The Nature of Science, Technology, and society 3.

Science as a form of human cultural

activity
Lesson 1:1 Understanding Science, Technology - Refers to a distinctive form or kind of
and Society human cultural activity.
4. Science as a total societal enterprise
- Variety of knowledge, people, skills
Science and Technology: Definitions and organization, facilities, technics,
Assumptions physical resources, methods and
technologies that taken together and
Science and Technology- dynamic processes
relations with one another are devoted
engaged in by man to satisfy 2 basics needs:
to the study and understanding of the
1. Thirst for knowledge natural world.
2. Material requirements for human - Research and development involve the
survival and prosperity acquisition of new knowledge and the
utilization of such knowledge to devise
Science –the systematic study of the structure new or improved products and
and behaviour of the physical and natural world processes.
through observation and experiment.
Technology
- Description, understanding, and
prediction of physical phenomena - Use of scientific knowledge and or
through the use and generation of empirical knowhow for the production,
verifiable theories, laws, and principles. improvement, and distribution of goods
- Systematic organized knowledge and services, as well as the satisfaction
(oxford) of other material needs.
- The state of knowing (M. Webster) - More related to economic activity
- From latin word’ scientia’ knowledge. - Applied science
- Systematic theoretical inquiry - Practical application of
- Concerned with evidence and with knowledge(M.Webster)
theory - From Greek word ”technologia”
systematic treatment of an art.
Four meaning of Science - A body or reservoir of skills and
knowledge by which we control and
1. Science as knowledge
modify its systems, processes and
- Refers to organized, well founded body
development in the word.
of knowledge of natural phenomena
contributions to which have been made Four meaning of Technology
by thousands of men and women.
2. Science as field of systematic inquiry 1. Technology as technics - Refer to
into nature material products of human making or
- Refers to a particular filed of fabrication
systematics inquiry in which such 2. Technology as a Technology - Refers to
knowledge is sought. the complex of knowledge, methods,
 materials and if applicable constituent - Science and technology can either yield
part used in making a certain kind of a positive of negative result to human
technic. survival.
3. Technology as a form of human
cultural activity - Technology is a type
of endeavor to which certain people, Lesson 1.2 science and technology: A
technologies and mechanics as well as continuing process
professional engineers are
practitioners. Interrelationship and dynamics between
4. Technology as a total societal Science and Technology
enterprise - Is a complex of
Science and technology are not independent
knowledge ,people, skills,
variables:
organizations, facilities, technics
physical resources, methods and 1. Science cannot develop without the
technologies that are taken together required technology infrastructure
and in relationship to one another are needed for research and development.
devoted to the researched, 2. Technology cannot advanced without
development production, and operation continuing inputs from Science
of technics, 3. Science is not the only source of
- Output of technological activity are technology.
necessarily composed of both “software
and hardware” Science contributes to technology in at least
six ways:
Software- refers to methods, techniques,
organization, and management 1. New knowledge which serves as a direct
source of ideas for new technological
Hardware- tools, equipment, machine and possibilities;
materials. 2. Source of tools and techniques for more
efficient engineering design and a
Society
knowledge base for evaluation of
- Group of person joined together for a feasibility of designs;
common purposes or by human interest 3. Research instrumentation, laboratory
- Make use of science to come up with techniques and analytical methods used
better technology in order for its people in research that eventually find their
to live in accordance with their way into design or industrial practices,
necessities. often through intermediate disciplines;
- A voluntary association of individuals 4. Practice of research as a source for
for common ends. development and assimilation of new
- Human successes and failures revolve human skills and capabilities eventually
around military, economic, and medical useful for technology;
significance. 5. Creation of a knowledge base that
becomes increasingly important in the
 assessment of technology in terms of its Dayrit (1986) gave some observations in order
wider social and environmental for science to be pursued critically to contribute
impacts; to national development:
6. Knowledge base that enables more
efficient strategies of applied research, 1. The Philippine society must be
awakened to the value and role ot
development, and refinement of new
technologies. science in order to establish a scientific
environment and tradition.
Lesson 1.3 Philippine Science and Technology: 2. As observed by others, our science
Challenges and Initiatives remains disengaged from industry
3. In general, support by the government
The Philippines faces multiple global and local is sporadic and inadequate.
challenges which require science, technology a. And "inevident also are our fellow
and innovation. These include: citizens who patronize our
 The intensifying competition from intellectual products and
globalization and regional integration; brainware" (Vasquez, 2000)
 Natural disasters, environmental All areas must be seriously assessed,
degradation and climate change; implemented and evaluated because we are not
 And persistent poverty and increasing dealing with science alone, but with society as
inequality. well.
Can Philippine Science Evolve and Progress? Lesson 1.4 Scope and Limitations of Science,
Technology, and Society
“the Filipino has his own unique
technological potential that, when given  Modern technologies are rarely the
support and the right environment with the product of a single inventor's efforts.
corresponding atmosphere of freedom, he or  Manny technologies have taken
she can produce inventive ideas, products, and centuries to develop into their modern
processes in an exceptional manner on a part forms, thus, if is imprecise to give a
with international standards. date for their invention.
- fluorescent lamp, videoph.one, the  Surrounded by such fantastic
moon buggy. pontoon bridge, floating technological advances, the immense
power tiller, mighty mite, the sing along opportunities and equally colossal risks,
system, super lubricant is there no limit to the scope and
possibilities – both negative arid
Republic Act No. 7459, the Inventors and Invent positive- to science, technology, and
ions Incentive Act of the Philippine declares as a society.
national policy the giving of priority to scientific
inventions and its utilization on the country’s
productive system and national life
Lesson 2.3 History of Science 15 Century

SURVEY OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT  Some notable changes which radically

changed the course of the Western
World are as follows:
A. Greek & Romans Times o Invention and Typography
o Geographic Discoveries
Ancient Greek o Printing
 The progress of knowledge could be
- the first culture to undertake true scientific
registered as soon as it was
inquiry Greeks began to explain the universe &
standardized & transmitted to every
themselves in a deeper way
comer of the civilized world
- the earliest Greeks were settled along the  The discovery of painting was so
western coast of Asia Minor, in Sicily & South important that it is well to consider it
Italy, where the following have been fully the beginning of the new period, the so-
developed: called Renaissance.

 basic elements of mathematics Renaissance

 astronomy
 the recovery of the texts of the Greeks
 mechanics
classics, most of which had been Known
 physics
Latin translation of Arabic writings, was
 geography
well-known during the Renaissance
 medicine
period. This period is considered as the
continuation of the Middle Age.

The First Five Centuries, B.C Growth of Academics

- the golden age of the Greeks in Science  During the Renaissance, printing shops
coincided with their golden age in became numerous, & the number of
Literature & Arts which took place printed books increases
primarily in Athens,  Improved Communication of Scientific
- the fourth century was dominated by Knowledge
two greatest personalities in history o the rise of learned societies and
 Plato is the founder of the academics in various countries
Academy Of Athens o the publication of books that
 Aristotle is the founder of the are now considered as the main
Lyceum of Athens monuments of modern science
The Rejection of Traditional Paradigms Discoveries:

Copenicus - broke with the traditional belief 1. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - discovered
that the earth was at the center of the universe. X-ray 1895
2. Antoine Henry Becquerel - radioactivity
Paracelsus - rejected the older alchemical & in 1896
medical theories & founded iatrochemistry 3. Pierre & Marie Curie - radium in 1898
(medical chemistry) 4. Sigmund Freud - psychoanalysis in 1900
Andreas Vesalius - turned away the teaching of 5. Max Planck - discovered the theory of
Galen & through his anatomical studies helped quanta in 1901
found modern medicine & biology 6. Hugo de Vries - theory of mutations in
1901- 1903
Francis Bacon - who urged that the 7. Albert Einstein - special & general
experimental method plays a keys role in the theories of relativity in 1905- 1916
scientific theories. 8. Baron Rutherford - disintegration of
atom in 1919
Rene Descartes - who held that the universe is
a mechanical system that can be described in THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE
mathematical terms
Development of the History of Science
Christians Huygens - who also made
improvements in the telescope 1. Auguste Comte - the first man to
introduce history of science in a
Isaac Newton - used the findings of others to broader context & to increase its
develop a unified view of the forces of the circulation in his Course of Positive
universe. Newton's study of lenses & prisms laid Philosophy.
the foundation tor the modern study of optics. 2. Paul Tannery - the real inheritor of
Comte's thought & the first great
Newton & Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz -
teacher of the history of science. During
independently developed a new system of
his time, the history of science became
mathematics calculus
a full-pledged discipline.
William 1Harvey - began the modern
Methods of a Science Historian
Physiology
- Almost all science historians use the
Robert Hooke - pioneered the used or
same method, but as they must be
microscope to study he fine structures of plants
applied to scientific facts & theories,
Robert Boyle - introduced many new ways of the historians of science must receive
identifying the chemical composition or scientific preparation, as well as a
substances purely historical one.
Lessn 2.4 Well-Known Foreign and Filipino 11. Albet Einstein (1879-1955)
Scientists - greatest theoretical physicist of all time
- creator of the theory of relativity
ANCIENT SCIENTIST & THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS - quantum mechanics
WELL- KNOWN FOREIGN SCIENTIST 12. Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
- discovered the penicillin
1. Alfred Adler (1870-1937) - discovered lysozyme, an antibacterial
- founded Individual Psychology agent in tears and saliva
- developed psychotherapy 13. Benjamin Franklin (1706 1790)
- established the first child-guidance - organized the first library in America
clinic in Vienna (1921) - invented the lightning rod
2. Andre Marie Ampere (1723-1836) - first person to identify lightning as an
- noted for his important discoveries in electrical discharge
the field of magnetism and electricity 14. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
3. Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) - remembered for his work on free fall,
- father of the electric telephone his use of the and his employment of
- other invention: audiometer experimentation
4. Antoine Henri Becquerel ( 1852-1908) 15. Hipparchius (died approx. 125BC)
- discovered radioactivity in 1896 - invented Trigonometry
5. Louis Bleriot (1872-1936) - first cataloguer of stars
- one of France’s and the world’s greatest - invented longitude and magnitude,
aeronautical engineers and aviators linear division of a 360 degrees circle
- invented the monoplanes 16. Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
- first man to fly the English channel in an - first to solve the problem of wound
airplane infection after surgery
6. Louis Bruille (1809-1852)- 17. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1826-
- invented the Braille System 1910)
7. Marie Curie (1867-1934) - established the Periodic Table
- discovered radioactivity 18. Isaac Newton (l642-1727)
- discovered the elements radium anl - formulated the laws of universal
polonium gravitation
8. John Dulton (1766-1844) 19. I.ouis Pasteur (1822-1895)
- atomic theory - Founder of microbiology, known
9. Rudolf Diesel (l859-1913) primarily for his work on pasteurization
- diesel engine of food and on preventive vaccines
10. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) 20. Joseph T, Thompson (1856 1946)
- had planted 1,093 inventions which - discovered the electron and established
includes the motion-picture projector, the theory of electrical nature of matter
phonograph, electric-light bulb 21. Clyde Tombaugh (born: 1906)
incandescent, and hundreds of others - discovered Pluto
 22. Carl Zeiss (1816-1888) 6. Casimiro del Rosario
- most significant invention was the  co-founded the Bartol Research
apochromatic lens of the microscope Foundation in Philadelphysics
 his work on soft x-rays which required
WELL-KNOWN FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
high vacuum photography earned him
recognition
7. Pedro B. Escuro
1. Dr. Abelardo Aguilar  has made significant contributions to
 helped discover erythromycin rice breeding as plant breeder and a
2. Angel C. Alcala professor
 first scientist to develop a project to 8. Dr. Ramon Gustilo
create artificial coral reels  invented different hip replacement
3. Magdalena C. Cantoria systems for hip joints to ease the pain
 focusEd her research efforts on the of victims of accidents and victims of
morphology, physiology and chronic arthritis
biochemistry of drug plants  Prime Cemented Hip System, Exodus,
4. Ramon Ilejay Castillo Genesis
 founded Innovatronix, a fitting acrony 9. Carmen L. Intengan
m for a company aiming in "Innovative  contributed much to the advancement
Electronics. It has several innovative of nutrition in the country
consumer gadgets in the 10. Alfredo V. Lagmay
 has significant contributions to
Market today:
psychology
i. Power-on delay mechanism 11. Geminiano T. de Ocampo
ii. Lantern blinker  most notable ophthalmologist in the
iii. Portable lamp dimmer country
iv. Dancing light and three channel lamp  introduced corneal transplantation in
cluster the Philippines
5. Fe del Mundo  designed a corneal dissector
 help in the building of a hospital for  established the De Ocampo Eye
children, known today as the Jose Reyes Hospital in the country
Memorial Hospital 12. Eduardo A. Quisumbing
 made experiments on immunization  pioneer in the study of Philippine
and designated the age and time to give Medicinal Plants
immunization to children 13. Francisco Quisumbing
 invented the incubator and the jaundice  invented the Quink trademark ink, the
relieving device as her contribution to indelible ink which is a Parker
the world of Medical Technology commercial stamp
 helped in building the Children's
Medical Center in Banawe, Quezon City
 14. James Fos Ramon Lesson 3.1 Technology: Definitions, Concepts,
 invented the Aerodynamically Designed and Perspective
Gizelle Windmill, Jimbo Ventilation I Air
Technology (Jacques Ellul)
Conditioning Intake, Jimbo Ventilation
l1, and Rex Water Mill  refers to the knowledge about
15. Jose N. Rodriguez performance of certain tasks or
 one of the pioneers in the early fight activities he called techniques.
against leprosy worldwide  refers to standardized means for
16. Eduardo San Juan attaining a predetermined objective or
 designed the moon buggy result
17. Carmen C.Velasquez
 contribution to science includes 32 Charles R. Walker
species and a new genus of digenetic
 father of modern drugstore
rematodes from Philippines food fish,
 says that technology has 2 aspects:
two from birds and five from mammals;
inner and outer aspects
nine lite cycles of the family
18. Gregorio T. Velasquez
 made the first intensive study of the
local Myxophyceae or bluegreen algae
19. Gregorio Y. Zara
 invented the two-way television-
telephone, electric kinetic resistance
known as Zara's Effect, airplane engine
using alcohol fuel, and solar energy

The Nature of Technology

Rene Theophile Marie Hyacinthe Laennec

 inventor of the stethoscope

 originator of the anatomical clinical
method of diagnosing disease

Pneumonology - scientific study of respiratory

organs