Technical Engineering College Energy Department Course:: Fundamentals of Thermodynamics Class

Technical Engineering College
Energy Department
Course: Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Class: First year, 2nd semester 2021 - 2022
Name of Experiment:
Measuring Temperature By
Using Different Types of Thermometers.
Submitted by:
ABDULLAH EDRIS
Experiment No: 2
Date of experiment: 15/ 4/2022
Date of submission: 17/ 4/2022
EVALUATION
Activity During Experiment & Procedure
Data & Results
Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to the Questions
Neat and tidy report writing
Overall Mark
Name of evaluator
QUASTION 1: Define the thermometers and explain the objective
of the thermometers.
ANSWER: an instrument for measuring and indicating temperature, typically

one consisting of a narrow, hermetically sealed glass tube marked with
graduations and having at one end a bulb containing mercury or alcohol which
extends along the tube as it expands. A thermometer is an instrument that
measures temperature. It can measure the temperature of a solid such as food, a
liquid such as water, or a gas such as
QUASTION 2 : Define the liquid-in-glass thermometer.
ANSWER: A thermometer in which the thermally sensitive element is a liquid

contained in a graduated glass envelope; the indication of such a thermometer
depends upon the difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the
liquid and the glass; mercury and alcohol are liquids commonly used in
meteorological thermometers.
QUASTION 3 : Create a table and show in it the difference

between alcohol and mercury thermometers including some
properties, temperature ranges, advantages and disadvantages
2
ALCHOHOL THERMOMETER MERCURY THERMOMETER
PROPERTIES: PROPERTIES:
1-Since alcohol is colourless, it is dyed, 1-It is clearly visible with light silvery
which gives it a bright colour. colour.
2-It generally ethanol, toluene, kerosene or 2-The temperature range that it can measure
other liquid, depending on the manufacturers falls between -37 degree Celsius (low
and range of temperature required. freezing point) and 356 degree Celsius (high
boiling point).
3-The temperature range it can measure falls
between -112 degree Celsius (low freezing
temperature) and 78 degree Celsius (high
boiling point).
ADVANTAGES: ADVANTAGES:
1-It is suitable to measure low temperatures 1-It is a good conductor of heat and hence,
because of its freezing point is low. can measure even high temperatures.
2-It is less toxic than mercury thermometer 2-It gives results quickly – has a fast
and hence high on safety factor for human response time.
and environment.
3-It expands linearly and less than alcohol
3-It has a greater value of temperature and any other liquid.
coefficient of expansion than a mercury
thermometer. 4-It is more durable than alcohol
thermometer because mercury does not
4-It is less expensive than a mercury evaporate easily.
thermometer. It is smaller in size as compared to alcohol
one.
5-Mercury does not wet the wall of the

thermometer, which means that results can
be highly accurate.
DISADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
1-It is less durable because alcohol evaporates faster than 1-It is highly toxic for living beings and the environment
mercury. if the bulb breaks and mercury leaks out.
2-It cannot measure high temperature because of a low 2-Mercury is difficult to clean, and it can contaminate the
boiling point. surface on which it leaked.
3-It wets the walls of the thermometer, which can 3-It cannot measure cold temperatures.
adversely impact the accuracy of readings It has low thermal co-efficient.
QUASTION 4 : For expected temperature of -200 oC and 500 oC,
3
which thermometer is better to use?
ANSWER: Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers

These thermometers are used for temperature measurements from
-200 to 750 C. They are contact-type thermometers.
QUASTION 5 : Define the Bimetallic thermometer and explain its

work.
ANSWER : The working principle of bimetallic thermometer depends

on the two fundamental properties of the metal.
1-The metal has the property of thermal expansion, i.e., the metal
expand and contract concerning the temperature.
2-The temperature coefficient of all the metal is not same. The

expansion or contraction of metals is different at the same temperature.
QUASTION 6 : Where do you think it is appropriate to use Bimetal

thermometer?
ANSWER : A common type of thermometer, bimetallic stemmed

thermometers can check temperatures from 0°F to 220°F, making it a
great tool to check products throughout the flow of food process, from
receiving to periodic monitoring while serving in a hot or cold holding
unit
4
QUASTION 7 : Define thermocouple and explain its work
ANSWER :
What is a Thermocouple?
A thermocouple is defined as a thermal junction that functions based on

the phenomenon of the thermoelectric effect, i.e. the direct conversion
of temperature differences to an electric voltage. It is an electrical
device or sensor used to measure temperature.
A thermocouple can measure a wide range of temperatures. It is a

simple, robust, and cost-effective temperature sensor used in various
industrial applications, home, office, and commercial applications.
In 1821, German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck found that a

magnetic field is produced when two different metals are connected at
one end and create a temperature difference between two ends.
He observed that due to the magnetic field the voltage is induced by the
thermoelectric effect. However, this voltage is very small (in terms of
mV) and depends on the type of metal used in the thermocouple.
According to the applications, different designed configurations of

thermocouples include thermocouple probes, probes with connectors,
infrared thermocouples, base wire thermocouples, and just
thermocouple wire.
5
How does a Thermocouple Work?
A thermocouple consists of two plates of different metals. Both plates

are connected at one end and make a junction.
The junction is placed on the element or surface where we want to

measure the temperature. This junction is known as a hot junction. And
the second end of the plate is kept at a lower temperature (room
temperature). This junction is known as a cold junction or reference
junction.
According to the Seebeck effect, the temperature difference between the

two different metals induces the potential differences between two
points of the thermocouple plates.
If the circuit is closed, a very small amount of current will flow through
the circuit. A voltmeter is connected to the circuit. The voltage
measured by the voltmeter is a function of a temperature difference
between two junctions.
6
QUASTION 8 : Write some advantages and disadvantages of
thermocouple.
ANSWER :
Advantages:
1. Cheap to manufacture.
2. The simplicity, ruggedness, low cost, small size and wide
temperature range of thermocouples make them the most
common type of temperature sensor in industrial use.
3. Low heat capacities making it capable of measuring rapid
temperature changes.
Disadvantages:
Sensitivity reduces accuracy.

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Technical Engineering College

Class: First year, 2nd semester 2021 - 2022

Activity During Experiment & Procedure

Data & Results

Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to the Questions

Neat and tidy report writing

ANSWER: an instrument for measuring and indicating temperature, typically

QUASTION 2 : Define the liquid-in-glass thermometer.

ANSWER: A thermometer in which the thermally sensitive element is a liquid

QUASTION 3 : Create a table and show in it the difference

5-Mercury does not wet the wall of the

ANSWER: Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers

QUASTION 5 : Define the Bimetallic thermometer and explain its

ANSWER : The working principle of bimetallic thermometer depends

2-The temperature coefficient of all the metal is not same. The

QUASTION 6 : Where do you think it is appropriate to use Bimetal

ANSWER : A common type of thermometer, bimetallic stemmed

A thermocouple is defined as a thermal junction that functions based on

A thermocouple can measure a wide range of temperatures. It is a

In 1821, German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck found that a

According to the applications, different designed configurations of

A thermocouple consists of two plates of different metals. Both plates

The junction is placed on the element or surface where we want to

According to the Seebeck effect, the temperature difference between the

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