Grade

11
Self-Learning Module in STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Lesson: Percentiles and T-Distribution
Quarter: III Week: 7 Day and Time: See Class program
Learning competencies:
1. Illustrate the t-distribution (M11-12SP-IIIg2)
2. Identify the percentile using the t-table (M11-12SP-IIIg5)

Learning Tasks:
Study Notebook Worksheet
 Pre-test, p.1-2
 Post-test, p.6-7

PRE-TEST

I. Read the statements carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer on your study notebook
1. What is the other term for t-distribution?
A. Z-distribution C. Percentile distribution
B. Probability distribution D. Student’s t-distribution

2. This refers to the maximum number of logically independent values which varies
in the data sample.
A. Level of significance C. Degree of freedom
B. Percentiles D. Probability

3. This refers to the measure of position whose data is divided into 100 parts.
A. Percentiles B. Quartiles C. Deciles D. Median

4. What is the level of significance if the confidence interval is 90% ?

A. 0.05 B. 0.10 C. 0.005 D. 0.25

5. What will be the degree of freedom of the data with a sample size of 20?
A. 17 B. 18 C. 19 D. 20

For number 6 to 8, use the given data below to answer the following questions.
“There are 9 students who will be taking up the test, the researcher sets the level of
significance to 0.05. The following are the scores of nine students in the test:

23, 25, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 40, 45

6. What will be the t-value of the given problem?

A. 1.729 B. 1.456 C. 4.612 D. 1.551

7. Using the t-table, give the value of 25th percentile.

A. 25 B. 26 C. 27
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D. 28

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 8. What will be the t-value of 95th percentile?
A. 1.729 B. 1.456 C. 4.612 D. 1.551

9. What will be the degree of freedom with a t-value of 1 and a sample size of 2?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

10.Find the t-value of 2.5th percentile on the t-table with a degree of freedom of 6.
A. 2.570 B. 4.030 C. -2.570 D. -4.030

II. For numbers 11-15, complete the table below. Write your answer on your study
notebook.

Percentile n t
40th percentile 23 (11)
75th percentile 20 (12)
90th percentile 25 (13)
95th percentile 15 (14)
97.5th percentile 10 (15)

LESSON 1. PERCENTILE AND T-DISTRIBUTION

Percentiles have been discussed on your Grade 10 and their uses. These were also
discussed that percentiles are identifier of a student’s performance in comparison
to the performance of the whole class.

In this lesson, you will explore and understand the student’s t-distribution and
identify the percentiles using the t-tables.

Before we discuss percentiles and t-distribution, it is necessary to study first the

concept of percentiles. Let us have a recall about percentiles.

The t-distribution (also called Student’s t-distribution) is a family of distributions that

look almost identical to the normal distribution curve, only a bit shorter and stouter. The t-
distribution is used instead of the normal distribution when you have small samples. The larger
the sample size, the more the t distribution looks like the normal distribution. In fact, for sample
sizes larger than 20 (e.g. more degrees of freedom), the distribution is almost exactly like the
normal distribution.

The t-distribution is similar to a normal distribution. It has a precise mathematical

definition. Instead of diving into complex math, let’s look at the useful properties of the t-
distribution and why it is important in analysis of any set of statistical quantitative data.
 Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution has a smooth shape.
 Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution is symmetric. If you think about
folding it in half at the mean, each side will be the same.
 Like a standard normal distribution (or z-distribution), the t-distribution has a
mean of zero.
 The normal distribution assumes that the population standard deviation is known.
 The t-distribution does not make this assumption.

The t-distribution is defined by the degrees of freedom. These are related to the
sample size.
The t-distribution is most useful for small sample sizes, when the population
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standard deviation is not known, or both.

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 As the sample size increases, the t-distribution becomes more similar to a normal
distribution.
Using the t-table, shown on the next page we can be able to identify the t value of a certain
data.
Let us be familiar first with the following words:

1. Degree of freedom - This refers to the maximum number of logically

independent values which vary in the data sample.

2. Percentile – This is a measure of position with data divided into 100 parts.

Below is the t-table which you can use to find the t-value

right tailed area ( α )

0.40 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.0025 0.0010 0.0005
df/v1 0.325 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 127.321 318.309 636.619
2 0.289 0.816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.089 22.327 31.599
3 0.277 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.215 12.924
4 0.271 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610
5 0.267 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869
6 0.265 0.718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.263 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.262 0.706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.261 0.703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781
10 0.260 0.700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587
11 0.260 0.697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.259 0.695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.259 0.694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 0.258 0.692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140
15 0.258 0.691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073
16 0.258 0.690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.257 0.689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.257 0.688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.610 3.922
19 0.257 0.688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883
20 0.257 0.687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850
21 0.257 0.686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.256 0.686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.256 0.685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0.256 0.685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745
25 0.256 0.684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725
26 0.256 0.684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.256 0.684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.690
28 0.256 0.683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.256 0.683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.659
30 0.256 0.683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646
40 0.255 0.681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
60 0.254 0.679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
120 0.254 0.677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 2.860 3.160 3.373
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Illustrative example:

1. Identify the t-value whose number of samples n = 7 and has an area (α) equal to 0.05.
2. Find the t-value whose degree of freedom is 20 and has 𝛼 = 0.01.
3. Identify the t-value of the following percentiles given the number of samples.
a. 95th percentile , N= 30
b. 90th percentile, N=20

Solution:

1. To identify the t-value, identify first the degree of freedom using the formula df=n-1 where n is
the sample size.
df = n-1
df = 7-1
df = 6

Locate the t-value on the t-table using the degree of freedom and the area (α)

right tailed area ( α )

0.40 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.0025 0.0010 0.0005
df/v1 0.325 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 127.321 318.309 636.619
2 0.289 0.816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.089 22.327 31.599
3 0.277 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.215 12.924
4 0.271 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610
5 0.267 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869
6 0.265 0.718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.263 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408

Therefore, the t-value with sample size of 7 and has 𝛼 = 0.05 is 1.943.
2. Since the degree of freedom and 𝛼 are already given locate the t-value on
the t-table.

Therefore the t-value is 2.528.

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 3. a. The 95th percentile is the number where 95% of the values lie below it and 5% lie
above it, so you want the right-tail area to be 0.05. Move across the row, find the
column for 0.05, and then locate the t-value using n=30 or df = 29.

So therefore, the t-value of P95 with n= 30 is 1.699.

b. The 90th percentile is the number where 90% of the values lie below it and 10%
lie above it, so you want the right-tail area to be 0.01. Move across the row, find the
column for 0.05, and then locate the t-value using n=20 or df = 19.

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 Therefore, the t-value of 90th percentile with n= 20 is 1.328

POST-TEST

XI. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on your
notebook.
1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of t-distribution?
A. Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution has a smooth shape. B.
Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution is symmetric. If you
think about folding it in half at the mean, each side will be the same. C.
Like a standard normal distribution (or z-distribution), the t-
distribution has a mean of one.
D. The normal distribution assumes that the population standard deviation is
known. The t-distribution does not make this assumption.

2. This refers to the measure of position with data divided into 100 parts.
A. Percentiles B. Quartiles C. Deciles D. Median

3. This refers to the maximum number of logically independent values, which vary
in the data sample.
A. Level of significance C. Degree of freedom
B. Percentiles D. Probability

4. What is the right-tailed area if the confidence interval is 75% ?

A. 0.05 B. 0.10 C. 0.005 D. 0.25

5. What will be the degree of freedom of the data whose sample size is 18?
A. 17 B. 18 C. 19 D. 20

For number 6 to 8, use the given data below to answer the following questions. There are
9 students who will be taking up the test, the researcher sets the level of
significance to 0.05. The following are the scores of the nine students:

23, 25, from

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 6. What will be the t-value of the given problem?
A. 1.729 B. 1.456 C. 1.612 D. 1.551

7. What will be the value of 25th percentile?

A. 25 B. 26 C. 27 D. 28

8. Using the t-table, give the t-value of 95th percentile?

A. 1.729 B. 1.456 C. 1.612 D. 1.551

9. What will be the degree of freedom whose t-value is 0.689?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

10.Find the t-value of 2.5th percentile using the t-table with a degree of freedom of 6.
A. 2.570 B. 4.030 C. -2.570 D. -4.030

II. For numbers 11-15, fill out the table below.

Percentile n t
40th percentile 2
75th percentile 10
90th percentile 15
95th percentile 20
97.5th percentile 25

POST-TEST PRE-TEST
ANSWER KEY

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 ROSALES NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR DEPARTMENT
Don Antonio Village, Rosales, Pangasinan

WORKSHEET
Name: STATISTICS AND
Subject:
Grade/Section: PROBABILITY
Subj. Teacher: Week: 7

I. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Test/Activity Score
A. Pre-Test, p.1-2
B. Post Test, p.6-7

II. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

I. Complete the table below by identifying the degree of freedom, right-tailed

area and the t-value for each percentiles and the sample size.

Percentile n df Right tailed t

area

1. 60th percentile 2

2. 75th percentile 5

3. 25th percentile 15

4. 90th percentile 7

5. 95th percentile 20

II. Triple Matching Type: Match column A (the t-value) to Column b (the degree
of freedom) and then to column C (the percentile).

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