Internet of

Things (IoT)

Instructor: Fahad Majeed

 Terms & Definitions..
• Architecture: Structure and design of the
node/system components;

• Deployment: the physical placement of the

sensor/IT nodes;

• Deployment planning: depicting a rational

combination of different sensors positions, so
that the overall system can satisfy the application
requirements at the minimum cost possible; or
any other objective.
 Terms & Definitions..
• Observer: The end user/computer

• Phenomenon: The entity of interest to the

observer
 Terms & Definitions..
• Sensing:
– Is a technique used to gather information about a physical
object or process, including the occurrence of events (i.e.,
changes in state such as a drop in temperature or
pressure).
• Sensor:
– An object performing such a sensing task
– Converts energy of the physical worlds into electrical
signal.
– Sometimes named “Transducer” ➔ converts energy from
one form to another.
 Terms & Definitions..
• Transducer
– a device that converts a primary form of energy into a
corresponding signal with a different energy form
– Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic,
optical, chemical, etc.
– take form of a sensor or an actuator
 Terms & Definitions..
• Sensor (e.g., thermometer)
– a device that detects/measures a signal
– acquires information from the “real world”

• Actuator (e.g., heater)

– a device that generates a signal

sensor intelligent
real
feedback
world
actuator system

ECE 480, Prof. A. Mason

 Sensors
• A sensor is a device that receives a stimulus
and responds with an electrical signal.

• Stimulus is the quantity, property, or

condition that is received and converted into
an electrical signal
 Level control system.
• A sight tube and
operator’s eye
form a sensor, a
device which
converts
information into
an electrical
signal
 What is a Sensor
• A sensor may incorporate several transducers.

– S1, S2, and so on are various types of energy.

 Sensor Classification/Types
• Passive
• Doesn’t need any additional energy source
• Directly generate an electric signal in response to
an external stimuli
• E.g. Thermocouple(a sensor that measures temperature)
Piezoelectric sensor, Camera
• Active
• Require external power called excitation signal
• Sensor modify excitation signal to provide output
• E.g. thermistor, resistive strain gauge
Other Sensor classification Criteria
 Field of application
🞑 Automotive, energy, health and medicine, space, domestic appliance

 Detection mean used in the sensor

🞑 Biological, chemical, optical, electric, magnetic

 Conversion phenomena
🞑 Thermoelectric, photoelectric, Thermo optic

 Sensor material
🞑 Organic, Inorganic
 Sensor classification Criteria
• Types of Measured Phenomena

12
 Sensors..

• Sensors:

– in sensory systems,
– A sensory system consists of sensory neurons (including the sensory receptor cells), neural
pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception

– in smart sensors (sensor nodes)..

 Sensory Systems
• Data acquisition systems,

• Robots,

• Embedded systems,

• Communication systems,
https://www.microstrain.com/
14
 Technical challenges
• Energy efficiency/System Lifetime
• Latency
• Accuracy
• Fault tolerance
• Scalability
• Transport capacity/throughput
• Production costs
• Sensor network topology
• Transmission media
• Power supply
• Communication architecture
• Security
 Sensor Node’s Responsibilities
• Data Collection

• In-Network Analysis

• Data Fusion (process of integrating multiple data sources to produce useful

information)
• Decision Making

16
 Sensor Node

MICA2DOT
MICA2

https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-us.html
 Sensor Node Component/Architecture
Power Generator

Power Unit

Power Regulator

Sensor Units ADC Transceiver Unit Antenna

MCU

Positioning Unit Storage Unit Imagery Unit

Antenna
Mobility Unit

Primary Component

Secondary Component
 Design Factors

Environmental Application
Conditions Requirements

Sensor Node

19
 Design Factors

Application-based Design Factors

Application
Sensor Type Duration Sampling Rate Deployment
Type

Event-driven Active Long-term Frequent Random

Data-driven Passive Short-term Non-frequent Deterministic

20
 Design Factors
Environment-based
Design Factors

Node Design Communication

Primary
Wired Wireless
Components

Secondary
Path Loss
Components

Bandwidth

21
Sensors..

APPLICATIONS
Applications
 Applications
• General engineering
• Agriculture and enivronmental monitoring
• Civil engineering
• Military applications
• Health monitoring and surgery
 Applications
-general engineering-
• Automotive telematics (cars networked)
• Fingertip accelerometer virtual keybords
• Sensing and maintenance in industrial plants
• Aircraft drag reduction
• Smart office spaces
• Tracking of goods in retail stores
• Tracking of containers and boxes
• Social studies (human interaction and social
behavior)
• Commercial and residential security
 Applications
-agriculture and environmental monitoring-
• Precision agriculture (crop and livestock
management)
• Planetary exploration (inhospitable environments)
• Geophysical monitoring (seismic activity)
• Monitoring of freshwater quality
• Zebranet project
• Habitat monitoring
• Disaster detection (forest fires and floods)
• Contaminant transport
 Applications
-civil enginneering-

• Monitoring of structures
• Urban planing (groundwater paterns, percent
of CO2 cities are expelling,...)
• Disaster recovery (locating signs of life after
earthquake)
 Applications
-military applications-

• Asset monitoring and management

• Surveillance and battle-space monitoring
• Urban warfare (sensors in buildings,
movement of friend and foe, localizing
snipers,...)
• Protection (for sensitive objects)
• Self-healing minefields
 Applications
-health monitoring and surgery-

• Medical sensing (physiological data

transmitted to a computer or physician,
wireless sensing bandages worn of infection,
sensors in the blood stream which prevent
coagulation and thrombosis)
• Micro-surgery (swarm of MEMS-based robots)
Applications & implementations..

REAL PROJECTS..
 UNDERGROUND CONTAMINATION..

sensor SN
Internet

Alarm System

Underground
Contamination
flow
 OCEANIC STUDIES..
Satellite

~10 hours
Another
at surface End-User
10 hours
(Client)
at surface

To depth
of 8-10 days
collecting To depth
~1000m In the
data of
~2000m Ocean
 IRRIGATION..

sensor SN
Internet

Rice
Research Center

Water level
Measures water quality &
pressure and soil moisture

Pylon(any tower that gives support -

Steel)
ONTARIO FOREST MONITORING
 ONTARIO FOREST MONITORING

Relay Nodes Satellite

Sensor
Nodes
Internet
On-site Data Center

End-User
HIGHWAY SAFETY..
Decision
Making

Internet
Transceiver

Camera

Relay Node

Image Processing
+ Transceiver

CMS

Wednesday, October 12, 2016 M. Ibnkahla, Queen's University 37

 Sensors in communications
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Cloud Computing (CC)
• WSNs
• RSNs
• …
 IoT
To interconnecting objects…

39
 IoT
Interconnecting them will form the Internet
of Things, enabling

40
Cloud Computing (CC)

41
 WSNs
• Sensors
• Relay Nodes
• Access-point

42
Islands of WSNs for Numerous Applications
43
WSNs may operate in harsh environments
44
Engaging a number of standalone WSNs
45
 Concluding remarks..

• Terminology and definitions..

• Sensors classifications and

components..

• Applications..