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construction and demolition waste management with reference to case study of

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 TWENTY-EIGHT NATIONAL CONVENTION OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS AND NATONAL SEMINAR

ON
Role of Infrastructure for Sustainable Development

The Institution of Engineers (India)

Roorkee Local Centre

IIT Campus, Roorkee 247 667 (Uttarakhand)

October 12-14, 2012

Paper No. A-18

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF

PUNE.

Anagal Vaishali1, Nagarkar Geeta2, Atnurkar Kanchan2& Patel Anisha2

1. Associate Professor, Dr. BhanubenNanavati College of Architecture, Karve Nagar, Pune-16, [email protected]
2. Students, Dr. BhanubenNanavati College of Architecture, Karve Nagar, Pune-16, [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Construction by nature is not an eco-friendly activity. Currently, Construction sector in India is growing at the rate
of 10% per annum. The housing market will witness very good growth rates of up to 14% in 2012. Construction
accounts for nearly 65 per cent of the total investment in infrastructure and the trend is increasing. By 2013, 20
million square meter of office space will be completed in India. Half of the demand will come from the metro-cities
in India. With the increasing demand for built spaces and scarcity of land, a trend of redevelopment projects is up-
coming. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste management in India is subject of concern in the construction
market. C&D waste generation is about a one third of the total municipal solid waste generated in India.
Infrastructure sector (construction and repair of roads, bridges, flyovers etc.), real estate (especially redevelopment
and renovation work), demolitions of unauthorized structures etc. are sources of bulk generation of waste. With
increased urbanization and increased housing demands, there is a shortage of aggregates to the extent of 55,000
million cu.m in housing sector, where as the road sector requires an additional 750 million cu.m. of aggregates
according to Sadhan Ghosh. This emphasizes the need of C& D waste management in India. Construction and waste
management through reuse, recycle, deconstruction is being practiced abroad in countries like U.K., USA, France,
Denmark, Germany and Japan. According to a study commissioned by Technology Information, Forecasting and
Assessment Council (TIFAC), 70% of the construction industry is not aware of recycling techniques.
This paper examines the present practices of C & D waste in India with the special case of city of Pune. It also
elaborates possibilities and methodologies of recovery of waste materials and their application in new construction.
It also studies institutional, regulatory and legislative framework in India in the field of construction and demolition
waste management. It identifies loopholes in the framework and reasons of ineffective implementation. It also
discusses about the provisions in various building rating systems prevailing in India like TERI GRIHA and LEED
(India) with regard to C & D waste management. It studies provisions in NBC, BIS regarding recycled materials and
C & D waste. It identifies issues and challenges related to C & D waste management and also elaborates the role of
key stake holders. It discusses about the advantages of deconstruction over demolition. The paper emphasizes on the
strategies involving technological solutions, policies, administrative and legislative framework of solving the issue
and moving towards green C & D waste management.

Key words*- Construction and demolition waste management, Green waste management, IGBC, TERI-GRIHA,
construction sector in India, deconstruction, reuse, recycle, up-cycling, down-cycling, closed loop material cycles,
Pune, etc.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

With rapid economic growth after the development of SEZs and subsequent increase in urbanization in Pune,
environmental impacts from construction and demolition (C&D) waste are increasingly becoming a major issue in
urban solid waste management. Environmental issues such as increase in flood levels due to illegal dumping of C &
D waste into rivers, resource depletion, shortage of landfill and illegal dumping on hill slopes are evident in the city.

The scope of this study is limited to the construction industries in residential and non-residential buildings in city of
Pune. Bridges, roads and other urban infrastructures are excluded in this study.Compiled data and information of
this paper come from secondary sources such as various research papers related to the C & D waste, various reports
of surveys done by various agencies and institutions, information through case studies from international journals,
reports and proceedings of various waste management organizations and national authority websites on C&D waste
management in India. Field surveys and interviews with various stakeholders were undertaken by the authors to
ascertain the status of C&D wastemanagement in the city of Pune. The list of builders and Pune Municipal
Corporation (PMC) officials is given in references attached with this research paper. Diagnostic analysis of current
status of C&D waste management in terms of policies, laws and regulations, current management practices,
technologies and key stakeholder participation were conducted and analyzed.

1.1 OVERVIEW OF C & D WASTE IN INDIA

Asian institute of technology, Thailand had conducted a survey in various Asian countries and published a report on
reduce, reuse and recycle (3r) practices in construction and demolition waste management in Asia in May 2008. The
study included the countries like Bhutan, Japan, Hong Kong SAR, PR Chin, Thailand and others including India.
The study reveals the current status on C & D waste management in terms of Technologies relative to 3R and
Information base regarding C & D waste is poor in India, whereas reusing facilities and recycling facilities have
moderate existence and management practices, technologies, stakeholder‘s participation in C & D Management is
relatively low and the status of sorting/ segregation, storage and monitoring facilities is unknown.

Presently, C & D waste generation in India accounts upto 23.75 million tons annually and these figures are likely to
double fold upto 2016. C&D waste and specifically concrete has been seen as a resource in developed countries.
Sadhan Ghosh, president of the International Society of Waste Management, India reports that estimated waste
generation during construction is 40 to 60 Kg. per sq. m. Similarly, waste generation during renovation/ repair work
is estimated to be 40 to 50 kg/sq. m. The highest contribution to waste generation is due to demolition of buildings.
Demolition of Pucca and Semi-Pucca buildings, on an average generates 500 & 300 kg/ sq.m. of waste respectively.
In India nearly 50% of Construction & Demolition waste is being re-used and recycled, while the remainder is
mostly landfilled. At present, private contractors remove this waste to privately owned, low-lying land for a price, or
more commonly, dump it in an un-authorized manner along roads or other public land. The common practice for
large Construction and Demolition (C&D) projects to pile waste in the road, results into the traffic congestion.
Although, the responsibility of removing the waste is primarily of the builder or the owner, it is usually assigned to
the demolition contractor. Items, that cannot be re-used, are disposed off to landfill site. Disposal of C & D waste
into Municipal Solid Waste land filling site degrades the quality of bio-degradable waste for treatments such as
composting or energy recovery.
The cost of construction materials is increasing enormously. In India, the cost of cement during 1995 was Rs. 125/kg
and in 2012 the price increased to Rs. 330/bag. In case of bricks the price was Rs. 0.66 per brick in 1995 and the
present rate is Rs. 6 per brick in 2012. With the environmental hazards caused by excessive and illegal extraction of
river sand, the mining of river sand is banned since April 1, 2012. The raw materials used in construction are largely
non renewable natural resources hence meticulous use of these materials is essential. The demand for aggregates in
2007 has seen an increase by five percent, to over 21 billion tones, the largest being in developing countries like
China, India, etc.

To address the problem of waste management in the country the Ministry of Environment and forests, Government
of India constituted a committee to evolve a road map for the management of waste in India and to suggest a policy
and strategy for achieving the same. The scope of the committee was to examine the existing administrative and
regulatory mechanism in waste management. Working Groups appointed by this committee interacted with various
stakeholders to evolve a consensus on the strategy for waste management. The Committee has made number of
recommendations for C & D management.

1.2 PRESENT CONDITION AND ISSUES RELATED TO C & D WASTE IN PUNE

There are 44Sezs in and around Pune. With the development of Sezs since last decade Pune is experiencing boom in
construction sector. With the change in culture, change in lifestyles and technology, many redevelopment projects
are coming up in Pune. The C& D waste in Pune constitutes 40% of MSW in Pune. The environment status report of
the PMC recently admitted that illegal dumping of construction rubble in the riverbeds and hills continued in the
city. In many instances debris is dumped in the green belt of the river, affecting its natural flow.

Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) with support from United Nations Environment Programme –International
Environmental Technology Centre (UNEP-IETC), Osaka, Japan implemented a project to develop an Integrated
Solid Waste Management (ISWM) action plan for Pune in September 2007. On behalf of UNEP-IETC,
Environmental Management Centre (EMC) provided technical inputs. The ISWM action plan addresses the
problems of not only the household solid waste (garbage), but also other types such as hazardous waste, construction
and demolition (C&D) waste, biomedical waste and electronic waste (e-waste).
Moreover, the action plan proposes various innovative ideas and approaches in line with the current national and
international trends to ensure an efficient, cost-effective and sustainable solid waste management. These approaches
include, for instance: 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle); optimization of centralized and decentralized treatment
systems, life cycle thinking towards minimizing consumption, enhancing value from wastes through Public Private
Partnerships (PPP) and making right choice of technologies by factoring economic, environmental and social
considerations. A strong emphasis was given on public education and awareness of various key stakeholders and
technical capacity building of implementing agencies for the success of the ISWM action plan. However,
practically, hardly anything from this action plan is implemented till the date. Following figure gives projection
regarding C & D waste in Pune.
 800

700

600
C & D Waste (TPD)

500

400 Projected C & D Waste for

Pune
300

200

100

0
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Fig. 1- Projected C & D waste in Pune, Source- Action plan for ISWM developed by UNEP-IETC, EMC

According to DNA, Wednesday, Apr 18, 2012, dumping of construction debris at both sides of the Mula river
resulted into flash floods of 2010. On both the Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad side of the bridge, dumping of debris
has reduced the width of the river. Similarly, the debris causing the obstruction to the free flow of water has resulted
into reduction of width to its half and caused flash floods during the monsoon.The river is losing its flora and fauna,
the migratory birds are also disappearing because of the pollution of the river.
The issue of disposal of construction debris has been a burning one with PMC since last few years. Initially PMC
had plans to take the debris to the MSW land fill site of Urali Devachi. With the given the distance and the high cost
of transportation, builders and owners are not willing to dispose the debris to MSW landfill site. The consistent
protest of residents and environmental activist has compelled PMC to take action against builders and developers
practicing illegal dumping into the rivers. However, issue of illegal dumping of debris on hill slopes is still
continuing according to Pune Sakal, 15th August 2012. In monsoon, the residential colonies near hill slopes are
suffering from mud coming from hills due to washing of the debris. Though directives exist for disposal of waste to
landfill areas, presently penal action against violators is hardly taken.

Fig 2- Illegal dumping of C & D waste in open public Fig.3- Dumping of debris into river bed has resulted
lands in Pune, Source-DNA into reduction of river width of Ramnadi.
Source- Co-author, Ar. Kanchan Atnurkar
 Fig 4(Left)- Local newspaper cutting regarding issue
of C & D waste, Pune Sakal, 15th Aug, 2012.

Fig. 5 (Top)- Special Townships coming up in Pune

due to boom in IT sector and subsequent boom in
construction sector.
Source- Field survey by Author and Co-authors.

However, according to TNN Aug 16, 2012, the PMC will make provision for space for dumping of construction
debris in the city's new Development Plan. The new Development Plan (DP) for the city will have a comprehensive
policy for debris dumping as per the union urban development department (UDD) norms. The norms say that there
should be an institutional mechanism to take care of the collection, transportation, intermediate storage (if
necessary), utilization and disposal of construction and demolition waste. The UDD norms say that the civic
authority should notify that no person should dispose of construction or demolition waste on the streets, pavements,
storm water drains/open land owned by the municipality or the government.

Surveys conducted by author included redevelopment and new construction projects ranging from medium to large
scale projects. The area of redevelopment project varied from 5000 SFT to 25000 SFT. The age of the buildings
which are demolished in redevelopment projects rages from 25-40years. Percentage ratio of RCC framed building to
load bearing building was 60-40% and the waste generated includes concrete, bricks, cement plaster, gypsum boards
and iron. 30% of the materials like bricks and blocks are segregated and sold at the 30-50% of market rate after
removal of mortar. Mostly slum dwellers are the buyers for these reusable materials. Reinforcing steel is either
straightened onsite to increase the resale value and sold or sold as scrap. Rest of the material is used for re-filling on
the same site or transported to the other construction site of same builder. Presently private contractors are involved
in collection, transportation and disposal of C & D waste. These contractors either dispose C & D waste to the site of
same builder or they identify site of other builder where land filling is required. These private agencies will charge
Rs. 800-2000/one and half to two brass to both sender and receiver builder. The transportation charges vary
according the location of site weather it is within the municipal limits or outside the municipal limits.
Fig. 6- Segregation at source, reinforcing steel Fig. 7- Bricks cleaned off mortar and sold to slum
dwellers
Source of fig. 6 & 7- Field survey by author and co-authors

2.0 NECESSITY OF C & D WASTE MANAGEMENT

With the global concern of conservation of energy and natural resources, there is urgent need of implementing C &
D waste management strategies through technological and design solutions of adoptability, deconstruction, recycling
and reusing and effective formation of legislative, administrative and monitoring framework for implementation of
the same. Development of human resources for implementation of C & D waste management through awareness and
training is another important concern. R&D work towards exploring newer applications and maximizing use of
existing technologies for a sustainable C & D waste management is need of a time.

2.1 BENEFITS OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT

Effective recycling and reusing of waste building materials reduces the need for new materials, reduces materials to
be disposed in the MSW landfill, transportation cost of disposal and creates a cleaner and safer project site. It also
avoids mixing of C & D waste with bio-degradable waste and avoids nuisance of its potential for spoiling processing
of biodegradable as well as other recyclable waste. Most importantly, C & D waste management reduces
dependence on natural resources such as trees, oil, and minerals plus creates less pollution by reducing
manufacturing and transportation related emissions. Reduction of the energy and water required to produce building
materials from virgin materials contributes to reduced greenhouse gasses related to the manufacturing and
transportation of those materials. Thus, the environmental impact of the project can be reduced. Segregation of C &
D waste at source increases the efficiency of waste materials for reuse and recycle and increases salvage value of the
same.
Construction management techniques also help developer/owner to earn points towards qualifying for LEED
(India) and TERI GRIHA rating systems prevailing in India. It also helps the developer to promote and sale their
project in the market. Deconstruction and Segregation of waste are labor intensive activities. This will generate
employment opportunities in India.The manufacturing of recycled content materials further increases job
opportunities. Market of reusable materials, salvageable materials will cut down the project cost for developers on
one hand and on the other hand, it will give opportunities to poor section of the society to build their own houses by
purchasing these materials at discounted rate from resale markets.

3.0 COMPOSITION OF C & D WASTE AND POSSIBILITY OF RECOVERY

Different waste management options can be arranged in a hierarchy based on environmental benefit. Waste
reduction can be achieved by keeping building materials as long as possible in their own cycle. There are three
general ways to reuse the material in a building: reuse the structure (corresponding to renovation and design for
adaptability), reuse the elements (corresponding to disassembly and design for deconstruction) and recycle the
material (corresponding to reprocessing or recycling including up-cycling in which a material is reused for a more
valuable purpose such as fly ash in concrete aggregate and down-cycling in which a material cannot be converted
back to its original form and suffers an intrinsic loss of value such as broken masonry used as aggregate.)
The typical composition of Indian C & D waste is given in Fig. 6. Some materials have potential of reuse/salvage,
some of the materials can be recycled and some materials have recycled content in their manufacturing process
which can be preferred while designing a structure. Fig. 7 indicates the future potential of solid waste recycling and
utilization. At the start of a project, an evaluation can be done whether these materials can be salvaged, donated, or
sold locally. Reused items can have functional or aesthetic features of importance.
The list of reuse and salvage materials include appliances, bathroom fixtures, bricks, blocks, masonry stone,
structural steel, cabinets, carpeting, ceiling tiles, timber and timber based boards, door and window frames and
shutters, flooring tiles, stone tiles/platforms, insulation, landscaping materials, lighting fixtures, metal framing
including for partitions and ceiling, paneling, pipes, antique moldings, accessories and hardware of furniture, PVC
water tanks, roofing sheets used for garages, outdoor areas, fabric of tensile structures etc.
When opportunities for reuse or salvage are exhausted, recycling is the next level. Deconstruction and construction
waste materials that can be recycled include acoustical ceiling tiles, asphalt, asphalt shingles, carpets, concrete,
drywall, fluorescent lights, land clearing debris (vegetation, stumpage, dirt), metals and metal alloys, structural steel,
plastic film (sheeting, packaging), glass, wood etc.
While specifying building materials recycled content building materials can be specified which will encourage
recycling of building materials. The list of recycled content building materials include carpet, floor mats, flooring,
cellulose insulation, ceiling tile, ceramic/porcelain tile, concrete masonry units, countertop, ductwork, fences/posts,
fiberboard, fiberglass, insulation, pilings, roofing, structural steel, wallboard, asphalt, concrete, drainage or backfill
aggregate, parking stops.

Metals Bitumen Wood Others Soil, Sand

5% 2% 2% & Gravel
1%
Concrete 36%
23%

Brick & S/S Land Disposal

Masonar
y High Value Added Materials
31%
Paint, Binder & Plaster
Fig. 8- Typical composition of Indian C & D waste,
Source- Municipal Corporation of Delhi Aggregates

Fig. 9- Future potential of solid waste recycling and Concrete, Roofing Sheet
utilization, Source- Asokan Pappu, at el, Solid wastes
generation in India and their recycling potential in Bricks, Blocks & Tiles
building materials
Cement

Ceramic products, Extraction of metals Soil Conditioner

Particle Board, Panels, Composites, Wood Subsitute

products
Structural fill, Soil Stabilisation & Road Embankment work

The concept of closed loop material cycles (CLMC) as applied to buildings consists of extracting materials from
buildings at the end of their useful life and directly reintegrating or first reprocessing and then reintegrating them
into buildings or other products. The ideal option is to create an infinite cycle in which the processes involved must
not subject the material to significant loss of quality or mass within a limited period and without significant
pollution emissions. Building materials that satisfy the general requirements for CLMC include timber, which is
minimally processed, biodegradable, and part of a natural closed loop, and steel, which is homogeneous and can be
industrially reprocessed without losing significant quality or mass. Other materials can achieve a near-CLMC
condition with some drawbacks. For example, virgin material must sometimes be added to recycled material to
ensure proper quality, as in gypsum, which allows a maximum recycled content of 20%. Other materials lose mass
during the recycling process, as in aluminum oxidation. The worst materials for achieving a CLMC are composite
and compound materials, such as melamine and concrete, as well as components with adhesives or coatings. In all
cases, it is necessary to limit hazards associated with the recycling process, such as emissions of dioxins, heavy
metals, fluorides, and alkali fumes associated with steel recycling that are strictly regulated. .

3.1 POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS WASTE MATERIALS FOR REUSE AND RECYCLE

Special townships with a minimum area of 100 acres have been launched in Pune and Nagpur since 2008 as a sequel
to Maharashtra's new housing policy of 2007. According to the provisions in the act, 60% of the area to be purely
residential and out of the total floor area proposed to be utilized for residential development, 20% of the residential
area to be used for residential tenements of 40 sq m for economically weaker section. This gives estimate of
48,562.2 sq.m area to be built for economically weaker section for a100 Acre Township. In this case, role of
reusable and recyclable material become crucial in the view of keeping the cost of new construction low. When
considering a reusable and recyclable material, three major areas need to be taken into account are: economy,
compatibility with other materials and material properties.
Following are some of the C & D waste materials:
Bricks- If deconstructed properly, bricks can be reused after removal of mortar. Broken bricks can be used for
refilling or for manufacturing debris paver blocks or debris blocks.
Stone- Stone can be reused for plinth formation, masonry construction, landscape purpose, ledges, platforms,
window sills, coping etc. depending upon the form of available stones.
Concrete- The utilization of recycled aggregate is particularly very promising as 75 per cent of concrete is made of
aggregates. In that case, the aggregates considered are slag, power plant wastes, recycled concrete, mining and
quarrying wastes, waste glass, incinerator residue, red mud, burnt clay, sawdust, combustor ash and foundry sand.
The enormous quantities of demolished concrete can easily be recycled as aggregate and used in concrete. Research
& Development activities have been taken up all over the world for proving its feasibility, economic viability and
cost effectiveness.
Work on recycled concrete has been carried out at few places in India by CBRI and CRRI, but waste and quality of
raw material produced being site specific, tremendous inputs are necessary if recycled material has to be used in
construction for producing high grade concrete.
Timber- Whole timber arising from construction and demolition works can be utilized easily and directly for reused
in other construction projects after cleaning, de-nailing and sizing. In some cases, timber elements from
deconstructed building may have aesthetic and antique value.
Plywood and other timber based boards- Plywood and other timber based boards can be either reused for interior
works in new construction or it can be recycled for manufacturing of timber based boards.
Gypsum- In India, about 6 MT of waste gypsum such as phosphor-gypsum, fluro-gypsum etc., are being generated
annually. Plaster developed from this waste gypsum has showed improved engineering properties without any
harmful effect. Phosphor-gypsum and lime sludge can be recycled for manufacture of Portland cement, masonry
cement, sand lime bricks, partition walls, flooring tiles, blocks, gypsum plaster, fibrous gypsum boards, and super-
sulphate cement.
Metals & metal alloys- Ferrous Metals are the most profitable and recyclable material. In India more than 80%
scrap arising is recycled. Scrap steel is almost totally recycled and allowed repeated recycling. Structural steel can
be reused as well as 100% steel can be recycled to avoid wastage at construction site.
The main non ferrous metal collected from construction and demolition sites are aluminum, copper, lead and zinc .
In India aluminum usage is up to 95000 tonnes with about 70% recycled in 2004. Copper is recycled up to 119000
tonnes out of a national market of 262000 tonnes.
Debris- Construction debris can be recycled to manufacture paver blocks which can be used in light traffic areas and
masonry blocks. Other uses of processed debris include use in lean concrete for leveling purpose, as mortar for
masonry, as bedding mortar for pavement tiles and used for land filling.
Market rates processed debris products cost 32% less than new construction material and the strength of these
materials is comparable with new materials. Market potential on an average in Pune city estimates about 40 crores of
bricks in a year.
Composite materials- The plastic wastes are best for recycling if these materials are collected separately and
cleaned. Recycling is difficult if plastic wastes are mixed with other plastics or contaminants. Plastic may be
recycled and used in products specifically designed for the utilization of recycled plastic, such as street furniture,
roof and floor, PVC window noise barrier, cable ducting, panel. Japan practices adopted burning of waste plastic at
high temperature and turning them in to ultra fine particles, known as man-made soil.
The third largest consumer of composite materials is construction sector, automobile and aeronautics being first two
largest consumers. Composite materials like thermoplastics are not only using non-renewable resources, they are
non-biodegradable products. Thermoplastics (Polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC etc.) can be
recycled, but recycling involves high costs, whereas thermosets (Epoxy adhesives) are difficult to recycle. The lack
of adequate markets, high recycling cost, and lower quality of the recyclates are the major commercialization
barriers in recycling of composite materials. PVC-U sourced mostly from window and door fabricators is being
recycled into wiring accessories and cable management systems including skirting and trunking. Composite
materials can be down-cycled.

Fig. 10- recycling process of composite plastics, Source-http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/4750/1/Fulltext.pdf

3.2 BARRIERS IN THE USE OF RECYCLED MATERIALS IN INDIA

1. Unawareness about use of recycled materials.
2. Less confidence among users about quality of recycled materials
3. Unavailability of platform or market available for recycled materials.
4. No provisions for quality standards for recyclable materials in National Building Codes and Bureau of
Indian Standards.
Potential of use of these materials for high rise buildings and long span structures yet to be studied especially in case
of recycled concrete.

4.0 NEED OF EQUIPMENTS AND FACILITIES

According to the report published by Asian institute of technology, school of environment, resources and
development, Thailand, reusing facilities and recycling facilities in India have moderate existence, whereas the
status of sorting/ segregation, storage and monitoring facilities is unknown.
There are three types of recycling plants Viz. Mobile, Semi-Mobile and Stationary plant. In the Mobile plant, the
material is crushed and screened and ferrous impurities are separated through magnetic separation. The plant is
transported to the demolition site itself and is suited to process only non-contaminated concrete or masonry waste.
In the semi-mobile plant, removal of contaminants is carried out by hand and the end product is also screened.
Magnetic separation for removal of ferrous material is carried out. End product quality is better than that of a Mobile
unit. These plants are not capable to process a source of mixed demolition waste containing foreign matter like
metal, wood, plastic, hardbound etc. Stationary plants are equipped for carrying out crushing, screening as well as
purification to separate the contaminants. Issues necessary to be considered for erection of a Stationary plant are:
plant location, road infrastructure, availability of land space, provision of weigh-bridge, provision for storage area
etc. Different types of sorting devices and screens are used for separating contaminants from end-product and
grading the recycled product in various grain sizes. Vibrating screens, star screens or disc-separators are used for
removal of impurities.
A fixed recycling plant requires higher volumes of demolition waste to justify high investment in complex,
screening and separation systems, which are necessary to process mixed demolition waste. It has to be located in a
place, where large volume of waste is available and the market for recycled product is close by. Unless the market
for recycled aggregate is developed, economic viability of such a unit would be questionable.
Looking at the capital investments involved in equipments and facilities required for recycling the materials, R & D
shall be done on modifications of existing equipments like jaw crusher and impact crusher prevailing in India to suit
the requirements of recycling and processing of building materials.

5.0 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

The policy and legislative framework forms the backbone of any institutional and implementation system. At the
national level, there are numerous provisions in the Indian legislative structure to have a bearing on the State‘s
management of environmental resources.
Some international and local construction industries in Singapore have already adopted the structured approach for
improvement of the environmental performance of construction by ISO 14000 EMS. In Hong Kong, the local
industry has been promoting measures such as establishing waste management plans, reduction and recycling of
construction and demolition wastes, providing in-house training on environmental management, and legal measures
on environmental protection. Regulations and laws on C&D waste management fully exist and are effectively
administered in Singapore, Hong Kong SAR, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.

India has provisions for the protection and improvement of the environment in its constitution. The Department of
Environment and several enforcement agencies like Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) were already given
statutory authorities, by then. Environmental considerations have been integrated into making at all levels and the
National Environment Policy of 2006, which incorporates the concept of the 3Rs, is the latest attempt in this
direction. Major strategies and activities include (1) mandatory requirement of Environmental Statement
(Form V) (2) the Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection (CREP) ,through which
stakeholders commit to participatory action beyond mandatory levels, (3)a registration scheme in which recyclable
waste is channeled only to entities which can process it in an environmentally sound manner (4) promotion of
cleaner technologies and waste minimization circle concept and (5) Ecomark Scheme.
Out of the 16 products identified by Ecomark scheme, it includes architectural paints and powder coatings as only
products from building industry. Further, as per the research published by CUTS, Centre for International Trade, and
Economics& Environment, India in 2007, Ecomark scheme has been unsuccessful on account of several reasons.

The Solid Waste Management in India is covered under various regulations. It is covered through various national as
well as some state level regulations. Some guidelines are also prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB). Ministry of Environment and Forests notified the Municipal
Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, in 2000 which is applicable to every municipal authority and hold
it responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes
and as also to upgrade existing facilities to arrest contamination of soil and ground water. According to MSWM
rules 2000, it is the responsibility of generator, to avoid littering and ensuring delivery of waste. Specific regulations
for the recent waste streams such as Electronic waste (E-waste) and C &D waste have not yet been formulated.

Maharashtra has notified the ‗Maharashtra Non-Biodegradable Solid Waste (Proper Scientific Collection, Sorting
and Disposal in Areas of the Municipal Corporation) Rules, 2006‘ wherein reuse of this waste is included in the
action plan. The Action Plan prescribes separate collection and disposal of debris and bulk waste. Each city needs to
have its own mechanism for collection and disposal of this bulk waste and construction debris. It also provides the
prevention of the garbage into open drains, roads, wetlands, waste lands, water bodies and open places to public
view, and regulating the use of non-biodegradable material. State Government holds the powers to impose
restriction or prohibition on the use of certain non-biodegradable or any other material harmful to the environment.
Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai notified the ‗Construction, Demolition and De-silting waste
(Management and Disposal) Rules‘2006. These guidelines provide the framework that would govern the storage,
collection, transportation, management and disposal of waste generated from all types of construction and
demolition activities within the city of Mumbai. The guidelines also stipulate the processes and procedures to be
followed by various categories of generators for C&D Waste Management in Mumbai. In Pune, C & D waste is
considered as part of MSW only. Hence, provisions of MSWM rules 2000 are applicable to C & D waste in the city.

The state of Maharashtra has also enforced Maharashtra Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control) Act, 2006.
According to this act, it is the responsibility of responsibility of the Municipal Corporation to Set up Non-
biodegradable waste collection centers at various places depending upon the estimated quantum of waste and
population density carrying out segregation at these centers as also to providing enough space at these centers for
proper and category wise sorting of the waste. It stipulates the provision of appropriate arrangement to prevent
mixing of non-biodegradable and biodegradable waste at receptacles (minimum of two receptacles) and making
provisions to transport the waste without mixing and in such a way to avoid spillage of garbage on roads along with
the providing and operating a scientifically designed landfill which will be restricted to non-biodegradable inert
waste and other waste which is not suitable for recycling. It also sets the responsibility of scientifically analyzing
and categorizing the waste excavated/removed from sewers, nallahs and gutters to the municipal authority. The
responsibility of the Generator of waste includes making provision to place minimum of two receptacles for
collection of non-biodegradable and biodegradable waste generated in their premises and not throwing construction
waste in the drains, sewers, wetlands and waste lands and obtaining permission of the Municipal Corporation for
appropriate and scientific disposal of waste.
According to statement of Pune commissioner, the dumping of debris in rivers, nallas and natural streams will be
dealt with strictly and action would be taken against those responsible under sections 52 and 53 of the Maharashtra
Regional and Town Planning Act.

In this situation, the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, in 2000, ‗Maharashtra Non-
Biodegradable Solid Waste (Proper Scientific Collection, Sorting and Disposal in Areas of the Municipal
Corporation) Rules, 2006‘ and Maharashtra Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control) Act, 2006 are the 3 legislation
that can be applicable to C & D waste. Legislations well exist on paper, but there is hardly any or no enforcement of
the same.

5.1 CASE STUDY OF MUMBAI

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) came up with Debris Management Regulations, aim at taking care of
the 2,000 tons of construction debris produces every day. But the regulations failed to have the desired effect, owing
to the sluggish attitude of the Building Proposal department, which was in charge of the task. However, the
responsibility for implementing the regulations have now been passed on to the Environment Engineers, who will
not only monitor the new constructions, but also be in charge of collecting the debris management plan from
prospective builders and issuing no-objection certificates for their construction activity on the basis of the plan. With
the existing regulations, the builders and developers have to compulsorily submit a Debris Management Plan, giving
details like the amount of C&D waste likely to be generated during the construction activity, arrangements for its
proper storage on site, transportation of debris to a suitable disposable place etc. The plan will then be submitted to
the assistant engineers (Environment) of the Solid Waste Management Department, who will issue the required no-
objection certificate to the builder.

5.2 LOOPHOLES IN LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN PUNE

Interviews conducted by author with urban local bodies and other relevant stakeholders have raised some issues. The
reasons of ineffective implementation of MSWM Rules being inadequate finances, multiplicity of agencies for
operation and maintenance, inadequate training of personnel, lack of performance monitoring, inadequate emphasis
on preventive maintenance, lack of management and lack of equipments and facilities, unawareness about the
legislation related with C & D waste and its provisions and most importantly indifferent attitude of municipal
officials from all the concerned departments against the issue.
Neither of these legislations in India has any provisions regarding reduction of the C & D waste through planned
deconstruction nor the Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) and National Building Code (NBC) has any provisions
regarding quality standards of reuse, salvage, and recycled materials.
C &D is briefly included in the ‗‗Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000‘‘in Schedule II of
the rule for its separate collection. This brief mention does not appear to be sufficient in view of its growing
quantum and the way it affects the overall management of municipal solid waste. Greater details are required for (a)
Controlling the situation through reduction of waste at source and (b) management of C & D waste through planned
deconstruction, reuse and recycle in a comprehensive manner which is likely to have significantly positive impact on
the overall scenario of waste management and cleanliness while setting targets and timelines for achieving reduction
in generation of waste.

Sustainability of C&D waste management is the most crucial issue. Until the relevant standards are stipulated and
market is developed for C&D waste recycled products, financial sustainability cannot be achieved. Therefore it
would be necessary to evolve a system in which the generator of the C&D waste – whether small or large – pays for
appropriate disposal. The local authorities may have to share some of the cost, particularly for the small generators
from slum areas, whose affordability level may be low and is otherwise difficult to track. At a later date when the
use of recycled C&D waste is mandated through regulatory measures and market for processed C&D waste
developed, the pattern of cost sharing may be changed.

5.2 INSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

There should be a proper institutional mechanism to take care of the collection, transportation, intermediate storage
(if necessary), utilization and disposal of the construction and demolition waste. During the interaction with
municipal officials from various departments, it was revealed that the Sanitary Department, the Health Department,
Engineering or the Planning Department, solid waste management department are responsible for construction and
demolition waste in different situations. For example, if debris is disposed into river bed, irrigation department will
take action against the concern builder/owner and remove the debris from river bed. Under such circumstances, it is
extremely important that either the Solid Waste Management Department is made responsible for all the activities
related with C & D waste, since non-co-ordination among various departments being one of the major reasons for
ineffective infrastructure management in India. It is essential that proper accountability is fixed and official
information is readily available regarding day to day situation.
Private- public participation may resolve the issue regarding collection, transportation and disposal of C & D waste
effectively, since accountability, optimum use of resources, availability of funds and skilled personnel being the
assets of private sectors.

6.0 VARIOUS RATING SYSTEMS AND PROVISIONS OF C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT

The green rating system of Teri Griha offers total 3 points under criteria 22, 23 & 24, each point offering 1 point.
Criteria 22 prescribes reduction of waste during construction where it gives emphasis on deconstruction practices
and measures to be adopted during design stage itself including avoiding designs that require more material than
necessary e.g. over specification of the material quantities for beams or columns, that restrict use of reclaimed &
recycled materials, the specification & use of high embodied energy Materials and avoiding sizing of members &
components, which involve a lot of wastage from cuts.`
Griha, Criteria 23 prescribes efficient waste segregation by using different colored bins for collection of different
categories of waste from building. The objective of criteria 23 is to ensure maximum resource recovery & safe
disposal of wastes generated during construction & reduce the burden of land fill.
Griha, criteria 24 prescribes storage and disposal of wastes by allocating a separate place for the collected waste
before transferring it to the recycle/ disposal stations. The objective of criteria 24 is to prevent the mixing up of
segregated waste before processing or disposal.

The green rating system of LEED 2011 for India for new construction and major renovations under the criteria of
materials and resources offers maximum 10 credit points which includes provision of C& D waste management
through storage and collection of recyclables, reuse of building elements (walls, floors, roofs and envelop etc.) in
range of min. 55 to max. 95% (MR Credit 1.1), reuse of building by maintaining interior non-structural members at
least 50% of building area (MR Credit 1.2), recycle and/or salvage nonhazardous construction and demolition debris
in the range of 50 to 75% by developing construction management plan (MR Credit 2), reuse building materials and
products to reduce demand for virgin materials and reduce waste, thereby lessening impacts associated with the
extraction and processing of virgin resources in the range of 5 to 10% based on cost of materials (MR Credit 3),
incorporating recycled content (in the range of 10 to 20%) materials, thereby reducing impacts resulting from
extraction and processing of virgin materials (MR Credit 4).

7.0 KEY STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN C& D WASTE MANAGEMENT

The key players in the sector of C&D waste management policies are local authorities, developers/builders,
contractors, owners, NGOs, research institutes, academic institutes, professionals like architects and engineers etc.
According to the report published by Asian institute of technology on reduce, reuse and recycle (3r) practices in
construction and demolition waste management in Asia, participation of national and local authority is moderate,
participation of contractors and NGOs is relatively low whereas participation of clients, consultants and associations
is unknown. This study reveals that participation of academe is high. CRRI and CBRI have done R & D in the field
of recycling of building materials.

7.1 THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THESE KEY STAKEHOLDERS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

7.1.1RESPONSIBILITY OF MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES

1. Providing and developing infrastructure for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, recycling,
processing and disposal of C & D waste.
2. Complying with the MSW rules as per the implementation schedule laid down in legislation.
3. Proper co-ordination among various departments of authority.
4. Conducting Training programmes regarding C & D waste for the officials of concerned departments.
5. Generating awareness among all the stakeholders with the collaboration of print and electronic media.
6. Monitoring the performance of waste processing and disposal facilities
7. Improvement of existing land filling sites, if any.
8. Identification of landfill sites for future use

7.1.2 RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GENERATOR OF WASTE:

1. Avoidance of littering and ensuring delivery of wastes as stipulated by the municipal authority.
2. Complying with the MSW rules/ C & D waste rules.
3. Insisting on designs and technologies which will reduce the waste and reduce the use of materials in
construction.

7.1.3 RESPONSIBILITY THE STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (SPCB):

1. Monitoring the compliance of the standards regarding ground water, ambient air, leachate quality and the
compost quality including incineration standards as specified under Schedules II, III and IV4. The details of
application procedure, grant of authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal facility including
landfills are also given in the Rules.
2. Co-coordinating with CPCB and the Committees with particular reference to implementation and review of
standards and guidelines and compilation of monitoring data.
Most of compliance monitoring and enforcement is done by SPCBs. The few direct enforcement actions taken by
the CPCB are generally done by the zonal offices. All the waste management rules and regulations address specific
wastes separately and their enforcement is with the SPCB.

7.1.4 RESPONSIBILITY OF AN ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS AND SPECIFICATION WRITTERS

1. Designing for adaptability(less function specific), deconstruction and dismantling
2. Use of modular co-ordination with pre-fabricated components, use standard accepted technologies
3. Designing building for parallel disassembly rather than sequential disassembly (time saving, material
saving, labor cost saving)
4. Specify materials and assemblies that can be easily disassembled at the end of their useful life.
5. Choosing durable non-toxic interior finishes or materials.
6. Surveying the site before demolition or deconstruction.
7. Identifying salvage and reuse items, recyclable materials and hazardous materials for special handling.
8. Developing a Construction Waste Management Plan.
9. Preparing cost benefit analysis of reusable, salvage, recycled and use of recycle content materials
 10. Assessing the functional or aesthetic value of having reused material on-site
11. Reusing materials (on-site) or installing salvaged materials from off-site sources and using recycled content
materials.
12. Use of construction methods that prevent waste.
13. Planning for protecting, dismantling, handling, storing, and transporting items.
14. Discussing reuse ideas and the project timeline with the owner and the designer.
15. Discussing reuse ideas with building departments if there are structural applications.
16. Selecting a contractor with proven waste reduction experience.
17. Use of a Construction Waste Management Specification. A Construction Waste Management Specification
written with legally enforceable language is most effective tool to ensure waste reduction happens
successfully in a project.
18. Monitoring the waste reduction program. The architect and designer play an important role in assuring the
contractor‘s compliance with the waste reduction program by requiring and reviewing waste management
progress reports and invoices from recycling and garbage haulers and recycling facilities. Monitoring the
success of the program and potential barriers by including a discussion about the waste reduction program
during the project meetings.

7.1.5 FACILITY MANAGERS, PROPERTY OWNERS AND MANAGERS AND DEVELOPERS

1. Establishing requirements for waste reduction. Beginning with making waste reduction a priority from the
start of the project and planning for it throughout all phases of design, construction, installation, and
occupancy.
2. Setting goals for waste reduction for each project and preparing a team of qualified professionals
experienced in environmentally sound design and construction practices.
3. Identifying materials that can be salvaged and reused.
4. Monitoring and supporting the program. Monitoring the progress of waste reduction efforts by requiring
contractors to submit the waste management plan and waste management progress reports.
5. Training own or hiring a deconstruction crew.
6. Contacting a salvage company to come on-site to remove valuable materials.
7. Contacting a charity institute to arrange pick-up of salvaged items.
8. Conducting a ―yard sale‖ at edge of the job-site to sell salvaged items.
9. Allowing workers to remove salvageable items for their own use.
10. Planning for recyclable materials
11. Investigating removal and separation techniques.
12. Selecting material with high resale value.
13. Planning for collection procedures and allocate space on site.
14. Estimating the costs and savings.

8.0 CONCLUSIONS
In urban India, there has been a little executed in the field of C & D waste management though policy framework
exists. As discussed in the paper, all the stakeholders have their role to play in this regard for sustainable
development. With the increase demand of infrastructure and housing and subsequent growth in construction sector,
future challenges are enormous on the background of current construction practices. High rise buildings are coming
up with in situ concrete construction for framing and envelop which will come under redevelopment project after
30-40 years. With given a situation of scale of these projects and material inputs that it requires, there is huge
challenge to manage C & D waste in near future.
Presently, there are loopholes in current legislative and regulatory framework as discussed in the paper. While
strengthening these frameworks, it shall be clear that legislative and regulatory actions cannot alone resolve the
environmental issues. Following strategies are suggested for effective management of C & D waste:
1. Comprehensive legislation shall be formulated with mandatory provisions and strategies of waste reduction
and waste management plans.
2. Infrastructure shall be developed by local authorities such as recycling plants, location of land filling sites
and recycling plants shall be allocated in Development Plan. Exhausted stone quarries in Pune can be
reclaimed by designating them for land filling of C & D waste.
3. For building permissions, plans shall be assessed in terms of design for adaptability and deconstruction
(DFAD). A range of percentage of building footprint can be prescribed which follows DFAD principles.
Incentives on building permission fees shall be given on based on this percentage.
4. Proactive roles shall be geared in promoting manufacturing of reusable, recyclable and recycle content
building materials as well as manufacturing of equipments and machineries for recycled materials. With
positive strategies to promote Ecomark scheme, all the building materials can be included to be considered
for Ecomark labeling.
5. Fiscal incentives shall be given to the builders/developers, owners of building using reusable, recyclable
and recycled content materials and construction technologies.
6. Charges shall be levied on the disposal of C & D waste to the designated landfill sites based on amount of
waste generation.
7. BIS and NBC shall include provisions for quality standards of reusable, recyclable and recycled content
building materials and construction technologies.
8. MSW department shall be made accountable for all the activities related to C & D waste management to
reduce the confusion among various departments regarding accountability.
9. Awareness campaigns and training shall be conducted regarding C & D waste management for all the
stakeholders. Academic and Research institutes, NGOs, Government departments, print and electronic
media, Construction sector can contribute towards this aspect.
10. Legislative, regulatory and financial framework shall be worked out for Private-Public Participation.
Private sector has been effective in management sector on account of financial availability, availability of
expertise, effective R & D departments, availability of upgraded equipments and facilities, accountability,
optimum use of resources, economic viability etc.
11. A market shall be developed for reusable, salvage and recycled content materials through the development
of Waste Exchange Center (WEC) as an online platform for waste exchange. This platform will allow
qualified and selected members to access information regarding the generation of waste, its quantity,
location, quality and the organization. Through an interactive user-interface, the members will then be led
to the information on treatment processes, costs, recycling options and the organizations involved in the
transactions. This is a valid proposal of ISWM plan for Pune developed by Environment Management
Center for Pune Municipal Corporation.
12. Data shall be generated regarding generation of C & D waste, availability of materials according to
categorization of materials as reusable, recyclable and recycle content materials, their quality standards and
suggested application in future.
13. There shall be easy access to the information regarding C & D waste generation, legislative and regulatory
frame work and procedures to all the stakeholders and common public.
14. Awareness and promotion of Green Rating Systems shall be geared up since these rating systems include
credit points for C & D waste management.

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06.09.12

Field survey was undertaken for following construction sites:

Name of the Builder Location Of The Area Of the Age Of the Framing
Site Site demolished System Of
Structure. the Old
Structure
1. TejRaj Builders J.M. road, Pune 25,ooo Sq.ft 40 yrs. R.C.C

2. Amit Builders Sahakar Nagar, 15,590 Sq.ft 35 yrs. R.C.C

Pune
3. Antarkar & Joshi Karve Nagar, near 10,500 Sq.ft 37 yrs. R.C.C
Pegasus Health
Club, Pune
4. Taskar Builders Karve Nagar, 9300 Sq.ft 35 yrs. R.C.C
Behind Ranka
Jwellers, Pune
5. Rohan Builders Karve Nagar, opp. 7000 Sq.ft. 36 yrs. Load
To ashwamedh Bearing
hall, Pune
6. G.M.Kenjale Off Bhandarkar 10,000 Sq.ft. 40 yrs. Load
Road, near Kamla Bearing
Nehru Park, Pune
7. Bhargav Homes Narhe . 5000 Sq.ft. 30 yrs. Load
Ambegaon, Behind Bearing
Navale Hospital,
Pune
8. Antarkar & Joshi Kave Nagar, Pune 5500 Sq.ft. 32 yrs. R.C.C
9. Kudale Patil Sinhagad Road, 7500 Sq.ft. 25 yrs. R.C.C
Pune
10. Chavan Jagtap Sihagad Road, 5500 Sq.ft 35 yrs. Load
Pune Bearing
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