2
same characteristic impedance, Z 0 . The temporal
response of this version of OCMC is determined
Popt is the optical power of the incident wave in the
mainly by the carrier lifetime in the substrate, which free space z < 0, E1+ is the incident wave
for silicon is about 1μ s [1], [2]. The effective
ω α ω
bandwidth of this version of OCMC is not large amplitude, k1 = ,γ 2 = + i β , k3 = εr3 ,
enough being in the range of several tens MHz. c 2 c
Recently, it has been demonstrated experimentally β is the propagation constant, and rb is the light
that devices based on thin SiGe on Si layers of a 2
thickness about one up to several micrometers can beam radius. The denominator D can reach a
operate successfully as UWB RF signal detectors minimum value under a realistic quasi-resonance
providing a bandwidth of about (10 ÷ 20 ) GHz [3]. assumption sin β d = 0; β d = π m, m = 1, 2,... for
In this paper, we developed a novel physical model λopt ∝ 1μ m and d ∝ ( 0.5 ÷ 2 ) μ m . Evaluation
and its analytical description for the case of a thin
SiGe layer with a high optical absorption and carried of the photocarrier concentration in the framework of
out the numerical estimations which clearly show that the drift-diffusion model is based on the continuity
a 1μm SiGe layer on a Si substrate provides a equations for the photoinduced electron and hole
bandwidth of about 20GHz at the 3dB level which concentration n ( z , t ) and p ( z , t ) [5]. Near the
cannot be achieved for Si.
illuminated surface of the semiconductor the strong
injection mode and ambipolar diffusion are realized
Chapter 2 – For an infinite in the x, y directions layer when n >> n0 , p0 and the ambipolar mobility
of a thickness d in the z direction placed on a semi-
μa vanishes [6]. In our case the thin layer is entirely
infinite in the z direction substrate (Fig. 1), it can be
shown by solving the boundary problem for the occupied by the strong injection mode region. Under
optical waves [4] that the time averaged total optical such conditions continuity equations reduce to the
tot ambipolar diffusion equation [5], [6]
intensity I opt in the layer has the form.
∂n ∂ 2n n
2 Z 3 cos θ = Da 2 − + g 0 ( z ) + g1 ( z, t )
I otoptt ( z ) = I 0 [ co sh (α ( z − d ) ) ∂t ∂z τ
Z2
where Da ,τ are the ambipolar diffusion coefficient
⎛ ⎞
− ⎜1 +
Z 32
⎟ sinh (α ( z − d ) )] and carrier lifetime, respectively, g1 ( z , t ) is the time
⎜ Z2
2
⎟
⎝ ⎠ dependent part of the carrier generation rate given by
η ∂I opt ( z , t )
tot

g1 ( z , t ) = f ( t ) = g0 ( z ) f ( t )
hν ∂z

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

η is a quantum efficiency, and f ( t ) is the UWB RF Electronics, Vol. 12, No. 6, November/December
2006, pp. 1450-1454.
envelope of the optical carrier. We are interested in [4] N.N. Rao, Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, 5th edition, Prentice Hall
the time-dependent part n1 ( z , t ) of the photocarrier (2000).
concentration which is responsible for the UWB RF [5] H. Mathieu, Physique des semiconducteurs et des
signal detection. The averaged over the layer composants electroniques. Masson, Paris (1998).
[6] J.-D. Arnould, R. Gary, and A. Vilcot, 3D
thickness d Fourier transform N 1 ( z, ω ) of Photo- induced Load Modeling for Optically
n1 ( z , t ) can be used as the frequency response of
Controlled Microstrip Line, Microwave and Optical
Technology Letters, vol. 40, pp. 356-359 (2004).
the illuminated layer when f ( t ) = δ ( t ) . The
analytical expression of N 1 ( z, ω ) is too
complicated, and we do not present it here. The
results of the numerical evaluation of the response
function N 1 (ω ) for the typical values of material
parameters of SiGe on Si are presented in Fig. 2.

Chapter 3 - The numerical estimations based on the

proposed analytical model of the thin layer SiGe/Si
OCMC structure with an detecting layer thickness of
about d = ( 0.5 ÷ 2 ) μ m clearly show that a
bandwidth of at least 20GHz can be achieved. The
resonant conditions are essential for the layer
thickness because the reflection from the SiGe/Si Fig. 1. Illuminated SiGe layer on a Si substrate.
interface in such a case reaches its maximum value.
The proposed structure is simpler as compared to
resonant-cavity-enhanced (RCE) photodetectors with
distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) layers in the
substrate.

Acknowledgement - This work was supported in

part by the European Project UROOF-Photonic
Components for UWB over Optical Fiber (IST-5-
033615).

References
[1] R. Gary, J.-D. Arnould, and A. Vilcot, Semi-
analytical computation and 3D modeling of the
microwave photo-induced model in CPW
technology, Microwave and Optical Technology
Letters, Vol. 48, No. 9, September 2006, pp.
1718-1721.
[2] R. Gary, J.-D. Arnould, and A. Vilcot, Semi-
analytical modeling and analysis in three
dimensions of the optical carrier injection and
diffusion in a semiconductor substrate, Journal of
Lightwave Technology, Vol. 24, No. 5, May
2006, pp. 2163-2170.
[3] Z. Huang, Ning Kong, X. Cuo, M. Liu, N. Duan,
A.L. Beck, S.K. Banerjee, and J. C. Campbell,
21-GHz-bandwidth Germanium-on-Silicon Fig. 2. Normalized transfer function N 1 (ω ) for
photodiode using thin SiGe buffer layers, IEEE
Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum different SiGe layer thicknesses d=0.5; 1.0;1.5;2.0μm

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Advanced phase detection for electro-optical

phase-locked loop (EO-PLL)
L.Naglic1,*, L.Pavlovic1, M.Vidmar1
1
University of Ljubljana, Faculty for Electrical Engineering, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija
* Corresponding author: Phone: +386 1 4768423, Fax: +386 1 4768424, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract - A phase detector with a reduced spurious output is presented in this article. The parallel operation of two
conventional phase detectors (fast-logic EXOR gates) is at the beginning presented theoretically and then verified
with a practical experiment.

Introduction: Circuits, including optical Design of an advanced phase detector: Double-

components, are usually many orders of magnitude balanced mixers or fast-logic EXOR gates are usually
larger than the optical wavelength. Correspondingly, used as phase detectors. Their linear phase response is
the time delays in any feedback loop are many orders limited to less than ” ʌ/2. The loop filter of a second-
of magnitude larger than the optical time periods. order PLL is usually a Proportional-Integrating (PI)
Without optical-injection locking [1], feedback loops regulator. The major spurious product is the second
can only be built with narrow-linewidth optical harmonic of the comparing frequency generated
sources, corresponding to a large coherence length. inside the phase detector. This spurious product
Even in this case the delay of the feedback loop that produces an unwanted frequency modulation of the
includes both optical and electrical components has to optical source. This effect is particularly harmful to
be kept very small. the optical spectrum when optical mixing with an
A typical feedback loop, to be used as a millimetre- optical comb generator, electrical harmonic mixing or
wave frequency synthesizer, is an electro-optical PLL electrical frequency dividers are used inside the loop.
and is shown in Fig 1. The second harmonic can be cancelled if two
identical phase detectors are being operated at 90-
degree phase shift at their inputs. In this case their
outputs contain the second harmonic at 180-degree
phase shift. When the two outputs are summed, the
desired phase information is summed while the
unwanted second harmonic is cancelled. A practical
implementation includes two master-slave toggle flip-
flops to obtain 90-degree phase shifts. Block diagram
of the improved phase detector is shown in Fig 2.

Fig. 1: Electro-optical PLL.

Even when using very narrow linewidth (1 MHz)

solid-state lasers, the complete feedback-loop delay
has to be kept less than a few nanoseconds [2] to stay
within the linear range of the phase detector and
avoid cycle slips. Since filtering introduces delay,
little if any filtering can be applied to the output of
the phase detector.
The linear range of the phase detector can be
Fig. 2: Circuit diagram of the improved phase
increased by inserting a frequency divider in the loop.
Frequency dividers bring two major drawbacks: (1) detector.
the loop gain is reduced and (2) the spurious output of
the phase detector includes more spectral lines at Since 90-degree phase-shifted signals are available, a
lower frequencies. Unfortunately, frequency dividers third phase detector EXOR#3 can be built in for a
are the only practical solution when the optical lock detection and integration. The latter is required
linewidth and/or the loop delay can not be further to automatically enable and/or disable the search
reduced. logic required by the PI regulator.

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Experiment: Electro-optical PLLs require integrated The estimated total loop delay of 0.9 ns in our
packaging [3] in order to minimize loop delays. Since experiment with a microwave CCO (current-
such an integrated component was not available yet, controlled oscillator), in place of the integrated
standard (fibre) pigtailed optical components were optical components (dual mode laser and
used in our experiment: a commercial DFB photodiode), enabled a successful phase lock of a
(Distributed Feedback) laser (estimated linewidth wide signal linewidth of 5 MHz (without any
around 10 MHz) as a slave VCO (Voltage Controlled frequency division) as seen in figure 4.
Oscillator) laser, an external-cavity laser as a master
laser, a 10 GHz-bandwidth TIA (Transimpedance
Amplifier) photo-detector, a broadband 30 dB MMIC
(Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) amplifier
for the beat signal, an electrical ECL (Emitter
Coupled Logic) divider and fast (200 MHz) ECL
logic for the phase detector (XOR gate).
Due to the large loop delay and wide laser linewidth,
the electrical beat signal at 2.7 GHz had to be divided
by 1024 to increase the phase-detector linear range.
The spurious output from a single EXOR-gate phase
detector at twice the comparing frequency is clearly
seen as a frequency modulation on the electrical
2.7 GHz beat signal on Fig. 3 (red line).
The improved phase detector cancels the spurious Fig. 4: Free-running (red line) and phase-locked (blue
output at twice the comparing frequency, therefore line) spectrum of a noisy microwave CCO oscillator.
produces a much cleaner beat signal as seen on Fig 3
(black line). Conclusion: A phase detectors presented in this
The acquisition range of a P-only loop is around article are particularly useful in electro-optical phase
60 MHz at 2.7 GHz, but this range is enormously locked loops, where group delay and therefore
increased by using search logic and an integrator in a filtering inside the loop has to be kept minimal and at
PI feedback. the same time optical comb mixing, electrical
harmonic mixers or electrical dividers may be present
in the loop. The idea of a parallel operation of two
mixers can be further extended to any practical
number of mixers, resulting in an increased linear
phase response range without compromising the
output with the spurious signals. This allows an
arbitrary extension of the detector phase range with
simple electrical circuitry, which is able to operate at
much higher frequencies than the solution proposed
in [4].

Acknowledgment: The described work was

Fig. 3: Single-EXOR phase-detector optical-beat developed as a part of the EU project under contract
spectrum (red line) and an advanced phase-detector number 035317 (IPHOBAC), financed by the
optical-beat spectrum (black line). European Community.

High-speed low-delay phase detector: In the case References

where a low total-loop delay and sufficiently narrow [1] A.C. Bordonalli et. al., J.Lightwave Tech.,
laser linewidth is assured, there is no need to extend 1999, 17(2), pp 328-342.
the linear range of the phase detector and [2] Ramos, R.T. et. al., Electron. Lett., 1990, 26,
consequently no need for the frequency divider in the pp. 389-391
loop. For the mentioned conditions a phase detector [3] L.N. Langley et.al., IEEE Trans. MTT, 1999,
was developed with a bandwidth exceeding several 47(7) pt.2 pp 1257-1264
GHz and a sub-ns delay. It comprises low-cost high- [4] D. Weinfeld et. al., Eighteenth Convention of
speed logic for the phase and lock detection (PI Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel,
regulation loop) and also a search circuitry for an 1995, pp. 4.1.3/4
automatically locking upon power-up.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

An Antenna-Integrated Photonic Millimeter-Wave Transmitter

V. Rymanov1*, M. Weiß1, A. Steffan2, S. Fedderwitz1, A. Stöhr1 and D. Jäger1
1
Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZHO-Optoelektronik, Lotharstr. 55, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
2
u2t Photonics AG, Reuchlinstr. 10-11, 10553 Berlin, Germany
* Corresponding author: Phone: +49 203 379 4634, Fax: +49 203 379 2409, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – In this paper, a small-scale antenna-integrated photonic millimeter-wave transmitter based upon a
traveling-wave p-i-n structure is presented, comprising a transit time optimized layer structure. In conjunction with
the applied planar log-periodic toothed antenna structure, we demonstrate 30-325GHz operation.

Introduction – Photonic millimeter-wave (mm- quasi-optics is necessary which was already reported
wave) generation is of great importance for many in [6].
emerging markets as it allows extremely compact planar antenna
size, wideband tunability as well as broadband
modulation capabilities and further enables the
utilization of optical fibers as a low-loss mm-wave
transport medium. Applications comprise broadband photodetector
electrical
mm-wave transmitters for communication (e.g. waveguide
within the V-, E- and F-band), mm-wave radar, mm- passive optical
wave synthesizers, imaging and radio astronomy waveguide

[1]-[4].
A straight forward way to generate a high-frequency
mm-wave signal within the optical domain is to apply millimeter-wave
radiation
optical fiber
light from a dual-wavelength laser source to a input

photodetector converting the optical signal into an

mm-wave which is further radiated via a broadband
Fig. 1. Operation principle of the developed component.
antenna. For communication purposes the generated
mm-wave signal may further be modulated by a In this paper, we report on an ultra-broadband
broadband data signal. However, realizing such a InGaAs(P)/InP traveling-wave (TW) photodetector
photonic mm-wave transmitter by using discrete with integrated antenna operating within the whole
components may cause high costs due to several mm-wave range (i.e. 30-325GHz). At first, we
bulky mm-wave components like coaxial cables or discuss the layer structure and the physical properties
rectangular waveguides to connect the mm-wave of the developed photodetector based upon a
photodetector with the antenna, further on mm-wave modified partially non-absorbing traveling-wave p-i-
transitions and connectors leading to power losses, n structure comprising a partially p-doped layer.
increased module size and higher costs. Therefore an Further on, we discuss the developed device from a
integrated solution would be beneficiary in terms of component’s sight of view, i.e. monolithically
costs and size if detector and antenna are integrated to
integrated optical waveguide, photodetector,
one single chip [5].
electrical waveguide and broadband planar antenna
Fig. 1 shows the operation principle of such an
on InP-substrate. We have packaged the component
antenna-integrated photodetector. Light is coupled by
to a photonic mm-wave transmitter module with
a single mode fiber (SMF) to a passive optical
optimized mm-wave radiation efficiency and
waveguide (POW) which further transports the
radiation pattern. Finally, we present experimental
optical signal to a high-frequency photodetector
results on the fully packaged devices.
operating within the mm-wave range. After detection,
the converted electrical signal is coupled to an Photodetector Operation Principle – The
electrical waveguide, further to the feeding point of a developed layer structure is schematically shown in
planar antenna and transmitted. Due to the large Fig. 2. Our approach comprises a traveling-wave p-i-
difference in the dielectric constant between air and n structure with a transit time optimized layer
semiconductor, the generated mm-wave is mainly structure. Regarding the layer structure, the amount
radiated through the substrate. For efficient beam- of slow photo-generated carriers (holes) is
forming and coupling to free-space, an additional significantly reduced which would otherwise

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

contribute to the photocurrent and therefore degrade Antenna-Integrated Photodetector – Fig. 3 shows
the RF-performance. the schematics of the developed mm-wave
diffusion blocker 2: transmitter. An applied photonic mm-wave signal
p-InGaAsP:Zn
diffusion blocker 1:
p-InGaAsP:Zn contact layer:
using a lensed SMF is coupled to the POW,
p+-InGaAs:Zn
p-doped absorber:
Ti/Pt/Au transported to the broadband photodetector and o/e-
p-InGaAs:Zn
converted. After o/e-conversion, the electrical signal
intrinsic region/absorber:
n.i.d.-InGaAs is coupled to a microstrip circuitry and further fed to
drift region/spacer layers:
n.i.d.-InGaAsP upper cladding: the center of the planar log-periodic toothed antenna
p+-InP:Zn
Ge/Pt/Au Ge/Pt/Au (LPTA).
n-doped layer/passive
drift region: passive waveguide core: passive optical
waveguide core:
n.i.d.-InP n+-InGaAsP:Si
n.i.d.-InGaAsP waveguide
log-periodic
toothed antenna
structure
x/nm z lower cladding:
compensated InP:Fe-substrate

y/μm

TW-photomixer
Fig. 2. Schematic cross section (middle) of the developed
traveling-wave photodetector, enlarged active section (left
hand) and 3-dimensional model (right hand).
microstrip
In detail, the main improvements are a partially p- feed line
doped absorbing layer on the one side and a partially
non-absorbing i-layer on the other side. A structure
based on this principle, in conjunction with a thin Fig. 3. Schematic structure of the developed component
absorber in the drift layer is expected to deliver comprising passive optical waveguide, photodetector, low-
loss antenna feed and a broadband LPTA-structure.
higher photocurrent without compromising frequency
response [7],[8]. Another key benefit is the applied A well-suited design was applied for the optical
traveling wave principle, which differs from a waveguide for achieving high coupling efficiencies.
lumped element in a non-RC time limited response In that regard, BPM CAD simulations were carried
exhibiting superior high-frequency performances. out to calculate the overall optical coupling efficiency
This was already demonstrated e.g. in [9]-[12]. from a lensed SMF to the active photomixer section,
The layer structure has been successfully grown in i.e. lensed SMF to POW and POW to active
metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. Images recorded photomixer section. It was found, that the maximum
by transmission electron microscopy show good efficiency is as high as 56% if a proper geometrical
agreement between thicknesses of designed and design is applied.
fabricated epitactic layers whereas analysis by x-ray In Fig. 4, the realized antenna-integrated photomixer
diffraction shows a maximum lattice mismatching of is illustrated, comprising of a 2x2mm2 log-periodic
only 0.5%. antenna and an approx. 1mm POW for optical feed,
The schematic cross section describing the specific expending from the front surface to the active
layer functions is further shown in Fig. 2. The photomixer section. The photomixer, exhibiting a
dielectric ridge loaded optical waveguide consists of 70μm microstrip feed line between the active
a 50nm p-doped and additional 50nm InGaAs photomixer section and the antenna center, is
absorber. The drift region consisting of three positioned close to antenna center for low electrical
InGaAsP spacer layers and the InP layer is located losses between photomixer output and antenna
below the intrinsic absorber. The thickness of the feeding point.
non-absorbing InP drift layer is 220nm. The antenna-integrated photomixers are fabricated
Beneath the drift region, two InGaAsP layers, n+- using conventional photolithography, wet chemical
doped and non-doped, form the passive optical etching and metal evaporation. Lift-off technique is
waveguide core. Photoluminescence wavelength for employed to realize the metal contacts. Electrical
non-absorbent core was determined to be 1.21ȝm at passivation at the interface between the active
room temperature which means that the photomixers photomixer section and the coplanar output and
can be operated not only at 1.55ȝm but also at 1.3ȝm. antenna feeding point via microstrip circuitry,
The whole structure is grown on compensated InP respectively, is implemented by a pure baked-out
substrate. polyimide bridge to prevent broken microstrip feed

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

lines lying above the passivation. The devices are 10

IPHOBAC Transmitter No. B9.2971
thinned down to 125μm. (UDE 300G LP.20.7.3.A)

Relative Detected Power (dB)

0 IPHOBAC Transmitter No. B9.2970
microstrip feed line (UDE 300G LP.20.6.3.B)
p-contact
-10

TW-photomixer
-20

Polyimide
-30
n-contact
-40
passive optical waveguide
-50
Fig. 4. Photographs of the developed component. Top view 25 75 125 175 225 275 325
of the fabricated antenna-integrated photomixer (left hand) Frequency (GHz)
and close up view of the center of the planar log-periodic
toothed antenna with microstrip circuitry, active Fig. 6. 30-325GHz characterization of the developed
photomixer section and passive optical waveguide (right components using a set of power detectors.
hand).
Conclusion – In this paper, we have presented an
Packaging & Characterization – For characterizing antenna-integrated photonic mm-wave transmitter
the developed antenna-integrated photomixer, we based upon a traveling-wave p-i-n diode with an
have constructed a photonic transmitter package advanced partially p-doped and partially non-
comprising techniques for low mm-wave loss and an absorbing layer structure. The advanced
efficient antenna beam generation, which was already photodetector layer structure in conjunction with the
shown in [6]. We have packaged two devices to applied broadband LPTA-structure as well as applied
complete modules which are shown in Fig. 5. The optical and electrical coupling techniques allow a
package consists of two DC pins to allow biasing of broadband operation. After packaging to modules,
the antenna-integrated photodetectors, a single mode operation within 30-325GHz was demonstrated for
fiber with FC/APC connector and a quasi-optics (i.e. two antenna-integrated photomixers.
a high-resistive silicon lens) for efficient mm-wave
transmission. Acknowledgement - This work was carried out
within in the framework of the European integrated
FP6 project IPHOBAC under grant no. 35317.
References
[1] www.ist-iphobac.org
[2] A. Hirata et al, “120-GHz-band millimeter-
wave photonic wireless link for 10-Gb/s data
transmission,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory
Tech., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 1937-1944, 2006.
[3] X. C. Zhang, “Terahertz Wave Imaging:
Fig. 5. Top view of a packaged, antenna-integrated Horizons and Hurdles,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol.
photomixer (left hand) and side view (right hand) showing 47, no. 21, pp. 3667-3677, 2002.
the quasi-optics for efficient radiation pattern generation.
[4] A. Stöhr et al, “All-optical radio-independent
millimeter-wave radio-on-fiber system with
We have characterized the modules using a set of lean antenna base stations,” Proc. Int. Topical
power detectors with rectangular waveguide input Meeting Microwave Photonics (MWP), pp.
213-216, 2002.
and attached horn antenna (i.e. WR22 to WR03) to [5] A. Stöhr, C.C. Renaud, D. Moodie, A.G.
cover a frequency range of 30-325GHz. The Steffan, L. Pavlovic, D. Jäger, A.J. Seeds, M.
measured frequency responses are shown in Fig. 6. Robertson, A. Umbach, M. Vidmar, M. Weiß,
As can be seen, both detectors exhibit a very similar V. Rymanov, S. Fedderwitz, “Optical
response behavior with a power difference of approx. Millimeter-Wave Generation using 1.55μm
Photodiodes with and without Integrated
2dB indicating a good reproducibility of the Antennas,” 2008 URSI General Assembly,
processed devices. The response exhibits a very Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2008.
smooth behavior with a total roll-off of about 25dB [6] M. Weiß, A. G. Steffan, S. Fedderwitz, G.
except a fall-off within 60GHz. This is attributed to Tsianos, A. Stöhr, D. Jäger, “Highly-Compact
an insufficient antenna size for lower-frequency Fibre-Optic Package for 30-300GHz Wireless
Transmitter Modules,” 2nd Electronics
operation (i.e. below 75GHz). Improved antenna System-Integration Technology Conference,
designs are currently under work. London, UK, pp. 1111-1114, 2008.

- 79 -
European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

[7] K. J. Williams, “Comparisons between dual- employing antenna integrated ultra-fast

depletion-region and uni-travelling-carrier p-i- travelling-wave 1.55μm photodetectors,”
n photodetectors,” IEE Proc.-Optoelectron., IEEE MTT-S International Microwave
vol. 149, no. 4, Aug. 2002. Symposium - IMS 2003, vol. 1, pp. 143-146,
[8] D. A. Tulchinsky, X. Li, N. Li, S. Demiguel, 2003.
J. C. Campbell, K. J. Williams, “High- [11] D. Jäger, A. Stöhr, “Microwave Photonics,”
Saturation Current Wide-Bandwidth Cobra-Basic Research and Applications
Photodetectors,” IEEE Journal of Selected Colloquium, Inter-University Research
Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 10, no. 4, Institute on Communication Technology,
July/Aug. 2004. Eindhoven, Juny 18, 2003.
[9] A. Stöhr, A. Malcoci, A. Sauerwald, I. C. [12] A. Stöhr, R. Heinzelmann, A. Malcoci, D.
Mayorga, R. Güsten, D. Jäger, “Ultra- Jäger, “Optical heterodyne millimeter-wave
wideband traveling-wave photodetectors for generation using 1.55μm traveling-wave
photonic local oscillators,” IEEE Journal of photodetectors,” IEEE Transactions on
Lightwave Technology, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 49,
3062-3070, 2003. no. 10, pp. 1926-1933, 2001.
[10] A. Malcoci, A. Stöhr, K. Lill, F. Siebe, P. van
der Wal, A. Sauerwald, R. Güsten, D. Jäger,
“Optical submillimeter-wave generation

- 80 -
 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Millimeter-wave frequency generation with dual-wavelength

DFB laser
S. Ginestar1*, F. van Dijk2, A. Accard2, O. Legouezigou2, F. Poingt2, F. Pommereau2, L.
Legouezigou2, F. Lelarge2, B. Rousseau2, J. Landreau2, J-P. Vilcot1 , G.H. Duan2
1

      
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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

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- 82 -
 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Performance of 802.11g signals over a multimode fibre-fed

distributed antenna system incorporating optical splitting
*
L. C. Vieira , A. Nkansah, P. Assimakopoulos, and N. J. Gomes
University of Kent, Department of Electronics, Canterbury, CT2 7NT, UK
* Phone: +44(0)1227823244, Fax: +44(0)1227456084, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract ± An experimental investigation on the distribution of IEEE 802.11g signals using low cost indoor RoF
system incorporating an optical power splitter. The performance of the system was assessed in terms of EVM and
RF power.

Introduction ± In this paper, we present an Experimental set-up ± The IEEE 802.11g signal (54
experimental study of the performance of a Radio- Mbps, 52 active subcarriers) was generated from an
over-Fibre (RoF) system for transmission of IEEE Agilent E4438C Vector Signal Generator (VSG),
802.11g signals, considering the effects of the optical directly modulating an ULM-Photonics 850-nm
link and RF amplifiers on the Error Vector VCSEL (maximum optical power 6mW) at 2.45
Magnitude (EVM) and link gain. Two optical links GHz. The laser was initially connected through a 50-
are considered, one with an optical splitter and the μm-core MMF patch cord to an Appointech InGaAs
other without for comparison purposes. PIN photodiode (PD), and the rms EVM and output
RoF based Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) have power were measured after the optical link by an
been reported as an option to provide coverage Agilent E4440A Vector Signal Analyser (VSA)
improvements of wireless LAN (WLAN) signal connected to a laptop with Agilent VSA software.
transmission [1,2]. Also, low-cost radio-over- The input power at the laser was varied from -28.7
multimode-fibre links, using 850-nm vertical-cavity dBm to 3.7 dBm, with the maximum power chosen to
surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), have been shown be around 10 dB below the 1 dB compression point
to achieve the IEEE 802.11g requirements [3]. of the laser. After that, two other cases were
The use of Remote Antenna Units (RAU) in a investigated by (a) inserting a 300-m length of 50-
WLAN, connected through a RoF-DAS network, μm-core MMF into the link and (b) emulating a two-
means that the access points can be situated centrally RAU scenario using an optical splitter at the end of
improving maintenance and installation costs. the MMF in a star formation. The experimental
In most cases one dedicated optical link is used per scheme for the latter case is depicted in Fig. 1.
RAU [1-3]. In this paper, a different optical link is Finally, the effects of RF amplification were also
evaluated, with only one laser feeding two RAUs, via investigated, adding two amplifiers (Mini Circuits
an optical splitter. ZX60-2522M-S) and one 10-dB attenuator in the
RoF link as also illustrated in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.: The Experimental set-up. The parts where there is optical transmission are depicted in blue colour. CU=Central Unit,
RAU=Remote Antenna Unit, MMF=Multimode Fibre, ATT=Attenuator, Amp=Amplifier.

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Results ± The signal power and rms EVM (%) The results with and without an optical splitter,
averaged over 100 measurements were recorded at including the RF amplifier effects are shown in Fig.
the output of the PD. The results of the first set of 3. With RF amplifiers inserted at the output of the
experiments are shown in Fig. 2. optical link, the EVM measured for the link with
optical splitter, at the worst case, was about 1.2 %
higher than the link without the optical splitter. The
EVM is very similar for both 30 dB and 40 dB RF
gain. The results show that the EVM is below the
maximum 5.6% allowed by the IEEE 802.11g
standard for a large range of input powers. However,
it has to be noted that the inclusion of the wireless
link will further degrade the EVM.
Although the average input power at the laser is at
least 10dB below the laser compression point, there
will be clipping due to the peak-to-average power
ratio (PAPR) of the 802.11g signal.
The results presented here are for the downlink
transmission. New experiments are needed to
Fig. 2.: Gain and EVM for three cases: (a) laser directly investigate the uplink transmission performance.
connected to PD; (b) 300-m length of MMF optical link
without optical splitter; (c) 300-m length of MMF with Conclusion ± Link gain and EVM, due to the
optical splitter. inclusion of an optical splitter, were experimentally
investigated for IEEE 802.11g transmission on low-
The RF link loss increases by about 9 dB for the cost radio-over-multimode fibre link. These results
optical splitter case. This is a result of the increase in suggest that an optical link incorporating an optical
optical insertion loss of about 4.5 dB, due to the splitter, experiences degradation in performance at
splitter and additional connectors. The loss can be low input powers with respect to a link without an
compensated by increasing the RF amplifier gain at optical splitter. However, with compensating
the RAU. The measured EVM was 2 % and 1.6 % amplifiers at the RAU both types of optical link have
for the 300-m length MMF optical link with and similar performance. The advantage of the optical
without splitter respectively, at around -5 dBm input splitting case is the reduction in the number of optical
power, confirming results previously reported for a transmitters and optical fibres required.
similar link without optical splitter [3]. Moreover, the
measured EVM with the optical splitter was less than Acknowledgement - This work was partially carried
3.1 %, from -16 to +2.8 dBm input range. The out within the framework of the European Integrated
increase in EVM is due to the higher RF loss and project FUTON (FP7 ICT-2007-215533).
corresponding increase in Noise Figure (NF).
Luis C. Vieira is sponsored by the Brazilian
Government through CNPq and UTFPR, whose
support is gratefully acknowledged.
References
[1] M. J. Crisp, S. Li, A. Watts, R. V. Penty and I.
+ :KLWH ³8SOLQN DQG GRZQOLQN FRYHUDJH
improvements of 802.11g signals using a
GLVWULEXWHG DQWHQQD QHWZRUN´ - /LJKWZDYH
Technology, pp. 3388-3395, Nov. 2007.
[2] P. Assimakopoulos, A. Nkansah and N. J.
*RPHV ³Use of commercial Access Point
employing spatial diversity in a Distributed
Antenna Network with different fiber lengths´
IEEE Int. Topical Mtg. on Microwave Photonics,
MWP 2008, pp 189-192, 2008.
[3] A. Nkansah, A. Das, I. J. Garcia, C. Lethien, J-P.
Fig. 3. Gain and EVM for 300-m length of MMF non-
Vilcot, N. J. Gomes, J. C. Batchelor, D. Wake,
splitting optical link with 30 dB RF gain and splitting ³6LPXOWDQHRXV WUDQVPLVVLRQ RI GXDO-band radio
optical link with either 30 dB or 40 dB RF gain. signals over a multimode fibre fed indoor
ZLUHOHVV QHWZRUN´ ,((( 0LFURZ :LUHOHVV
Comp. Lett., pp. 627-629, Nov. 2006.

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Static nonlinear distortion modelling of radio-over-fibre

systems
1,* 1 1 2 2 2 2
L. C. Vieira , N. J. Gomes , A. Nkansah , F. van Dijk , A. Enard , F. Blache , M. Goix
1
University of Kent, Department of Electronics, Canterbury, CT2 7NT, UK
2
Alcatel-Thalès III-V Lab, joint lab of Bell Labs and Thales Research & Technology, Palaiseau, France
*Phone: +44(0)1227823244, Fax: +44(0)1227456084, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract ± The static nonlinear distortions of a 1550-nm direct modulation radio-over-fibre (RoF) link are
modelled using AM/AM and AM/PM measurement techniques. However, this methodology needs to be better
validated by new experiments and simulations.

Introduction ± Radio-over-fibre (RoF) has been used responsivity of 1 A/W. A Mini-Circuits bias-T was
in the last few years as an alternative for connection used to bias the PD at -5V. The laser was biased
between a central office (CO) and remote antenna around the middle of its light-current characteristic
units (AU) for cellular networks or for connection of through its internal bias circuit, with its temperature
wireless local area network (WLAN) access points maintained at 25oC. A sinusoidal signal of 1 GHz,
with distributed antenna units [1-2]. The main with 12-dB dynamic range, was applied by a HP
advantages of the RoF technology are the reduction 8722ES vector network analyzer (VNA), and the
of the cost of installation and maintenance of the AUs output power and phase shift were measured after the
and the improvement in the coverage area of the CO optical link, with the input power varied in order to
find the saturation region of the laser. Each recorded
or of the WLAN access point.
output signal was averaged over 16 measurements.
The optical link portion of the RoF system usually A highly linear amplifier (Mini-circuits ZHL-30W-
has adequate bandwidth to support wide-band and 252+) was used to drive the laser in order to achieve
high-capacity services. However, the nonlinear the dynamic range for this characterization, being also
distortion of the optical link, due mainly to the laser necessary to include a 16-dB RF attenuator to protect
diode, may impose serious limitations on the system the VNA. The experimental set-up was calibrated
performance, especially in a multi-user environment against the response of the RF cables, attenuator and
[3]. amplifier used.
Although the photodiode (PD) can cause some
nonlinear effects on a directly-modulated RoF link,
the light-current transfer function of the laser is
considered the main source of static nonlinearity [4].
Generally, the optical fibre nonlinearity can be
neglected for lower-power RoF links.
In this work, a behavioural (black-box) modeling
technique is applied to model the nonlinear
distortions of a direct modulation RoF link. More
specifically, the RoF link model was obtained using
AM/AM and AM/PM measurement techniques. In
these modeling approaches, the nonlinear effects of
the link are observed when the input RF power is
varied, that is, the nonlinear amplitude and phase Fig. 1.: Experimental set-up
characteristics are obtained from the input-output
measured data. Results ± The output voltage amplitude at the
fundamental frequency can be represented by the odd-
order distortion terms from a polynomial formulation.
Experimental set-up ± The model was extracted In this work, the AM/AM amplitude distortion is
from an experimental directly-modulated RoF link, modelled by the following 5th-order polynomial
which is depicted in Figure 1. The experimental set-up
consisted of a 1550-nm distributed feedback (DFB)
laser from Alcatel-Thales III-V Labs, a FC/APC- g ( A) p5 A5 p3 A3 p1 A (1)
FC/PC fibre patch cord and an Appointech InGaAs
PIN photodiode, with bandwidth of 2.5 GHz and where A is the input amplitude.

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

It was found that better fitting resulted when using a

rational function for the phase distortion. Thus, the
AM/PM characteristic is modelled by the following

p4 A4 p3 A 3 p2 A2 p1 A p
( A) 2
A q1 A q

The input amplitude in (2) is normalized by mean

4.309 and standard deviation 1.704.
The coefficients for (1) and (2) are given in Table I.
The AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics of the RoF
link are shown in Figures 2 and 3. These models were
Fig. 3.: AM/PM characteristic of the RoF model.
fitted using Trust-Region algorithm, there being
obtained a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0002
for the AM/AM and an RMSE of 0.02177 for the Conclusion ± The AM/AM and AM/PM model were
AM/PM. extracted from an experimental directly-modulated
RoF link, and the resulting model has been presented
Table I.: Coefficients for AM/AM and AM/PM models of here. As this work reports preliminary results on RoF
the RoF link. link nonlinear modelling, this methodology still
needs to be better validated against other
Coefficients for AM/AM model experimental and simulation results. For the future
p1 p3 p5 steps, new experiments will be carried out using
0.01902 6.649e-005 -1.267e-006 modulated input signals and testing other types of
lasers in order to improve this methodology.
Coefficients for AM/PM model
p p1 p2 p3 p4 Acknowledgement - This work was carried out
138.3 -149.8 61.49 -0.0493 -0.2494 within the framework of the European Union
q q1 Integrated Project FUTON (FP7 ICT-2007-215533).
2.255 -2.443
Luis C. Vieira is sponsored by the Brazilian
Government through CNPq and UTFPR, whose
support is gratefully acknowledged.
References
>@ ' :DNH ³7UHQGV DQG 3URVSHFWV IRU UDGLR RYHU
ILEUH SLFRFHOOV´  ,QW 7RSLFDO 0WJ RQ
Microwave Photonics, pp. 21-24, Awaji, Japan,
Nov. 2002.
[2] A. Das, A. Nkansah, N.J. Gomes, I. Garcia, J.
%DWFKHORU DQG ' :DNH ³'HVLJQ RI ORZ-cost
multimode fiber-fed LQGRRU ZLUHOHVV QHWZRUNV´
IEEE Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 8,
pp. 3426-3432, Aug. 2006.
[3@ ; 1 )HUQDQGR DQG $ % 6HVD\ ³$GDSWLve
asymmetric linearization of radio over fiber links
IRU ZLUHOHVV DFFHVV´ IEEE Transactions on
Fig. 2.: AM/AM characteristic of the RoF model. Vehicular Technology, vol. 51, pp. 1576-1586,
Nov. 2002.
[4@&+&R[,,,³$QDORJRSWLFDOOLQNVWKHRU\DQG
SUDFWLFH´&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 2004.

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Dynamic Binary Interleaving Codes for ECMA-368 standard

and future Multi-Gigabit Wireless Systems (OMEGA project)
1* 2
I. Siaud , A.M. Ulmer-Moll
1
Orange Labs RESA/WIN Dept., 4, rue du Clos Courtel BP 91 226, 35 512 Cesson Sévigné Cedex, FRANCE
2
Orange-Labs RESA/WASA Dept., 4, rue du Clos Courtel BP 91 226, 35 512 Cesson Sévigné Cedex, FRANCE
Phone: +33 299 124 629, Fax: +33 299 124 098, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – This paper proposes and evaluates new binary interleaving schemes intended for ECMA-368 proposal
and future WPAN Multi-Gigabit Wireless Systems designed in the ICT OMEGA project. A dynamic binary
interleaving set-up utilizing a Turbo-Like interleaver is proposed as an alternative to the third stage of ECMA-368
binary interleaving process.

Introduction –This paper presents a novel binary considering 1 and 6 OFDM interleaving depth
interleaving process intended to cope with narrow band respectively.
interferers and introduce diversity upon UWB systems. The ECMA-368 PHY layer system-
The system utilizes time-variant binary interleaving The ECMA-PHY layer proposal is based on UWB-
process as an alternative to the cyclic shifter stage of OFDM transmission combined with Multi-Band
the ECMA-368 standard binary interleaving [1]. process to introduce time and frequency diversity on
Cyclic shifter has been proposed to introduce diversity radio communications and cope with narrow band
upon 6 "on air" transmitted OFDM symbols by shifting interferers. UWB transmission refers to transmission
small blocks of bits through 6 OFDM symbols bandwidth size set to 528 MHz, according to FCC part
corresponding to the block binary interleaving depth. It 15 decisions. ECMA-368 system operates in the UWB
strengthens interleaving benefits in presence of slow spectrum mask defined in the {3.1-10.6} GHz. The
time-variant channel and narrow band interferers. Here, UWB spectrum is split into 14 sub-channels (bands)
we simply propose a time-variant block interleaver spread over 6 band-groups. MB process is performed
varying from OFDM symbol to OFDM symbol within every band group where Time Frequency Codes
following a periodic pattern composed of n different are utilized to carry out time frequency hopping
interleaving rules. The concept is denoted Dynamic between 6 adjacent OFDM symbols using sub-channels
Interleaving Codes (DIC) and Dynamic Binary forming the band-group.
Interleaving Codes (DBIC) when it is performed upon
blocks of encoded bits. This concept has been assessed
upon data sub-carrier interleaving process with a high
number of sub-carrier per OFDM symbol [4]. The
system [4] refers to an optimized UWB-OFDM system
characterized by a high spectrum efficiency involving a Fig. 1:UWB spectrum mask
high number of data sub-carrier per OFDM symbol and A total of 110 sub-carriers (100 data carriers and 10
a dedicated interleaving algorithm denoted Turbo-Like guard carriers) are used per sub-channel. 12 pilot sub-
(TL) interleaver providing high interleaving spreading. carriers allow for coherent detection. Spreading
TL interleaver is characterized by a turbo-based techniques are implemented for low data rates to
structure generating flexible interleaving patterns [3] in strengthen FEC coding redundancy. Frequency Domain
a low complexity manner. TL interleaver has been Spreading (FDS) duplicates 50 symbols in the OFDM
proposed in the IEEE802.15.3c proposal, in IPHOBAC symbol following an Hermitian symmetry. Time
for WPAN mm-wave radio over Fiber (RoF) Domain Spreading (TDS) consists in transmitting
applications and evaluated upon optimized multi-RF simultaneously the same OFDM signal using two
band Multi-GigaBit Wireless systems (MGWS) separate RF sub-channels associated with a band-group
[3][5][6]. Here, BDIC is preferentially applied to and select the best one. Information bits are first
encoded bits of the ECMA-368 system due to the weak encoded with a convolutional code of 1/3 mother code
number of data sub-carrier per OFDM symbol and we rate, and a constraint length of 7. Encoded bits are
select the TL interleaver. The model allows shortened punctured, interleaved using a three stage interleaver
binary interleaving depth reducing latency on the and mapped to data symbols. FDS is eventually
system. BDIC combined with the TL interleaver is implemented and OFDM modulation is performed with
compared to ECMA-368 and TL binary interleavers a zero-forcing suffix to cope with ISI and RF sub-

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

channel switching latency. A binary interleaving ȱ’—Ž›•ŽŠŸŽ›

process completes the MB processing as detailed in the ŗŚŖŖ
next section. Time related parameters are given in the ŗŘŖŖ
ŗŖŖŖ
Table I.

ǻ”Ǽȱ’—Ž¡
ŞŖŖ
TABLE I : TIME RELATED PARAMETERS ŜŖŖ
Parameter Value Parameter Value ŚŖŖ
# of data subcarriers Cyclic prefix ŘŖŖ
100 70 ns Ŗ
NSD duration TCP
Ŗ řŖ ŜŖ şŖ ŗŘŖ ŗśŖ ŗŞŖ ŘŗŖ
# of pilot carriers IFFT/FFT period 242.42
12
NSP TFFT ns ”ȱ’—Ž¡ œŠŽȱŗ œŠŽȱŘ œŠŽȱŗƸŘ
Symbol interval TSYM 312.42
# of DC carriers NDC 1
ns ȱ’—Ž›•ŽŠŸŽ›
# of guard carriers 128 ŗŘŖŖ
10 FFT size NFFT
NGC
ŗŖŖŖ
Channel bandwidth FEC generator (133, 165,
528 ŞŖŖ

ǻ”Ǽȱ’—Ž¡
BFFT MHz polynomials 171) 6 Ncycl
ŜŖŖ
ŚŖŖ
ECMA-368 Interleaving design –Binary interleaving
ŘŖŖ
is performed using a three stage interleaving applied Ŗ Ncycl
2 Ncycl

upon block of encoded bits associated with six "on air" Ŗ ŘŖŖ ŚŖŖ ŜŖŖ ŞŖŖ ŗŖŖŖ ŗŘŖŖ
OFDM symbols included in a TFC. Interleaving size
”ȱ’—Ž¡ œŠŽȱǛř
varies with the considered interleaving stage the
spreading factors. The first stage performs binary Fig. 2: ECMA-368Binary interleaver (Ncycl=33)
spreading over 6 consecutive OFDM symbols based on
a matrix interleaver composed of Nr=NCBPS rows (NCBPS
is the number of coded bits per OFDM symbol) and Nc
=6/NTDS columns, NTDS is the time spreading factor set
to 2 when TDS occurs. NCBPS depends on FDS factor,
the number of bits per OFDM symbol NBPSC and FEC
code rate r ,NCBPS=NBPSC NSD r /NFDS . NSD is the
number of data sub-carrier per OFDM symbol.
The second stage is intra-symbol tone interleaving
permuting bits upon different sub-carriers within one
OFDM symbol using a matrix interleaver with a fixed
number of columns set to 10 and an interleaving depth
K'=NCBPS (NCBPS=NTINT 10).
The third stage cyclically shifts block of jNcycl bits
within the span of 6 "on air" OFDM symbols. Within
each block of NCBPS bits, cyclic shifts are proportional
to the OFDM symbol index in the TFC pattern and Ncycl
(Fig. 2). The cyclic shift parameter is given by Ncycl =
NTDS NCBPS/6. Fig. 3: BDIC implementation for ECMA-368standard
This allows exploiting frequency diversity, both for
time-domain spreading and fixed-frequency-interleaved Performance – Link level performance are given with
(FFI) codes. the CEPD propagation model detailled in [3][6][7]. 60
GHz and UWB multipath signatures are equivalent in
Turbo-Like Interleaving design – The TL interleaver
the case of short range distances [7]. Mode #1
[3][4][6] is built on a turbo-based structure to generate
correspond to the ECMA binary set-up with an
in a flexible way different interleaving patterns using a
interleaving depth K1=NBPSC6, mode #2 corresponds to
basic module I (k). TL interleaver provides high
the TL interleaver implementation with the same K1
interleaving spreading thanks to its algebraic
interleaving depth, mode #3 corresponds to BDIC
expression. It preserves some dedicated partitioning of
implementation with 3 different TL permutation rules
data allowing interleaving combined with dedicated
considering a shortenened interleaving depth set to one
data mapping. The system is equivalent to p parallel
OFDM symbol (K2=NBPSC). 16-QAM and QPSK
interleavers where p is one parameter of the interleaver.
modulation are considered to acheive 1 Gbps on the air
To perform a comparison with ECMA, the interleaving
interface. BER results are given for LOS and moderate
block size is set to 6 OFDM symbols.
NLOS channels with a delay spread set to 2-.3 ns and
7-8 ns. In the next table, we give the interleaving

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

spreading ΔL(s) associated with the 3 modes in the case that are compliant with high data rates and modulation
of 16-QAM. ΔL(s) corresponds to the minimum levels. These assumptions result from TL interleaving
distance between bits separated by s-1 bits for a given properties :high interleaving spreading are selected
interleaving rule L(k). within every data symbols and between data symbols,
TABLE II : INTERLEAVING SPREADING PARAMETERS ensuring gains in he case of high modulation levels.
16-QAM ΔL(s=1) ΔL(s=2) ΔL(s=4) ΔL(s=400) This work completes data sub-carrier DIC set-up and
assesments evaluated on mm-wave and optimized
Mode#1 60 120 240 400
UWB-OFDM systems[4][6]. The next step of these
Mode #2 1007 386 772 400
{p,q,j}={8,2,3}
studies will be to harmonize binary and sub-carrier
Mode#3 interleaving process in a dynamic manner and evaluate
Rule#1 {16,2,1} 143 114 172 200 the system in presence of narrow band interfers.
Rule#2 {2,2,3} 117 166 68 200 Extensions are in progress for MIMO UWB-OFDM
Rule#3 {4,2,3} 119 162 76 200
techniques.
BER results exhibit benefits of DBIC combined with References
shortened interleaving depth when the propagation [1] Standard ECMA-368, "High Rate Ultra Wideband PHY and
channel is selective or when we consider 16-QAM MAC Standard", 3rd Edition - December 2008.
modulated sub-carriers with moderate code rate. For [2] http://www.ist-iphobac.org
16-QAM modulated sub-carriers assorted with 1/2 code [3] Siaud., I, Ulmer-Moll, A.M., "Turbo-like Processing for
rate, DBIC presents similar performance as the TL Scalable Interleaving Pattern Generation: application to 60 GHz
UWB-OFDM systems", IEEE Int. Conf on Ultra Wide Band,
interleaver in a static implementation and K1 Singapore, Sept. 2007.
interleaving depth. With a code rate set to r=3/4, BER [4] Siaud., I Ulmer-Moll A.M, "A novel adaptive sub-carrier
performance presents an error floor for the mode#3 if interleaving application to millimeter-wave WPAN OFDM
the channel is LOS, due to small interleaving depth and Systems (IST MAGNET project)", IEEE Int. Conf. on Portable
Information Devices, Orlando USA, March 2007.
limited interleaving efficiency under QPSK and LOS [5] IST-IPHOBAC deliverable D2.2, June 2008.
situations. DBIC does not take advantages of frequency [6] "Short-Range Wireless Communications", ISBN-13: 978-0-
selectivity of the channel and presents degradations 470-69995-9 - John Wiley & Sons Ed. chapter 18 February
facing to static interleaving with higher interleaving 2009
depth. [7] E. Grass, I. Siaud, S. Glisic, M. Ehrig and all, "Asymmetric
Dual-Band UWB / 60 GHz Demonstrator", Proc. of IEEE
Conclusions – BER performance prove that DBIC is Personal Indoor Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC'08,
an efficient technique to reduce interleaving latency September 2008.
when we consider efficient interleaver such as the TL
interleaver. Gains appear under selective configurations
ŗǯŖȬŖŗ ŗǯŖȬŖŗ
ȱ‘Š——Ž•ǰȱŗŜȬ
ŗǯŖȬŖŘ ȱ‘Š——Ž•ǰȱ ŗǯŖȬŖŘ
ŗǯŖȬŖř
ŗǯŖȬŖř




ŗǯŖȬŖŚ
ŗǯŖȬŖŚ
ŗǯŖȬŖś

ŗǯŖȬŖŜ ŗǯŖȬŖś

ŗǯŖȬŖŝ
ŗǯŖȬŖŜ
ŚǯŖ śǯŖ ŜǯŖ ŝǯŖ ŞǯŖ şǯŖ ŗŖǯŖ ŗŗǯŖ ŗŘǯŖ
‹žȦŖȱǽǾ ‹žȦŖȱǽǾśǯŖ ŜǯŖ ŝǯŖ ŞǯŖ şǯŖ ŗŖǯŖ ŗŗǯŖ ŗŘǯŖ ŗřǯŖ ŗŚǯŖ

˜ŽǛŗǰȱ›ƽŗȦŘǰȱřŘŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛŘǰȱ›ƽŗȦŘǰȱřŘŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛŗǰȱ›ƽŗȦŘǰȱŜŚŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛŘǰ›ƽŗȦŘDzŜŚŖȱ‹™œ

˜ŽǛřǰȱ›ƽŗȦŘǰȱřŘŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛŗǰȱ›ƽřȦŚǰȱŚŞŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛřǰȱ›ƽŗȦŘǰȱŜŚŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛŗǰ›ƽřȦŚǰşŜŖȱ‹™œ
˜ŽǛŘǰȱ›ƽřȦŚǰȱŚŞŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛřǰ›ƽřȦŚǰŚŞŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛŘǰȱ›ƽřȦŚǰȱşŜŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛřǰ›ƽřȦŚǰȱşŜŖȱ‹™œ

ŗǯŖȬŖŗ ŗǯŖȬŖŗ
˜Ž›ŠŽȱȱ‘Š——Ž•ȱ ˜Ž›ŠŽȱȱ‘Š——Ž•ȱ
ŗǯŖȬŖŘ  ŗǯŖȬŖŘ ŗŜȬ

ŗǯŖȬŖř ŗǯŖȬŖř




ŗǯŖȬŖŚ ŗǯŖȬŖŚ

ŗǯŖȬŖś ŗǯŖȬŖś

ŗǯŖȬŖŜ ŗǯŖȬŖŜ
śǯŖ ŝǯŖ şǯŖ ŗŗǯŖ ŗřǯŖ ŗśǯŖ ŗŝǯŖ ŗşǯŖ ŘŗǯŖ ŘřǯŖ ŝǯŖ şǯŖ ŗŗǯŖ ŗřǯŖ ŗśǯŖ ŗŝǯŖ ŗşǯŖ ŘŗǯŖ ŘřǯŖ ŘśǯŖ
‹žȦŖȱǽǾ ˜ŽǛŗǰȱ›ƽŗȦŘǰȱřŘŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛŘǰȱ›ƽŗȦŘǰȱřŘŖȱ‹™œ ‹žȦŖȱǽǾ
˜ŽǛŗǰ›ƽŗȦŘǰȱŜŚŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛŘǰȱ›ƽŗȦŘǰȱŜŚŖȱ‹™œ
˜ŽǛřǰȱ›ƽŗȦŘǰȱřŘŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛŗǰȱ›ƽřȦŚǰȱŚŞŖȱ‹™œ
˜ŽǛřǰȱ›ƽŗȦŘǰȱŜŚŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛŗǰȱ›ƽřȦŚǰȱşŜŖȱ‹™œ
˜ŽǛŘǰȱ›ƽřȦŚǰȱŚŞŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛřǰȱ›ƽřȦŚǰȱŚŞŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛŘǰȱ›ƽřȦŚǰȱşŜŖȱ‹™œ ˜ŽǛřǰ›ƽřȦŚǰȱşŜŖȱ‹™œ

Fig. 4: BER performance.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Nonlinear optical Ti:PPLN wavelength conversion modules

for free-space communication at 3.8 µm
1,* 2 1 2 1
K.-D. Büchter , C. Langrock , H. Herrmann , M.M. Fejer , W. Sohler
1
Universität Paderborn, Angewandte Physik, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
2
Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
* Corresponding author: Phone: +49 5251 60-5870, Fax: +49 5251 60-5886, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract –.
All-optical transmitter and receiver modules for free-space communication at 3.8 µm have been developed,
essentially consisting of Ti-indiffused, periodically poled LiNbO3 waveguides. Conversion of C-band radiation
to/from the mid infrared is demonstrated.

Middle infrared (MIR) radiation can be advantageous Idler wavelength [nm]

Generated idler power [a.u.]

3770 3760 3750
in free-space transmission links due to reduced 1.0 Transmitter
scattering and scintillation effects compared to Receiver
Theory
shorter wavelength radiation [1], and an attractive
transmission window exists in the atmosphere at 0.5

around 3.8 µm [2]. This is why we have developed

all-optical wavelength conversion modules from 1.55 0.0
µm to 3.8 µm and back [3]. The converters are based 1551.5 1554.5 1557.5
on χ(2)-nonlinear difference frequency generation Signal wavelength [nm]
Generated idler power [mW]

(DFG) in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) 16 Ppump= 150 mW

Psignal= 50 mW
waveguides. The all-optical conversion enables data-
format independent wavelength conversion. 12
Therefore, transmission systems can be realized using 8
readily available C-band components at both ends of λp = 1100 nm
the transmission line, allowing amplitude, frequency, 4 λs = 1554 nm
λi = 3763 nm
and phase modulation schemes.
0
The concept of nonlinear frequency conversion is 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 2
Pump power x signal power [mW ]
flexible, and easily transferrable to other
wavelengths. The benefits of optical waveguides are Fig. 2.: Phase-matching characteristics (top) and power
the high conversion efficiencies of the nonlinear characteristics (bottom) of the transmitter module.
processes and the simplified use of single mode For characterization purposes, a tunable C-band
optical fibers for easy device handling. external cavity laser (ECL), followed by an erbium
Module design is shown in Fig. 1. We use titanium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), is used as signal
indiffused waveguides of 18 µm width and 83 mm source. Pump and signal are joined by a WDM
length, on a LiNbO3 substrate with a periodically coupler and fiber butt-coupled to the waveguide on
poled area of 80 mm. A 3 mm long taper region is the 5.3° angle-polished input side of the sample,
included to improve coupling to the fundamental using an 8°-polished glass ferrule. Angled endfaces
waveguide modes. A pump at 1100 nm wavelength is are used to suppress back-reflections, and thus Fabry-
used to convert a signal at 1550 nm to the MIR band. Perot interference effects, within the devices. A
Ti-Diffused
poling periodicity of 26.65 µm is used to provide
Waveguide PPLN Substrate quasi-phasematching for the DFG process. The
Taper Region
devices are operated at about 200°C to suppress
Pump @ MIR @
1100nm
WDM
3800nm
photorefractive effects.
coupler
The phasematching characteristics of transmitter and
receiver modules, along with a calculated curve, are
Signal @
1550nm given in Fig. 2, top. Phase-matching occurs at a
PM-Fibers Dielectric Mirror
T-Stabilized Oven
signal wavelength of 1554.5 nm, at a temperature of
(Receiver only)
197°C. The measured curves show an asymmetry
Fig. 1.: Transmitter / receiver design scheme.
which is due to a parabolic inhomogeneity gradient
along the waveguide.

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Transmitter Module
In Fig. 2, bottom, the power characteristics of the Input Signal
WDM
transmitter module is given. Here, measured power PM Fibers
1.55 µm
levels of the generated 3.76 µm idler radiation (which Ti:PPLN Sample
Ge
are corrected for residual losses beyond the Pump Unit
Filter
waveguide) are shown (symbols). Alongside the 1.1-µm
Fiber HWPs MIR-FSO Link
measured powers, theoretical curves are given. Two Laser
(3.8 µm)
Collimators
different cases are shown here: In the first case, pump
Isolator PBS
power is fixed at 150 mW (coupled to the Receiver Module
waveguide), which means that the gain of the EDFA WDM
Output Signal
signal amplifier changes along the abscissa. At high
signal levels, a roll-off of the curve is evident due to 1.55 µm Ti:PPLN Sample

pump depletion. In the second case, signal power is

kept fixed at 50 mW, while pump power is varied. Fig. 3.: Transmission link experiment: both modules are
Here, a superlinear behavior becomes evident at high combined to form a free-space transmission line with
pump power levels, which is due to parametric gain twofold wavelength conversion.
in the nonlinear process. At low power levels, an -26 dB are caused mainly by coupling losses in-
internal conversion efficiency of 69 %/W is between waveguides and fibers. Parametric losses
determined, normalized to the pump power level. can be reduced by pumping with higher power levels,
Measurements and theoretical curves match potentially leading even to parametric gain. Free-
surprisingly well, although the impact of the observed space coupling losses from waveguide to waveguide
inhomogeneities was not considered in the can be reduced by the use of optimized bulk optics.
calculation. So actually, measured power levels are Data transmission experiments via the link were
slightly above the theoretical expectation. This is due performed successfully; transmitting an analogue
to some uncertainty concerning the mode- QPSK modulated signal at 2.488 Gbit/s, low bit error
distributions in the deep MIR-waveguide. Also, the rates could be demonstrated [4]. The noise impact of
loss figures at near-infrared wavelengths are not the system is negligible, and the signal to noise ratio
precisely known and difficult to measure due to the of the parametric process exceeds 106 [5].
multimode characteristics of the waveguide.
Acknowledgement - This work was supported by a
After characterization of the individual modules, a
subcontract of CeLight, Inc.
transmission experiment has been performed, using
both, transmitter and receiver modules. The setup is References
shown in Fig. 3. Here, the 1100 nm pump radiation is [1] R. Martini et al., “High-speed modulation and
split using a ratio of 50:50, to act as pump for both free-space optical audio/video transmission using
modules. Via DFG the MIR idler wave is generated quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Elect. Lett., vol.
in the transmitter module, which is coupled out of the 37, pp. 191-193 (2001).
[2] W. A. Traub, M. T. Stier, “Theoretical
waveguide using a CaF2 lens of 8.3 mm focal length. atmospheric transmission in the mid- and far-
Two gold mirrors are used in the 1.5 m free-space infrared at four altitudes,” Appl. Opt., vol. 15,
path to steer the beam to the receiver. Residual pump No. 2, pp. 364-377, (1976)
radiation is removed from the transmission path using [3] D. Büchter, C. Langrock, H. Herrmann, M.
an anti-reflection coated Ge filter. Using a second Fejer, W. Sohler, “All-optical Ti:PPLN
CaF2 lens, the 3.8 µm radiation is coupled to the wavelength conversion modules for free-space
optical transmission links in the mid-infrared“,
receiver waveguide, where it is again converted to Opt. Lett., vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 470-472 (2009)
1550 nm by DFG. [4] E. Ip, D. Büchter, C. Langrock, J. M. Kahn, H.
At a MIR power level of 4.85 mW in the FSO link, Herrmann, W. Sohler and M. M. Fejer, “QPSK
generated by pump and signal powers of 150 and 80 Transmission over Free-Space Link at 3.8 μm
mW, respectively, coupled to the transmitter using Coherent Detection with Wavelength
waveguide, about 100 µW of signal power is Conversion,” ECOC2008
regenerated in the receiver waveguide. The [5] S. Orlov, W. Grundkötter, D. Hofmann, V.
Quiring, R. Ricken, H. Suche, and W. Sohler:
transmission therefore equals -29 dB from waveguide "Mid infrared integrated optical parametric
to waveguide. Of this, around -14 dB are caused by generators and oscillators with periodically poled
coupling losses and residual losses in the Ge filter. Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides" in "Mid-Infrared
Another -6 dB arise on each end due to waveguide / Coherent Sources and Applications", M.
fiber coupling. Ebrahimzadeh and I.T. Sorokina (Eds.), NATO
In conclusion, a C-band–MIR–C-band transmission Science Series - B: Physics and Biophysics,
line was set up with an overall transmission of Springer, Dordrecht (2008).
-41 dB, with -15 dB due to the parametric process;

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Session 7 Wednesday May 20th, 2009 14:00 – 15:45 h

Access networks
Session Chair: B. Charbonnier
France Telecom R&D, Lannion (France)

Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and

Networks in Motion (invited)
S. Azodolmolky, C. Tsekrekos, K. Kanonakis, T. Papachristos, I. Tomkos
Athens Information Technology, Athens (Greece)

Optical Transmission Link Design for a Distributed Broadband

Wireless System
D. Wake, A. Nkansah, N.J. Gomes
University of Kent, Canterbury (United Kingdom)

Simultaneous Direct Detection of Signals Carried on Baseband and

Subcarrier
M. Chacinski, U. Westergren, P-Y. Fonjallaz, R. Schatz
Kista Photonic Research Centre (KPRC), Kista (Sweden)

Quality of Service Control in a multi-access integrated network based

on Virtual Private LAN Service
L. Rea1, A. Valenti1, S. Pompei1, L. Pulcini1, M. Celidonio1, D. Del Buono2
G.M. Tosi Beleffi2
1
Fondazione Ugo Bordoni, Roma (Italy)
2
Ministero dello Sviluppo, Economico Dip. Com, Roma (Italy)

Photonic Millimeter-Wave System for Broadband Wireless Access

M. Weiß1, A. Stöhr1, S. Fedderwitz1, V. Rymanov1, B. Charbonnier2, D.
Jäger1
1
University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg (Germany)
2
France Telecom R&D, Lannion (France)

60 GHz Wireless Signal Generation with 10 Gb/s 4QAM Modulation

using Photonic Vector Modulator
R. Sambaraju
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia (Spain)

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

ATHENS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

“Optical Communication Networks

in Support of User Mobility
and Networks in Motion”
Siamak Azodolmolky, Christos Tsekrekos, Kostis Kanonakis,
Thalis Papachristos, and Ioannis Tomkos
Athens Information Technology (AIT)
{sazo, tsek, kkan, itom}@ait.edu.gr, [email protected]

European workshop on photonic solutions for

wireless, access, and in-house networks

18-20 May 2009

Duisburg, Germany

Session 7, Access Networks

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 1

Outline
• Introduction
• Past, Current and Future Activities
• Activities in the framework of “BONE WP23”
– Typical project on Optical communication networks in
support of user mobility and networks in motion
– WP objectives
– Planned activities
• Conclusions
• Questions & Answers

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 2

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 1

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Introduction (1/3)
• With the growth of new wireless access
technologies being developed and deployed,
including WiMAX, optical wireless (or free-space
optics) , and Wi-Fi, wireless traffics has already
contributed to an increasing amount of share of
the total traffic carried by wireline networks.
• At the same time, demands for higher bandwidth,
longer reach and better interoperability are
stronger than ever.
• The convergence among various wireless
technologies as well as wireline technologies
(mainly fiber optic based) is a key to satisfy such
demands at a low CAPEX and OPEX.

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 3

Introduction (2/3)
• Upcoming networking concept based on user mobility and
ubiquitous connectivity.
• Individual subscribers carrying around their short-range
Personal Area Network (PAN).
• Slow (people moving on foot) or fast (cars, trains, airplanes)
mobility patterns
• Virtual Home/Virtual office
– Web surfing
– Video on demand
– Online gaming
– Infotainment
– E-mail
– Video conferencing
– Business applications
• Anytime, anywhere:
– In car, on train, on plane,…

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 4

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 2

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Introduction (3/3)
• Moving networks will need to communicate with each other or the
outside world.
• Unique new form of network, namely the “network in motion” is
required.
• Intelligent components and devices needed to provide guaranteed
content delivery efficiently and in a secure manner.
• Use of optical network solutions in aggregation and core part is
essential and requires extensive research in both networking and
technology areas
• Collaborative research towards three directions is required:
– Intelligent technologies and design challenges for wireless access (RoF, FSO,
or conventional wireless solutions with optical fiber feed)
– Networking properties and switching characteristics for the aggregation and
core networks (e.g. Switched Ethernet based solutions or advance schemes
like OBS/OPS)
– Control plane and signaling algorithms and protocols for networks in motion
(e.g. MAC layer design or network layer approaches with QoS quarantines,
resource reservation approaches etc.)

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 5

Past, Current and Future Activities

• ORCLE Project (DARPA) (03~04)
• FAst MOving USers (FAMOUS Project) – INTEC,
Ghent University
• Broadband in Trains (BIT) – AIT
• IEEE Comm. Soc. FiWi (Sub-TC)
• Cisco® Motion
• Integrated Service Networks
• EU FP7 Call 4 proposals
– ACCORDANCE
• BONE - Typical Project (WP23)

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 6

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 3

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

ORCLE Project (1/2)

• Optical & RF Combined Link Experiment
• High bandwidth access to/from battle space based
on “Mobile Free Space Optics”

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 7

ORCLE Project (2/2)

• Bronze portal on top of gimbals positioning stand
• Providing FSO line of sight for moving objects (planes, cars,
trains,…)

• Source: ORCLE project, http://www.darpa.mil/STO/Solicitations/orcle/index.htm

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 8

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 4

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Fast Moving Users (FAMOUS), INTEC, Ghent University

• Conceptual architecture:
– Access network (handover issue)
– Aggregation network (Dynamic traffic
condition)
– Core network (Service Gateway)
• Development of the access network and
the aggregation network were the main
focus of the FAMOUS project.

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 9

Broadband in Trains (BIT) (1/2)

• Access and distribution
layers of the proposed
solution
• Free-Space-Optic (FSO)
• Wireless backup link
• Novel MAC protocol for
dynamic traffic
consideration

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 10

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 5

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Broadband in Trains (BIT) (2/2)

• Proposed architecture

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 11

IEEE Comm. Soc. TC FiWi

• IEEE Comm. Soc. – Emerging Technologies committee
– Integrated Fiber & Wireless Technologies (TCFiWi) sub-committee
– TCFiWi addresses architectures, techniques, and interfaces for the
integration of fiber and wireless network segments in a unified
wired-wireless infrastructure (across core, access, and long-haul).
– Its objective is to enhance interoperability and resource sharing
among wired and wireless segments so that mixed networks can
provide better support for converged multimedia service
independent of:
• Users' locations,
• Terminal device capabilities,
• Access media
– http://www.comsoc.org/socstr/org/operation/comm/subemerging.
html

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 12

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 6

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Cisco® Motion (1/2)

• Cisco® Motion is a new practical approach to
resolve challenges experienced when enabling
business mobility. By making it easier to implement
and manage, Cisco Motion helps IT meet and
exceed business mobility demands.
• By delivering a holistic approach to business
mobility, Cisco Motion helps customers:
– Converge disparate networks
– Manage the increasing quantity and diversity of mobile
devices
– Deliver device-to-network-to-application integration and
security
– Create an open platform for the development of mobility
applications
20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 13

Cisco® Motion (2/2)

• Cisco® Motion solution
– Unified Wireless Network Migration Services
– Wireless LAN Secure Mobility Services
– Wireless LAN Voice Services
– Context-Aware Services
– Wireless LAN Guest Access Services
– Application Services
– Wireless LAN Optimization Service
– Unified Communications Services

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 14

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 7

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Integrated Service Networks (1/4)

Wavelength interleaving improves spectral efficiency, by
using the optical spectrum between the carrier and the
sideband of mm-wave RoF signals.
¾ Lim et al., Tutorial, OFC 2009.

Ȝ1, Ȝ2, Ȝ3, … : carriers of the RoF signals

s1, s2, s3, … : single sidebands (SSBs) of the RoF signals

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 15

Integrated Service Networks (2/4)

Integrated network for mm-wave (RF), microwave (IF) and

baseband (BB) services, based on wavelength interleaving.
¾ Bakaul et al., IEEE PTL, 18(21), p. 2311, 2006.

RFc: carrier of the RoF signal

RFs: SSB of the RoF signal

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 16

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 8

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Integrated Service Networks (3/4)

Integrated network for mm-wave RoF and baseband (BB)
services based on wavelength interleaving and a 4×4
reconfigurable optical cross-connect which supports
dynamic channel allocation and can serve user mobility.
¾ Vegas Olmos et al., IEEE/OSA JLT, 26(15), p. 2506, 2008.

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 17

Integrated Service Networks (4/4)

User mobility can be accommodated by assigning a RoF channel to a user

and optically routing this channel to the AP at the range of the user.

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 18

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 9

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

ACCORDANCE (1/2)
• ACCORDANCE introduces a novel ultra high capacity (even reaching the
100Gbps regime) extended reach optical access network architecture
based on OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
technology/protocols, implemented through the proper mix of state-of-
the-art photonics and electronics. Such architecture is not only intended
to offer improved performance compared to evolving TDMA-PON
solutions but also inherently provide the opportunity for convergence
between optical, radio and copper-based access.
• ACCORDANCE hence aims to realize the concept of introducing OFDMA-
based technology and protocols (Physical and Medium Access Control
layer) to provide a variety of desirable characteristics, such as increased
aggregate bandwidth and scalability, enhanced resource allocation
flexibility, longer reach, lower equipment cost/complexity and lower
power consumption, while also supporting multi-wavelength operation.
In addition, it enables the convergence of the optical infrastructure with
standard wireless solutions, thus offering a way to integrate dominant
wired and wireless technologies in a hybrid access network supporting
seamless ubiquitous broadband services.

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 19

ACCORDANCE (2/2)
• Proposed architecture

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 20

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 10

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European workshop on photonic solutions 20 May 09

for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Building the Future Optical Network in Europe (BONE)

• Typical project on Optical communication networks

in support of user mobility and networks in motion
(WP23)
– Duration: 2 Years
– Involved partners:19
– Proposed research topics (1st year): 27
– Total PM allocation: 14.75PM
– Current status:
• Dynamic repository of research topics
• Repository of expertise
• Joint activities for the first year are planned
– More information:
• BONE Deliverable D23.1 (http://www.ict-bone.eu)

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 21

Description of Work
• Three main activities running in parallel for the duration of the project
– Technology-oriented one: Focus on investigation and development of novel
approaches to support rapid handover and high bandwidth connectivity.
– Aggregation network-oriented: Switching solutions with rapid
reconfiguration characteristics
– Network- and control layer-oriented: Study new MAC, routing and signalling
protocols to support networks in motion.
• The three activities cover research areas that can be initially developed
independently
• However it is important to define a common knowledge platform about
possible solutions and the properties of these novel network approaches
that support seamless connectivity of various wireless users in a rapidly
reconfigurable environment.
• Purpose of this knowledge platform:
– Provide basic requirements and characteristics for the novel technology and
networking solutions
– Identify limitations and challenges and consequently push technology and
networking towards these directions.
• Join together efforts that could possibly evaluate or even demonstrate
complete solutions in support of the objectives.

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 22

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 11

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Novel Wireless Access Technologies

• Investigation of new technological solutions
• Development of intelligent devices for the mobile
access part of the network.
• Solutions should allow both a slow and fast mobility
patterns
• Achieve connections in a dynamic and contentious
manner
• Possible solutions that will be investigated are
based on:
– Conventional Wireless technology
– Radio over Fibre (RoF)
– Free space optics (FSO)

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 23

Switching Technologies
• Possible network topology:
– Fixed networks connecting high speed base stations with the
backbone core
– Mobile users passing through base stations require immediate access
and high speed connectivity
– Node reconfiguration becomes an important issue
• Most appropriate switching solutions based on data-oriented
switching
– Meet both high capacity and fast reconfiguration requirements
– Solutions may range from simple Ethernet-based up to the more
advanced ones (OBS/OPS)
• Comparative studies to identify optimum solutions in terms
of:
– Efficiency
– Number of users supported
– Added complexity

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 24

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 12

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Networking Protocols
• Effort concentrated mainly on development of control and
signaling protocols for seamless end-to-end connectivity of
mobile users
• Focus on the following areas:
– MAC optimization and design issues for fast base station
identification and handover
– Optimum signaling requirements and resource reservation solutions
– Fast path identification algorithms and data switching
– QoS guarantees in fast reconfigurable networks
• Previous aspects important for networks in motions due to
the specific characteristics and requirements described
earlier
• Studies closely related with the general switching
approaches proposed in the relevant activity

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 25

Proposed Research Topics (1/2)

• Wireless access technologies in support of networks in motion (RoF)
• Wireless access technologies in support of networks in motion (FSO)
• Switching technologies in support of networks in motion
• Networking protocols in support of networks in motion
• MAC optimization and design issues for fast base station identification
and hand over
• Converged MAC algorithms for unified optical wireless functionality
• Optimum signaling requirements and resource reservation solutions
• Fast path identification algorithms and data switching
• QoS quarantines in fast reconfigurable networks
• Radio over fiber transmission and in the optical beam forming of the
antennas
• Millimeter (mm) wave wireless communication systems and 70 GHz radio
front-end technology
• UWB Radio-over-fiber transmission in indoor environments using
different media
• Design and fabrication of coherent and envelope detection wireless
photonic receivers
• FSO with studies and experiments for networks in motions solutions
20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 26

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 13

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Proposed Research Topics (2/2)

• Hardware implications issues for networks in motion Ericsson,
• Optical switching architectures capable of supporting user mobility.
• Radio-over-fiber techniques for enabling Personal Network concepts
• Robust radio-over-fiber techniques
• Node architectures and the control/monument layer requirements
• Radio over fiber technology with the focus on plastic optical and other
MM fiber
• Mobile access networks based on free-space optical technology
• Optimizing service delivery in a converged hybrid optical-wireless
network
• Protocol routing over hybrid optical wireless mesh networks
• End-to-End QoS and Service Delivery over Heterogeneous Network
Access
• All-optical Routing Architecture of Radio Signals using Label
Processing Technique for In-building Optical Networks
• Mitigating the Impact of Traffic Pattern Variations on Multi-Layer
Optical Networks
• State of the art definition for components supporting FSO networks
in motion
20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 27

Joint Activity 1
• Hardware implications issues for Networks in
motion
• Partners:
– Ericsson
– Universität Duisburg-Essen (UDE)
• Objectives
– In this JA the reliability of components and harware
implications issues for network in motion and sensor
applications will be investigated.
• Target outcome:
– Improved design and reliability of hardware for networks
in motion is the main outcome of this JA

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 28

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 14

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Joint Activity 2
• State of the art definition for components supporting FSO
networks in motion
• Partners:
– Instituto de Telecomunicacoes (IT)
– Superior Institute of Communication and Information Technologies
(ISCOM)
– Athens Information Technology (AIT)
• Objectives:
– Free space optic is one of the options for high-bandwidth (and cost
effective) means of support for networks in motion. In this JA,
existing techniques and component features will be collected and
the performance of different techniques will be
benchmarked/compared
• Target outcomes:
– A comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art technologies for FSO-
based network in motion

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 29

Joint Activity 3
• Converged MAC algorithms for unified optical wireless
functionality
• Partners:
– University of Hertfordshire (UH)
– University College of London (UCL)
– Athens Information Technology (AIT)
• Description:
– A unique control layer (for SLA and service differentiation
provisioning) is required to implement dynamic resource allocation
based on conventional NRZ over PONs.
– To enable efficient integration, an effective mapping mechanism is
required between PON priority queue for equivalent QoS.
• Objectives and target outcomes:
– Unified MAC protocol for legacy PON and wireless networks
– Hardware implementation of the underlying network architecture

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Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 15

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Joint Activity 4
• UWB Radio-over-fiber transmission in indoor environments
using different media
• Partners:
– Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (UPVLC)
– Athens Information Technology (AIT)
• Objectives:
– RoF transmission of both OFDM and IR UWB signals for in-building
applications, e.g. offices or home
– Testing different media such as standard single mode fiber (SSMF),
multimode fiber (MMF), plastic optical fiber (POF)
• Target outcomes:
– Performance evaluation of UWB signals in RoF transmission for in-
building applications (QoS, bit rate, spectral efficiency, maximum
reach, etc.)

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 31

Joint Activity 5
• Optimizing service delivery in a converged hybrid optical-
wireless network
• Partners:
– Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)
– Athens Information Technology (AIT)
– Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TUE)
• Objectives:
– Optimization of service delivery and resource usage under user
mobility.
– Study of re-configurability in various networking layers and dynamic
mechanisms for quick network adaptation to accommodate
broadband mobile networking.
• Target outcomes:
– Key solutions in various networking layers (architecture, protocols,
tools)
– Verification and benchmarking of the realized innovations with
respect to the existing solutions

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Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 16

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Joint Activity 6 (1/2)

• All-optical Routing Architecture of Radio Signals using Label
Processing Technique for In-building Optical Networks
• Partners:
– Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)
– Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TUE)
– Athens Information Technology (AIT)
• Objectives:
– Optical routing performed in a home communication controller
(HCC), which arranges communications between rooms and routes
signals to the proper rooms.
– Investigation of a new all-optical HCC architecture that forwards the
radio signals to the specific rooms based on the label information.
• Target outcomes:
– Investigation (experimentally) of a new all-optical HCC architecture
for routing of RoF signals with label processing techniques

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 33

Joint Activity 6 (2/2)

• HCC interfaces the access network and the in-building
network, providing optical routing functionality.

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 34

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 17

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

BONE WP23 (JA Summary – Year 1)

20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 35

Conclusions
• Networks in motion will play a central role in the
people’s live in near future
• A brief overview of past, current and future
activities introduced in this presentation, which
shows the importance of the topic
• In the framework of BONE WP23 three main
directions has been identified:
– Intelligent technologies and design challenges for
wireless access in networks in motion
– Investigation of networking properties and switching
characteristics for the aggregation and core networks in
support of networks in motion
– Development of control plane and signaling protocols for
networks in motion
20 May 09 Optical Communication Networks in Support of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 36

Optical Communication Networks in Support

of User Mobility and Networks in Motion 18

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for wireless, access, and in-house networks

Q&A
• Thank you!

• For more information visit:

– http://www.ict-bone.eu

• You can also contact:

– Ioannis Tomkos ([email protected]) (BONE WP23 Leader)
– Siamak Azodolmolky ([email protected])
– Christos Tsekrekos ([email protected])

• Electronic version of this presentation is available at:

– http://personals.ac.upc.edu/siamak/publications.html
– (Under “Technical Presentations” anchor)

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Optical Transmission Link Design for a Distributed

Broadband Wireless System
*
D. Wake , A. Nkansah and N.J. Gomes
Broadband and Wireless Communications Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
* Corresponding author: Phone: +44 1229 823244, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract ± An analogue optical transmission link has been designed for connecting central units and remote access
units in a distributed broadband wireless system. The link is low cost and its performance is such that it has
minimal impact on the wireless range of the system.

Introduction ± The European integrated project Link Design ± The obvious choice of transmission
FUTON is developing a network concept for next technology would appear to be digital since the
generation wireless systems involving the use of DBWS BSs have digital inputs and outputs. However
distributed antenna systems and centralized digital links would require a line rate of more than 20
processing in order to achieve cell throughputs of the Gbps to transport a total of 400 MHz of spectrum (4
order of 1 Gbps [1]. This level of cell throughput will x 100 MHz) per link direction for the radio channels.
require wide radio channel bandwidths, high level These links, and the associated multiplexers and
modulation schemes and multiple MIMO channels. demultiplexers, would be very costly. The most cost
The FUTON architecture consists of a central unit effective type of design uses analogue optical links
(CU) which contains the centralized processing [3]. Frequency translation must be used (transmission
functions and a number of remote access units over the fibre is at IF) because the radio channels are
(RAUs) which contain the radio functions. This paper all at the same carrier frequency and a single optical
looks at the design and performance of the optical wavelength is preferred. This paper looks at low cost
transmission links that connect the CUs to the RAUs. analogue optical links using uncooled DFB lasers and
pin photodiodes. A simplified layout of the link
Link Requirements ± The key radio parameters of design is shown in Fig 1. In the downlink direction,
the FUTON distributed broadband wireless system the four IQ signals from the BS are converted to
(DBWS) are given in Table 1. The DBWS base analogue and then to IF using the IQ modulators.
station (BS) has digital IQ input and output signals, They are power combined and applied to the optical
similar to the open base station architectures link. At the RAU the composite signal is split and
developed for UMTS and WiMAX [2]. There are filtered and then converted to RF. The opposite
four Tx and four Rx signals; two for MIMO and two sequence applies to the uplink. A reference signal is
for sectorization. Control and management channels also transmitted (not shown) in order to frequency
are omitted here for simplicity. To minimize cost in lock the local oscillators in the RAU.
the fibre distribution network, all channels should
preferably be supported using a single optical Optical Link and Amplifier Parameters ±
wavelength. An optical power budget of 10 dB has Parameters for the optical link design were obtained
been allowed to take into account fibre attenuation, by constructing a link using low cost devices (an
splice and connector losses and the insertion loss of uncooled Teradian DFB laser and an Appointech
any passive optical components in the fibre network. photodiode). At a frequency of 1.8GHz, a laser bias
current of 45 mA and an optical loss of 10 dB the link
Table 1: Key radio parameters of the FUTON DBWS had a gain of -36 dB, a P1dB of 17 dBm, an IIP3 of
Parameter Value 30 dBm and an EIN of ±130 dBm/Hz. EVM
Radio channel bandwidth Up to 100 MHz measurements were performed so that the maximum
MIMO 2x2 input power to the link could be found. Fig 2 shows
Sectors per RAU 2 the variation of EVM with input power for the
Modulation scheme Up to 256-QAM IEEE802.11n standard at a channel bandwidth of
Maximum EIRP 46 dBm 40MHz and IFFT size of 128 for 16-QAM and 64-
Minimum approach distance 2m QAM modulation. This standard was chosen because
Maximum mobile Tx power 33 dBm
it was the closest available to the DBWS
Minimum mobile Tx power -10 dBm
specification. The EVM requirement for 16-QAM
RAU antenna gain 10 dBi
and 64-QAM is 14.1 % and 5.6 % respectively, based
Path loss exponent 2 (open)

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Fig. 1.: Simplified link design. S1 and S2 are the two sectors; Tx1, Tx2, Rx1 and Rx2 are 2x2 MIMO channels.
on CNR requirements of 17 dB and 25 dB [4]. The figure of 5 dB and an implementation loss of 5 dB,
EVM requirement for 256-QAM is 2.2 %, based on the sensitivity of both the base station and mobile
an expected CNR requirement of 33 dB. For a single receiver is -67 dBm, -59 dBm and -51 dBm for 16, 64
channel, the maximum input power levels where and 256-QAM respectively. The wireless range is
these limits are reached are 11.2 dBm, 7.3 dBm and calculated from the maximum path loss and is shown
4.7 dBm for 16, 64 and 256-QAM respectively. Note in Table 2. Range is limited by the uplink because
that these values must be reduced by 6 dB in order to the mobile Tx power is relatively low. The optical
accommodate the four radio channels in the design. links add noise to the system and the wireless range is
The maximum gain of the uplink amplifier chain is therefore reduced. The wireless range with the optical
limited by the minimum approach distance and the links is also given in Table 2 using the optical link
maximum input power to the uplink laser (fixed by and amplifier parameters given in the previous
the 256-QAM value). For the parameters given section. It is clear that the optical links have minimal
above, the maximum uplink amplifier chain gain is impact on wireless range.
48 dB. The maximum gain of the downlink amplifier
chain is limited by the maximum EIRP, the optical Conclusions ± A link design has been produced for
link gain and the maximum input power to the link the distributed broadband wireless system currently
(fixed by the 256-QAM value). For the values given being specified by the FUTON project. This design
above, the maximum downlink amplifier chain gain meets the requirement of low cost by using frequency
is 73 dB. Although these values are high, note that translated analogue optical transmission on a single
the gain is split between RF and IF frequencies and wavelength for the four broadband radio channels.
therefore should not cause instability problems. The additional noise introduced by the optical links
has minimal impact on the wireless range.
Wireless Range Calculations ± Using the
parameters given in Table 1 we first calculate the Acknowledgement - This work was partially
wireless range for the case where there is no optical supported by the European Commission under Grant
link as a benchmark. Assuming a receiver noise Agreement No. FP7-ICT-2007-215533 (FUTON).
16 References
14
[1] www.ist-futon.eu
[2] www.cpri.info and www.obsai.com
Error Vector Magnitude, %

16-QAM limit
12 [3] ':DNHHWDO ³A Comparison of Remote Radio
10
Head Optical Transmission Technologies for
Next Generation Wireless Systems³ VXEPLWWHG
8 to ECOC 2009.
6
64-QAM limit [4] EN 300 744 v1.1.2, 2008.
4
256-QAM limit
2
0 Table 2: Wireless Range, m (uplink limited)
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16QAM 64QAM 256QAM
Input Power, dBm Without optical link 2157 859 342
With optical link 1990 792 315
Fig. 2.: EVM as a function of input power for analogue optical
link using IEEE 802.11n at 40MHz bandwidth for 16-
QAM (red) and 64-QAM (blue) modulation.

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Simultaneous Direct Detection of Signals Carried

on Baseband and Subcarrier
1,* 1 1 1
M. Chaciński , U. Westergren , P-Y. Fonjallaz , R. Schatz
1
Kista Photonic Research Centre (KPRC), Royal Institute of Technology (KTH),
Electrum 229, 164-40 Kista, Stockholm, Sweden
* Corresponding author: Phone: +46 8 790 4054, Fax: +46 8 790 4090, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract - Simultaneous 10Gbps baseband and 1Gbps on 27GHz subcarrier modulation and transmission over
58km long standard single mode fiber (SSMF) was realized. The signals were added to modulate a single light-
intensity modulator. An optical circulator and a narrowband fiber Bragg grating (FBG) filter were used to separate
them in the optical domain and permit simple direct detection.

Introduction – The optical fiber is more and more

M-Z Optical 10 Gbps
employed all the way into the home to enable fast TLM
Modulator Circulator Receiver
OUTPUT
internet connection. In some cases it is interesting to EDFA
Fiber
utilize the same fiber to carry different signals of PPG PPG FBG
1 Gbps Mixer 10 Gbps
different formats [1] that can be easily separated and
detected. One example is cable TV. Although ASG 1 Gbps EDFA
Receiver
broadcast television can be sent via internet, it is still LO BPF

common to use a separate network for this service. A

Fig.1. Schematic of the transmitter (left) and receiver unit
simple solution to extend the use of an existing fiber (right side).
optic link to also distribute digital or analog cable TV
A baseband data stream of 10Gbps Non-Return-to-
would hence be attractive. The extra data channel
Zero (NRZ) Amplitude-Shift-Keying (ASK) Pseudo-
could alternatively be used to carry header or service
Random-Bit-Sequences of word length 27-1 (PRBS7)
information of the main channel.
was supplied from a Pulse-Pattern Generator (PPG,
In this work we propose a cost effective system to Anritsu MF1758A). An additional signal, composed
increase the use of a single 100GHz wide channel of 1Gbps ASK NRZ PRBS7 was created by another
dedicated to high-speed digital data by inserting one PPG (Anritsu MP1701A) which modulated a 27GHz
or more additional signals on electrical subcarriers. electronic subcarrier generated with an Analog Signal
The data on the subcarrier is recovered with passive Generator (ASG, Agilent E8252D PSG). Low-pass
optical filtering and direct detection without the need filters on each output of the PPGs were introduced to
of a local oscillator in the receiver [2]. The advantage limit the frequency spectrum to the necessary
compared to wavelength division multiplex is that the minimum. The up-converted signal and the baseband
additional signals can utilize the same transmitter and modulation were added by a 3dB power splitter. In
WDM channel. The inserted signals can be any kind order to protect instruments and prevent signal
of data stream (i.e. digital microwave radio) which distortion, sets of attenuators and amplifiers were
could carry service such as optical header, another introduced to form broadband isolators. At the input
data stream, or additional signal. To study the of an EO converter, the power level of the 27GHz
concept, we have investigated a case with one high- carrier was chosen to be at least 10dB lower than the
speed baseband data signal combined with another power of the 10Gbps baseband modulation. Thus the
high-speed signal modulated on a microwave amplitude of the subcarrier signal was lower than the
frequency subcarrier, where both signals are used to power at ‘0’ level of the 10Gbps signal, to minimize
modulate the intensity of the light in a fiber optical the perturbation to the baseband modulation. An
transmitter. optical carrier of 6dBm at 1.53µm wavelength was
System – In order to send and detect more than one generated by a Tunable Laser Module (TLM, Agilent
signal at a time, some parts of the transmitter as well 8163A) and intensity modulated by a commercial
as on the receiver side need to be adapted. The 30GHz Mach-Zehnder modulator (Sumitomo Inc).
modifications have to be made to avoid The amplitude of the modulation signal and the bias
reconfiguration of existing networks such as electro of the modulator were adjusted to optimize the signal
optical (EO) converters and data receivers. Figure 1 quality.
(left) shows the building block of the transmitter. The baseband (10Gbps) modulation of the optical
carrier generates two sidebands next to the carrier

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

frequency. The subcarrier with 1Gbps signal will insufficient selectivity of the optical filter and due to
generate one additional sideband on each side of the nonlinear distortion in the modulator. The filter
optical carrier but separated from it by the subcarrier selectivity can be improved using cascaded FBGs,
frequency, 27GHz. Since the subcarrier itself is a microdisc [3] or ring resonator.
double sideband modulated with the 1Gbps signal, Results – In Fig 2, the optical spectra of the
the width of these subcarrier sidebands will be twice modulated light are shown at the optical receiver
the spectral width of the 1Gbps signal. If the input, the 10Gbps baseband signal transmitted
subcarrier itself is strong enough compared to the through the FBG and the reflected 1Gbps subcarrier
1Gbps modulation, each subcarrier sideband can be signal. Cases are shown where only one signal is
regarded as an intensity modulated optical carrier. present, and when the modulation is distorted due to
Hence, by optically filtering out one of the two the simultaneous transmission of both signals. As a
subcarrier sidebands and directly detecting it with an reference the FBG filter characteristic is also shown.
intensity detector, the 1Gbps signal can be detected

Power (dB)
10 complete
without any local oscillator. The theoretical minimum 10Gbps
subcarrier frequency is set by the sum of the spectral 1Gbps
FBG
width of 10Gbps signal and the 1Gbps signal. In -10
practice it is determined by the selectivity of the
optical filters and the amount of cross talk that can be
tolerated. -30

The schematic of the receiver is depicted on the right

side of Fig 1. The design aim has been to incorporate -50
the subcarrier signal in an existing baseband system 1529.8 1530 1530.2 1530.4 Wavelength1530.6
(nm)

with minimum extra complexity. The optical filtering

and separation of the signals were done with a Fiber Fig.2. Optical spectra of modulated signals, curves
Bragg Grating (FBG) and an optical circulator. For correspond to the input light to the receiver (10Gbps
together with 1Gbps on subcarrier), the part transmitted
the purpose of our experiment, the FBG [2] was through FBG and the reflected beam from the FBG.
created in Ge-doped fiber by UV luminescence. The Finally, transmission over 58km standard single-
gratings have about 20GHz bandwidth for the mode fiber without dispersion compensation was
reflected light and >20dB signal suppression, where tested and eye diagrams were recorded using a
the flank is ca 20GHz wide. The FBG reflection peak Digital Communication Analyzer (HP83480A). The
was adjusted to reflect the lower (long wavelength) results are depicted in Fig. 3 (10Gbps baseband
subcarrier sideband which was, via the circulator, signal) and Fig. 4 (1Gbps subcarrier signal). The eyes
detected by a PIN diode to recover the 1Gbps data. for 1Gbps were measured with a 1.25Gbps low pass
The optical carrier together with the baseband filter.
modulation and the upper subcarrier sideband was We found that the noise in the 10Gbps eyes was
transmitted through the FBG and detected by another generated by the amplifier that was combined with
PIN diode. attenuators and used here as a broadband isolator.
The remaining short wavelength subcarrier sideband The 10Gbps eyes for 0km and 58km, where a 50Ohm
that is not removed by the FBG will affect the termination resistor instead of the amplifier was
10Gbps signal after intensity detection in two ways. connected to the 3dB coupler, were clearly open. Due
Firstly, it will give a spectral peak around the to single-sideband filtering in the receiver the
subcarrier frequency via mixing of the baseband and chromatic dispersion will not significantly affect the
subcarrier spectral components. In a 10Gbps system, subcarrier signal despite the high subcarrier
this peak will be filtered away by the receiver filter. frequency. The simultaneous detection of both
Secondly, it will via self-mixing of the subcarrier sidebands would cause fading problems depending on
signal give rise to crosstalk that contributes to the the length of the fiber.
noise level of the 10Gbps signal. However, by
keeping the power of the subcarrier signal more than
10dB lower than the power of the baseband signal,
this degradation of the baseband signal can be kept
small. In contrast the degradation of the subcarrier
signal due to the base band modulation is more
severe leading to a significant increase of the noise
level. This degradation is due to both crosstalk at
detection from the 10Gbps signal caused by

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Conclusion – We have proposed and demonstrated a

method to extend an existing 10Gbps fiber-optic link
to carry an additional signal for e.g. distribution of
cable TV on the same 100GHz WDM channel. The
extra signal is transmitted at a high frequency
subcarrier and optically filtered out in the receiver by
utilizing a fiber Bragg grating, a circulator and an
extra detector. No local oscillator is needed in the
receiver and the output of the detector can be directly
fed to e.g. a DVBT receiver. Successful transmission
Fig.3. Eye diagrams of received 10Gbps signal with over 58km of standard single mode fiber of a 10Gbps
electrical filter after transmission over 0km and 58km of signal extended with either a 1Gbps ASK signal or a
SSMF, on the left and right, respectively. The eyes on the DVBT signal on a 27GHz subcarrier show that the
top correspond to signals distorted by the subcarrier method is dispersion tolerant and does not severely
modulation, while in the bottom part of the figure the
affect the quality of the original 10Gbps baseband
subcarrier signal was off.
signal.
Acknowledgement - The work was carried out with
partial financial support of the European Commission
via: HECTO, ISIS, and IPHOBAC. The measurement
equipment was funded in part by the Knut&Alice
Wallenberg foundation, KAW.
References
[1] H.Ohtsuka, O.Kagami, S.Komaki, K. Kohiyama,
M.Kavehrad, “256-QAM Subcarrier
Fig.4. Eye diagrams of received 1Gbps signal with Transmission Using Coding and Optical
electrical filter after transmission over 0km and 58km of Intensity Modulation in Distribution Networks”
SSMF, on the left and right, respectively. The eyes at the IEEE Photonic Techn. Lett. ’91 vol 3, No 4.
top correspond to signal distorted by the baseband
[2] Z. Yu, A. Djupsjobacka, M. Popov, P-Y.
Fonjallaz, ”Direct Detection of Direct Optically
modulation, while in the bottom part of the figure the
Filtered Millimeter-Wave Signals”. IEEE
10Gbps signal was off.
Photonic Techn. Lett. ’07 vol.19, No4.
The 1Gbps signal was also replaced by a Digital- [3] P. Koonath,T. Indukuri, B. Jalalib “Add-drop
Video-Broadcast-Terrestrial signal. This is a 64QAM filters utilizing vertically coupled microdisk
signal covering the spectral range 0.4-0.9GHz. resonators in silicon” Applied Physics Lett.
Successful transmission of 10Gbps data and TV Feb.’05 86, 091102.
signal was realized.

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Quality of Service Control in a multi-access integrated network

based on Virtual Private LAN Service
1,* 1 1 1 1 2 2
L. Rea , A.Valenti , S. Pompei , L. Pulcini , M.Celidonio , D. Del Buono ,G.M. Tosi Beleffi
1 Fondazione Ugo Bordoni, Rome, Italy
2
Istituto Superiore delle Comunicazioni e Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Rome, Italy
*
Corresponding Author: Luca Rea: Phone +39 06 5480 2215, [email protected]
Abstract— In this work, we experimentally demonstrate how to achieve triple play services in Gigabit Ethernet (GbE)
networks with access based both on Passive Optical Networks (PONs) and 60 GHz IP-Based radio-link. To guarantee
QoS in these heterogeneous access conditions, the combination of the Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) forwarding
process in the metro-core network and of the VLAN tagging one in the Edge (Radio-PON) segment has been
implemented.

Introduction-The pervasive introduction of optical fibers In this paper, we experimentally show that, by means
in access networks is one of the fundamental of VPLS-VLAN tagging technique operating in wide area
requirements to deliver wide bandwidth services. Among GbE networks, including EPONs and 60 GHz IP-based
the different technologies available on the market, PON radio-link, we are able to set-up upstream/downstream
data streams that maintain bandwidth and QoS
permits to realize fiber access architectures that are
characteristics, also when traffic congestion occurs in
simple to be implemented and at low costs [1].
However, it has to be pointed out that it is not possible some network segment.
to bring the fiber infrastructure in all orographic areas, or
in places with a small number of potential end users. For
this reason, a novel IP-Based radio access has been
proposed and implemented with the goal to demonstrate
interoperability of different access techniques (Radio-
PON) guaranteeing a good end-to-end QoS.
Recently released spectrum at 60 and 80 GHz induced
ICT industries to develop a new generation of high speed
radio products. These equipments can reach data rates up
to gigabit-per-second and allow to realize cost effective
radio architectures, even if, the 60 GHz radio-link
described in this paper, can operate at a bit rate of 100
Mbit/s.
60GHz and 80GHz wireless links [2] have emerged as
considerable solutions to extend gigabit networks
between two or more sites or in the access network. This
Fig. 1. Experimental set-up representing a core (PEs) network with
solution offers a good trade-off between bandwidth FTTx access network based on EPON and 60GHz IP-Based radio-link.
availability and cost-efficiency opportunities.
In these heterogeneous scenarios including PON and Test-Bed- The Test-Bed shown in Fig. 1 is made up of a
wireless accesses, it is essential the introduction of core and access section [4]. The core part consists of four
techniques to control the QoS to assure Service Level routers, Juniper M10 with ZX GbE interfaces (1550 nm),
Agreements also in conditions of traffic congestions as that operate as PEs and are fully meshed using the fibers
well as the bandwidth bottleneck introduced by adopting deployed in the Roma-Pomezia-Roma cable (50 Km with
radio solution. round trip in Pomezia). The edge (metro) part is
Networks need procedures to guarantee End-to-End composed of three Cisco 3845 edge routers (that behave
QoS properties, from access to the core and, in Ethernet as CEs), connected with three Juniper routers by means
environment, the Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) of GbE fiber transmission. The access section is
[3] is a suitable technique since it provides multipoint composed by an EPON and a 60 GHz IP-Based radio-
Ethernet connections employing MPLS Label Switched link. The EPON (AN5116-03 ePON FiberHome) includes
Paths (LSPs), allowing to achieve excellent network
an Optical Line Termination (OLT) and eight Optical
performances in terms of traffic management and QoS.
VPLS is a Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (VPN) where Network Units (ONUs). The OLT and the ONUs are
the customers seem to belong to the same LAN, connected by means of a single mode fiber with the
regardless of their real geographic position. VPLS works downstream wavelength at 1490 nm and the upstream
on routing elements called Provider Edge (PE), and wavelength at 1310 nm.
VPLS procedures can be extended, by means of VLAN The access IP-Based radio-link is implemented by two
tagging technique, to routing elements (Customer Edge, radio station terminals spaced 260 m apart, even if they
CE) that do not support VPLS. Therefore, by means of can operate over longer distances.
VPLS-VLAN tagging we can define Class of Service The radio equipments used to perform the tests are the
(CoS) in End-to-End paths, crossing access and core model Sencity Link provided by Huber Suhner. This
networks [4].

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 European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

device is a receiver-transmitter terminal operating in the performance), the throughput does not show any
band 59.475-62.325 GHz, transmitting at 30 dBm EIRP, reduction. Conversely, without VPLS VLAN tagging the
using the FDD duplexing technique and QPSK services supported by 60 GHz IP-based radio-link would
modulation. be strongly degraded due to traffic congestion.
Measurements carried out on jitter and data losses
The directive antenna is integrated into an external
confirmed such aspects.
unit, it is characterized by a gain of 37 dBi and it is
powered by a PoE (Power over Ethernet). The latter
feature simplifies the manageability, both from an
installation point of view, since generally the sites where
the antennas are located (the roof of a building) are not
often equipped with power supply, as well as regards the
access to the web-based interface to configure the
transmission parameters.
Network measurements were carried out by using a
software network analyzer, NetIQ Chariot, that allows us
Fig. 3. Throughput of the 40 Mb/s flows at the Client 2 (downstream)
to evaluate some network parameters like throughput, with and without VPLS/VLAN tagging
jitter and data loss. However, here we only report, for
sake of brevity, throughput measurements. Also measurements of perceived quality were carried
To test the impact of the network congestion, a traffic out. In particular, we sent an MPEG2 High Definition
generator (Smartbits 6000) is included in the Test Bed for (HD) video streaming both with and without VPLS-
introducing a background traffic up to 1 Gb/s in the VLAN Tagging. As shown in Fig. 4, when the VPLS-
above mentioned test link. VLAN Tagging is applied, there are no degradations and
Results-The first step has been the characterization of 60 the video is received with a perfect quality. On the
GHz IP-based radio-link in a stand-alone configuration; contrary, when tagging is not included, the video is
60 GHz bandwidth availability is 100 Mbit/s, anyway we strongly degraded.
consider a reliable behavior for bit rate under 90 Mbit/s.
In Fig 2 is shown the throughput measured in presence of
rain.

Fig. 4. Screenshot from MPEG HD video with VPLS-VLAN Tagging

(left) and without VPLS-VLAN Tagging (right)
Conclusions-We believe that illustrated architecture,
based on VPLS–VLAN Tagging in wide area GbE
networks, allows different access networks to well satisfy
requirements of both users and operators in terms of QoS.
Such results suggest that, by means of such an approach,
very reliable paths can be defined, guaranteeing QoS and
bandwidth.
Fig. 2. Agreement between Throughput (Mb/s) and Rain Rate (mm/h)
Acknowledgment- The work described in this paper was
during 4 hours observation carried out with the support of the BONE-project
After the characterization, radio-link has been ("Building the Future Optical Network in Europe"), a
connected to the test bed to create a radio access area, as Network of Excellence funded by the European
shown in Fig 1. Commission through the 7th ICT-Framework
We set the VPLS-VLAN tagging, with a higher priority Programme.
Class of Service that we called Gold Class (as reported in References
[5]), among CE1, and the ONUs to the CE3 connected to [1] G. Kramer, B. Mukherjee, G. Pesavento, “Ethernet PON (ePON):
the radio-link, corresponding to a typical configuration for Design and Analysis of an Optical Access Network”, in Photonic
an operator that delivers services from a server to the Network Commun. vol. 3, pp. 307-319, July 2001
[2] Nan Guo, Robert C. Qiu, Shaomin S. Mo, Kazuaki Takahashi,
users. In this configuration, we considered the “60-GHzMillimeter-Wave Radio: Principle, Technology, and New
downstream scenario sending data flows from Server to Results”, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and
the user at the ONU1 output (Client 1) and to the user on Networking, September 2006
CE3 (Client 2). We observe the same behavior of both [3] G. Chiruvolu, A. Ge, D. Elle-Dit-Cosaque, M. Ali, J. Rouyer,
access EPON and 60GHz IP-Based radio-link, and for the “Issue and Approaches on Extending Ethernet beyond LANs” in
sake of brevity we report just Radio downstream results. IEEE Commun. Mag. Vol. 42, pp. 80-86, March 2004
[4] A. Valenti, S. Pompei, L. Rea, F. Matera, G.M. Tosi Beleffi, M.
The advantages of our method are illustrated by Fig. 3, Settembre, “Network Performance Investigation in a Wide Area
where we report the throughput at the Client 2 Gigabit Ethernet Test Bed adopting All Optical Wavelenght
(downstream) for 40 Mbit/s flows, both in the absence Conversion”, in Photonics Technol. Letters, Vol. 20, pp. 2144-
(default Class of Service, i.e. Best Effort) and in the 2146, December 2008
presence of VPLS-VLAN tagging, when the congestion [5] A. Valenti, S. Pompei, L. Rea, F. Matera, “Experimental
occurs. When the VPLS-VLAN tagging is applied (with a Investigation on Optical Gigabit Ethernet network reliability for
high-definition IPTV services”, in J. of Opt. Networking, Vol. 7,
Gold Class that allows to achieve the best QoS pp. 426-435, May 2008

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Photonic Millimeter-Wave System for Broadband Wireless

Access
M. Weiß1,*, A. Stöhr1, S. Fedderwitz1, V. Rymanov1, B. Charbonnier2 and D. Jäger1
1
Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZHO-Optoelektronik, Lotharstr. 55, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
2
France Telecom R&D, 2 Av. Pierre Marzin, 22300 Lannion, France
* Corresponding author: Phone: +49 203 379 4639, Fax: +49 203 379 2409, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – In this paper, a 60GHz photonic millimeter-wave point-to-point link system for broadband wireless
access is investigated supporting 10 Gb/s Ethernet data rates of up to 12.5 Gb/s. We have achieved error-free
transmission of 10.3125 Gb/s over 40m.

Introduction – The past few years have witnessed distance that the constructed 12.5 Gb/s photonic
the emergence of several new “bandwidth hungry” wireless system can accommodate.
applications such as high-definition TV (HDTV),
System Setup – The constructed broadband 60 GHz
peer-to-peer communication or video-over-IP. In
RoF test bed is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of 4 main
consequence, bandwidth requirements for access are
building blocks for photonic 60 GHz generation with
expected to rise, targeting 1 Gb/s per user in the near
a subsequent broadband data modulation unit, a
future even up to 10 Gb/s in a mid-term period which
photonic wireless 60 GHz transmitter and a wireless
requires corresponding fiber infrastructures like 10
receiver. Details on the constructed system are given
Gb Ethernet passive optical networks (10G EPON,
IEEE P802.3av). A similar development can be in [2],[3].
forecasted for wireless access allowing flexibility and P P P

portability. Even the introduction of 10 Gigabit fLO fLO

Ethernet (10 GbE) wireless standards is expected,

supporting the convergence of wired and wireless 0 f0
f
0 f0
f
0 f0
f

systems in the access, but available wireless systems

Photonic Carrier Generator Data Modulator
are currently operating in the Mb/s-range [1]. A
EDFA-1 PC-1 MZM-1 PC-2 MZM-2 EDFA-2 OBPF OA
solution to this bottleneck is seen in the development ECL
of wireless systems operating at much higher carrier
12.5 Gb/s Data
frequencies namely in the millimeter-wave (mm- fLO/2=30 GHz 31
2 -1 PRBS

wave) range where more bandwidth is available.

Especially around 60 GHz a bandwidth of about Wireless 60GHz Receiver

7 GHz is allocated for wireless communications LNA -2

PA-2
fLO=60 GHz
Photonic 60GHz Transmitter
PA-1
LNA-1
depending on country and region. Consequently, Error
Detector
PD

broadband wireless systems operating at around RF to Baseband

Mixer
60 GHz are currently being studied worldwide, and
potential applications may include broadband P P
ECL: external cavity laser
EDFA: er-doped fiber amplifier
wireless access for rural areas, disaster recovery for LNA:
MZM:
low noise amplifier
mach-zehnder modulator
metro access networks or wireless corporate access. OA:
OBPF:
optical attenuator
optical band pass filter
PA: power amplifier
PC: polarisation controller
f f
In this paper, we report on a very high speed point-to- 0 fLO/2 fLO 0 fLO/2 fLO PD: photodetector

point radio link operating in the 60 GHz frequency Fig. 1. Schematic of the developed 60 GHz RoF system
band for future mobile network backhauling or high
speed wireless LAN bridging. At first, we present the A key element of the system is the applied analogue
setup of the constructed 60 GHz wireless system modulation scheme, double sideband modulation
using optical on-off-keying (OOK). So far, 60 GHz with suppressed carrier (DSB-SC). The first Mach-
radio-over-fiber (RoF) systems were mainly Zehnder modulator (MZM-1) is biased to the
considered for short-range in-house applications due minimum transmission point (MITB) to suppress the
to the high atmospheric gaseous attenuation as well optical carrier and to solely generate the two optical
as the influence of chromatic dispersion to the fiber sidebands by applying a 30 GHz LO signal to the
range when the millimeter-wave is transported within modulators RF electrode. This scheme does not only
the fiber-optic domain. In this paper, we further study reduce the requirements for the LO source (i.e. 30
the maximum fiber length and the maximum wireless GHz instead of 60 GHz), but also improves the
tolerance to chromatic dispersion which is discussed

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

later in the paper. The second modulator (MZM-2) is wireless span have revealed no error-floor even for
conversely biased to the quadrature point (QP) to 12.5 Gb/s [2], we expect that error-free transmission
operate within the linear regime and thus to ensure an of 12.5 Gb/s is possible by simply using either a
undistorted data modulation. After fiber-optic slightly higher RF gain or antennas with a higher
transmission, the radio-over-fiber signal is detected at directivity.
the photodetector, amplified to about +11 dBm and
Fiber-optic range – Due to the absence of an optical
transmitted using a 20 dBi medium-gain antenna.
carrier (DSB-SC) for photonic mm-wave generation,
After wireless transmission, the signal is received by
the system is inherently tolerant to chromatic
an identical antenna and detected within a coherent
dispersion. Conversely in conventional DSB-systems,
receiver. By using a low noise amplifier (LNA-1) and
beating of the dispersion-induced and thus phase-
a low-loss custom design mixer, very high
shifted optical sidebands with the optical carrier
sensitivities are achieved thus reducing transmit
during o/e-conversion may results in destructive
power requirements.
interference significantly limiting the maximum
Experimental results – We have performed transmission distance [4],[5]. Fig. 3 shows a
medium-range out-door experiments over 20 m and simulation on fiber length inducing a 3 dB power
40 m wireless span for data rates of up to 10.3125 penalty versus data rate, for conventional DSB-
Gb/s and 12.5 Gb/s. This corresponds to the gross modulation requiring an LO frequency of 60 GHz
data rate for 64/66-coded and 8/10-coded 10 GbE. and for DSB-CS modulation with an LO frequency of
All measurements were carried out at the university 30 GHz.
campus, limiting the maximum wireless path length
to 40 m due to surrounding buildings. Transmitter
Fiber length inducing 3dB DIPP (km)

fLO = 30 GHz − DSB−CS

and receiver were placed at a height of 120 cm above
ground. The transmit power was controlled by an 1 fLO = 60 GHz − DSB
10
optical attenuator (OA) as shown in the system setup
in Fig. 1.
−4
20m − 10.3125Gb/s
20m − 12.5Gb/s
0
40m − 5.0Gb/s 10
−5 40m − 7.5Gb/s
40m − 10.3125Gb/s

−6
log(BER)

−7 −1
10
1.25 2.5 5 7.5 10.3125 12.5
−8
Data rate (Gb/s)
−9
Fig. 3. Fiber length inducing a power penalty of 3 dB due
−10
to chromatic dispersion versus data rate, for conventional
−11 DSB-modulation and for DSB-SC modulation.
−12
−60 −55
−50 −45 −40 −35 −30 −25 As can be seen, a 3 dB dispersion induced power
Received Power (dBm) penalty (DIPP) is achieved after some 100 m even for
Fig. 2. BER measurements after 20 m and 40 m wireless low data rates in the conventional case (DSB), e.g.
transmission applying data rates of up to 12.5 Gb/s. approx. 0.36 km at 12.5 Gb/s transmission speed. For
Fig. 2 consists BER measurements after 20 m and 40 the case of DSB-CS, fiber-optic transmission distance
m wireless transmission applying data rates of up to is extended to a range of 2.02 km (12.5 Gb/s) and
12.5 Gb/s. From the results, a sensitivity of -46 dBm 2.52 km (10.3125 Gb/s) which would be already
for error-free (BER<10-9) transmission of 10.3125 enough for access applications. Even higher fiber-
Gb/s is observed. The sensitivity after 40 m wireless optic spans can be achieved by applying optical
path length is slightly better than for 20 m which is single-sideband transmission which would however
attributed to reflections from buildings. The system require additional components and thus increased
even achieved 12.5 Gb/s wireless transmission over costs.
20 m, however as can be seen from Fig. 2, error-rates Wireless range – Based upon the experimental
were limited to about 5.10-7 in that case. This was results with wireless path lengths of 40 m, we further
because of a limit in the power link budget. As studied the potential for wireless range extension if
former performed indoor experiments over 2.5 m

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

50 dBi high-gain antennas (e.g. Cassegrain) are peaking of the loss figure around 60GHz. This
applied compared to 20 dBi within the experiments. strongly limits the application of higher level
Typically, the 60 GHz band is mainly considered for amplitude modulation (e.g. m-PAM) schemes if large
short-range in-house communication (i.e. for future bandwidths are consumed but is however acceptable
personal and local area networks) due to the high for on-off-keying based communication systems.
atmospheric gaseous attenuation especially compared Fig. 5 shows the received power versus wireless path
to alternatives within the E-band and the W-band. length if 50 dBi gain antennas are used. The
However it would be beneficial to use the 60 GHz corresponding receiver sensitivities for achieving a
band for broadband point-to-point applications in BER of 10-9 for data rates of 10.3125 Gb/s and 12.5
terms of interoperability (together with 60 GHz in- Gb/s are also indicated by the dashed lines. As can be
house communication systems) and costs, as 60 GHz seen from Fig. 5, the maximum wireless distances for
components are cheaper and more mature than their a 64/66-coded 10 GbE signal (BER=10-9) for link
counterparts operating within higher mm-wave availabilities of 99.999%, 99.99%, and 99% are 700
bands. m, 1100 m, and 1500 m, respectively.
The received power can be calculated by considering
the free space propagation loss L0, loss due to
Fair
atmospheric gaseous attenuation L1 as well as rain −5 99% Availability (rain 2mm/h)
attenuation L2 [2][5]: 99.99% Availability (rain 25mm/h)
99.999% Availability (rain 85mm/h)

Received Power (dBm)

Pr ,dBm Pt  Gt  Gr  L0  L1 ˜ d  L2 ˜ d (1) −15
where Pt is the transmitted power, Gt the transmitter
antenna gain and Gr the receiver antenna gain. Also, −25
to study the link availability with respect to weather
conditions, different rain attenuation figures based
−35
upon sample rain data from a middle European
country were considered. In detail, the rain BER 10e−9 / 12.5 Gb/s

attenuation figures L2 used later for a link availability −45

BER 10e−9 / 10.3125 Gb/s
of 99%, 99.99% and 99.999% are 1.3 dB/km (2
mm/h), 10.1 dB/km (25 mm/h) and 32.5 dB/km (85 −55
2 3 4
mm/h), respectively [7]. 10 10 10
Wireless path length (m)
180 Fig. 5. Maximum wireless path lengths under different
40m weather conditions.
170 100m
200m Conclusion – In this paper, we have presented a 60
Total path loss Lpath (dB)

160 500m
GHz RoF system operating up to 12.5 Gb/s which
1000m
150 fully supports the gross data rate for 64/66-coded and
140 8/10-coded 10GbE. We further studied the maximum
fiber length and the maximum wireless distance that
130 the constructed photonic wireless system can
120 accommodate.
110 Here, we have theoretically shown a fiber-optic range
exceeding 2 km even operating at 12.5 Gb/s
100 transmission speed and discussed the benefits of the
90 applied analogue modulation format for photonic
50
60 55 65 70 75 mm-wave generation. We further studied the
Frequency (GHz) potential of the system for medium-range
Fig. 4. Total path loss within the V-band comprising free transmission. While applying high-gain antennas, we
space path loss, gaseous attenuation and rain attenuation
(25 mm/h).
predict the wireless range to be within the km-range.

Fig. 4 shows the total path loss versus frequency Acknowledgement – This work was carried out
including free space path loss, gaseous attenuation within in the framework of the European integrated
and rain attenuation applying ITU models and ITU FP6 project IPHOBAC under grant no. 35317.
atmospheric standard conditions [8],[9]. As can be References
seen, the path loss up to 100 m is comparatively flat [1] www.ist-iphobac.org
over the whole V-band whereas for higher distances, [2] M. Weiß et al., “60-GHz Photonic Millimeter-
gaseous attenuation gets more severe inducing a Wave Link for Short- to Medium-Range

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

Wireless Transmission Up to 12.5 Gb/s,”

IEEE J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 26, no. 15, pp.
2424-2429, Aug. 2008, (invited)
[3] M. Weiß et al., “60GHz Radio-over-Fibre
Wireless System for Bridging 10Gb/s Ethernet
Links,” 34th European Conference on Optical
Communication, ECOC 2008, 2008
[4] J. M. Fuster et al., “Analysis of hybrid
modulation techniques in MZ-EOM-based
photonic mixers to overcome dispersion-
induced power penalty in up-converting
millimeter-wave fiber-optic links,” Microwave
and Optical Technology Letter, vol. 23, no. 2,
pp. 127 – 129, Sep. 1999
[5] J. M. Fuster et al., “Chromatic dispersion
effects in electro-optical upconverted
millimeter-wave fibre optic links,” Electronics
Letters, vol. 33, no.23, Nov. 1997
[6] C. Kopp, “TROPPO - A Tropospheric
Propagation Simulator,” Technical Report,
Monash University, Australia, 2004
[7] V. Kvicera, M. Grabner, “Rain attenuation at
58 GHz: prediction versus long-term trial
results”, EURASIP J. Wireless Comm., vol.
2007, no. 1, p. 46, Jan. 2007
[8] Recommendation ITU-R P838-3, International
Telecommunication Union, 2005
[9] Recommendation ITU-R P676-4, International
Telecommunication Union, 1999

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

60 GHz Wireless Signal Generation with 10 Gb/s 4QAM

Modulation using Photonic Vector Modulator
Rakesh Sambaraju
Valencia Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, 8F, Valencia, Spain
* Corresponding author: Phone: +34963879746, E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract – 10 Gb/s QPSK modulation based 60 GHz wireless signal was successfully generated using a photonic
vector modulator.

Introduction – The past two decades have seen an in three steps. First, the two DFB lasers are
exponential growth in the demand of capacity in the modulated by the I and Q baseband data streams. In
telecommunication networks, which is mainly this case, the lasers are also standard components for
accounted for the huge success of internet protocol digital baseband applications. Second, a millimeter-
and the high end multimedia applications like wave LO tone externally modulates the incoming
Youtube, VoD, HDTV, SDTV; etc. As the present optical carriers using a Mach-Zehnder modulator
core and metro networks are moving towards 40 Gb/s (MZM) biased at its minimum transmission point to
or even 100 Gb/s to quench the user bandwidth thirst, generate optical carrier suppression and generating
the access networks are moving towards 10 Gb/s with the second harmonic Finally, the quadrature
the latest technologies like 10G-EPON FTTx. condition (the 90º phase shift between the I and Q
Though FTTx can successfully reduce the existing components) is obtained by delaying the output of the
“access bottle neck”, there are several scenarios MZM of the Q arm using a tunable optical delay line.
where laying the fiber in the last few kilometer is The photo detected signal is QPSK modulated
very expensive. Such a case is the rural areas, where electrical carriers.
the fiber to the remote user is a challenge. Also Experimental Setup – In this section, the technique
geographically remote areas like mountains, across of photonic vector modulation for generating
the rivers; fiber deployment is a challenging task. To spectrally efficient modulation formats is described.
avoid these digital divides, wireless access of 10 Gb/s Using photonic vector modulation, millimeter wave
to the user is crucial. Various research efforts are wireless links with various advanced modulation
underway [1]-[3] to develop gigabit wireless links. formats like QPSK, 16-QAM can be generated, and
For implementing these broadband wireless links, up to 10 Gb/s 16-QAM modulated millimetre wave
photonics has proved to be a good solution [2]-[5], carrier generation is demonstrated [9]. In the
due to the various advantages of optical photonic vector modulator, two DFB lasers at
communications, like huge bandwidth or scalability. 1554.14 nm and 1558.17 nm wavelengths, with
Most of these photonic techniques [2], [3], [6] for modulation bandwidth of 4 GHz are directly
generating the signals required in the broadband modulated by two (I and Q) 5 Gb/s 27-1 PRBS data
wireless links were based on direct upconversion of streams respectively. Fig. 1 shows the schematic of
the baseband data to the RF frequency, which is an the experimental setup.
inefficient modulation technique in terms of electrical
bandwidth. Recently, a novel technique for the
generation of bandwidth efficient electrical
modulation schemes like m-ary quadrature amplitude
modulation (MQAM) called photonic vector
modulation technique has been proposed [7], [8].
Photonic vector modulation has proved to be a good
technique for generating multi gigabit per second
wireless links, and up to 10 Gb/s 16-QAM mm-wave
signal generation [9]. In this a 60 GHz wireless signal
Fig. 1.: Schematic of the experimental setup for 10 Gb/s
with 10 Gb/s capacity in a QPSK/4QAM modulation
60 GHz carrier generation.
is generated using photonic vector modulation, and
upto 40m, of air transmission is simulated using
The optical carriers with the I and Q data modulated
attenuators.
in an NRZ-OOK format with are individually
Working Principle – As shown in Fig. 1, the modulated by an electrical carrier of fLO/2=30 GHz
generation of a QPSK-modulated carrier is performed using two 45 GHz Mach-Zehnder modulators biased

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European workshop on photonic solutions for wireless, access, and in-house networks Duisburg, May 18-20, 2009

at minimum transmission point. The bias of MZM is Conclusions – wireless access of 10 Gb/s is crucial
chosen such that an optical carrier suppression in various accss scenarios to avoid the digital divide,
(OCS) modulation is generated, and harmonics and photonics prove as a good candidate. With the
separated at 60 GHz are generated. The Q-arm photonic vector modulator, spectral efficient
optical signal is now delayed by 1/4fLO which modulation formats can be generated, and a 10 Gb/s
corresponds to a 90 degrees phase shift between the QPSK 60 GHz carrier generation is demonstrated.
I and Q electrical carriers. The two optical signals The quality of the signal after 40 m is above the limit
are combined using a 3-dB coupler, and photo put by wireless standards.
detected using a 100 GHz photodetector with
responsivity of 0.5 A/W. The input power to the Acknowledgement - This work was carried out
photo detector was measured as -14 dBm. within in the framework of the European integrated
The photo detector output is a 10 Gb/s QPSK project IST-35317 IPHOBAC
modulated 60 GHz carrier. Based on the photo
detector input optical power and the responsivity, References
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The 10 Gb/s 4-QAM signal was amplified using a Kendall, O. Sevimli, L. Stokes, and D. A.
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The RF signal was later filtered using a bandpass communication system with improved spectral
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power amplifier (HPA) with a gain of 27 dBm was and Tech., 55, 2813-2820 (2007).
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effect of wireless transmission, 50 dB attenuation GHz wireless link using photonic techniques for
was added, which can be translated into a distance of generation, modulation, and emission of
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mixer. For demodulation of the QPSK signals, the Andrekson, and P. O. Hedekvist, “Fiber-optic 40
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time. The eye diagrams of the demodulated I and Q photonics,” J. Lightwave Technol., 24, 4628-
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[5] J. Capmany and D. Novak, “Microwave
photonics combines two worlds,” Nat. Photonics,
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[6] R. W. Ridgway and D. W. Nippa, “Generation
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Fig. 2.: The Inphase and Quadrature demodulated Generation of Electrical Vector Modulations at
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The baseband data were directly fed into a bit error [8] R. Sambaraju et al, “Generation of Multi-Gbps
ratio tester (BERT) to measure the BER of the MQAM/MPSK Modulated Mm-Wave Carriers
demodulated signals. BER of 4 x 10-8 and 8.7 x 10-8 Employing Photonic Vector Modulator
were measured for I and Q data respectively. The Techniques,” J. Lightwave Technol., 25, 3350-
BER shows a good quality of the 10 Gb/s QPSK 3357 (2007).
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further improved by increasing the optical power level quadrature amplitude modulated
input to the photo detector, and by using high gain millimeter-wave carrier generation using dual-
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