Automated teller machine

An automated teller machine (ATM) or cash machine (in British

English) is an electronic telecommunications device that enables
customers of financial institutions to perform financial transactions,
such as cash withdrawals, deposits, funds transfers, balance
inquiries or account information inquiries, at any time and without
the need for direct interaction with bank staff.

ATMs are known by a variety of names, including automatic teller

machine (ATM) in the United States[1][2][3] (sometimes
redundantly as "ATM machine"). In Canada, the term automated
banking machine (ABM) is also used,[4][5] although ATM is also
very commonly used in Canada, with many Canadian
organizations using ATM over ABM.[6][7][8] In British English, the
terms cashpoint, cash machine and hole in the wall are most widely
used.[9] Other terms include any time money, cashline, tyme
machine, cash dispenser, cash corner, bankomat, or bancomat.
ATMs that are not operated by a financial institution are known as
"white-label" ATMs.

Using an ATM, customers can access their bank deposit or credit

accounts in order to make a variety of financial transactions, most
notably cash withdrawals and balance checking, as well as An NCR Personas 75-Series interior,
transferring credit to and from mobile phones. ATMs can also be multi-function ATM in the United
used to withdraw cash in a foreign country. If the currency being States
withdrawn from the ATM is different from that in which the bank
account is denominated, the money will be converted at the
financial institution's exchange rate.[10] Customers are typically
identified by inserting a plastic ATM card (or some other acceptable
payment card) into the ATM, with authentication being by the
customer entering a personal identification number (PIN), which must
match the PIN stored in the chip on the card (if the card is so
equipped), or in the issuing financial institution's database.

According to the ATM Industry Association (ATMIA), as of 2015,

there were close to 3.5 million ATMs installed worldwide.[11][12]
However, the use of ATMs is gradually declining with the increase in
cashless payment systems.[13]
Otto., a Finnish ATM

Contents
History
Propagation
Docutel in the United States
Further advances
Location
Financial networks
Global use
Hardware
Software
Impact on labor
Security
Physical
Transactional secrecy and integrity
Customer identity integrity
Device operation integrity
Smaller indoor ATMs
Customer security dispense money inside
Jackpotting convenience stores and
Encryption other busy areas, such as
this off-premises Wincor
Uses Nixdorf mono-function ICA
Reliability ATM in Sweden.
Fraud
Card fraud
Related devices
See also
References
Further reading
Primary sources
External links

History
The idea of out-of-hours cash distribution developed from bankers'
needs in Japan, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.[14][15][16]

In 1960 Luther George Simjian invented an automated deposit

machine (accepting coins, cash and cheques) although it did not
have cash dispensing features.[17] His US patent was first filed on
30 June 1960 and granted on 26 February 1963.[18] The roll-out of
this machine, called Bankograph, was delayed by a couple of
years, due in part to Simjian's Reflectone Electronics Inc. being
acquired by Universal Match Corporation.[19] An experimental
Bankograph was installed in New York City in 1961 by the City
Bank of New York, but removed after six months due to the lack of
customer acceptance.[20]
An old Nixdorf ATM
In 1962 Adrian Ashfield invented the idea of a card system to
securely identify a user and control and monitor the dispensing of
goods or services. This was granted UK Patent 959,713 in June 1964 and assigned to Kins Developments
Limited.[21]

A Japanese device called the "Computer Loan Machine" supplied cash as a three-month loan at 5% p.a.
after inserting a credit card. The device was operational in 1966.[22][23] However, little is known about the
device.[14]

A cash machine was put into use by Barclays Bank in its Enfield Town
branch in North London, United Kingdom, on 27 June 1967.[24] This
machine was inaugurated by English comedy actor Reg Varney.[25] This
instance of the invention is credited to the engineering team led by John
Shepherd-Barron of printing firm De La Rue,[26] who was awarded an
OBE in the 2005 New Year Honours.[27][28] Transactions were initiated
by inserting paper cheques issued by a teller or cashier, marked with
carbon-14 for machine readability and security, which in a later model
were matched with a four-digit personal identification number
(PIN).[26][29] Shepherd-Barron stated "It struck me there must be a way I
could get my own money, anywhere in the world or the UK. I hit upon
the idea of a chocolate bar dispenser, but replacing chocolate with Actor Reg Varney using the
cash."[26] world's first cash machine in
Enfield Town, north London
The Barclays–De La Rue machine (called De La Rue Automatic Cash on 27 June 1967
System or DACS)[30] beat the Swedish saving banks' and a company
called Metior's machine (a device called Bankomat) by a mere nine days
and Westminster Bank's–Smith Industries–Chubb system (called Chubb MD2) by a month.[31] The online
version of the Swedish machine is listed to have been operational on 6 May 1968, while claiming to be the
first online ATM in the world, ahead of similar claims by IBM and Lloyds Bank in 1971,[32] and Oki in
1970.[33] The collaboration of a small start-up called Speytec and Midland Bank developed a fourth
machine which was marketed after 1969 in Europe and the US by the Burroughs Corporation. The patent
for this device (GB1329964) was filed in September 1969 (and granted in 1973) by John David Edwards,
Leonard Perkins, John Henry Donald, Peter Lee Chappell, Sean Benjamin Newcombe, and Malcom David
Roe.

Both the DACS and MD2 accepted only a single-use token or voucher which was retained by the machine,
while the Speytec worked with a card with a magnetic stripe at the back. They used principles including
Carbon-14 and low-coercivity magnetism in order to make fraud more difficult.

The idea of a PIN stored on the card was developed by a group of engineers working at Smiths Group on
the Chubb MD2 in 1965 and which has been credited to James Goodfellow[34] (patent GB1197183 filed
on 2 May 1966 with Anthony Davies). The essence of this system was that it enabled the verification of the
customer with the debited account without human intervention. This patent is also the earliest instance of a
complete "currency dispenser system" in the patent record. This patent was filed on 5 March 1968 in the
US (US 3543904) and granted on 1 December 1970. It had a profound influence on the industry as a
whole. Not only did future entrants into the cash dispenser market such as NCR Corporation and IBM
licence Goodfellow's PIN system, but a number of later patents reference this patent as "Prior Art
Device".[35]

Propagation

Devices designed by British (i.e. Chubb, De La Rue) and Swedish (i.e. Asea Meteor) quickly spread out.
For example, given its link with Barclays, Bank of Scotland deployed a DACS in 1968 under the
'Scotcash' (http://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/our-group/our-heritage/timeline/1951-1990/) brand.
 Customers were given personal code numbers to activate the
machines, similar to the modern PIN. They were also supplied with
£10 vouchers. These were fed into the machine, and the
corresponding amount debited from the customer's account.

A Chubb-made ATM appeared in Sydney in 1969. This was the

first ATM installed in Australia. The machine only dispensed $25 at
a time and the bank card itself would be mailed to the user after the
bank had processed the withdrawal.

Asea Metior's Bancomat

was the first ATM installed
in Spain on 9 January
1969, in central Madrid by
Banesto. This device
dispensed 1,000 peseta bills
(1 to 5 max). Each user had
Sberbank ATM in Tolyatti, Russia to introduce a security Play media
personal key using a 1969 ABC news report on the
combination of the ten introduction of ATMs in Sydney,
numeric buttons. [36] In March of the same year an ad with the Australia. People could only receive
instructions to use the Bancomat was published in the same AUS $25 at a time and the bank card
was sent back to the user at a later
newspaper.[37]
date. This was a Chubb machine.

Docutel in the United States

After looking firsthand at the experiences in Europe, in 1968 the ATM was pioneered in the U.S. by
Donald Wetzel, who was a department head at a company called Docutel.[28] Docutel was a subsidiary of
Recognition Equipment Inc of Dallas, Texas, which was producing optical scanning equipment and had
instructed Docutel to explore automated baggage handling and automated gasoline pumps.[38]

On 2 September 1969, Chemical Bank installed a prototype ATM in the U.S. at its branch in Rockville
Centre, New York. The first ATMs were designed to dispense a fixed amount of cash when a user inserted
a specially coded card.[39] A Chemical Bank advertisement boasted "On Sept. 2 our bank will open at 9:00
and never close again."[40] Chemical's ATM, initially known as a Docuteller was designed by Donald
Wetzel and his company Docutel. Chemical executives were initially hesitant about the electronic banking
transition given the high cost of the early machines. Additionally, executives were concerned that customers
would resist having machines handling their money.[41] In 1995, the Smithsonian National Museum of
American History recognised Docutel and Wetzel as the inventors of the networked ATM.[42] To show
confidence in Docutel, Chemical installed the first four production machines in a marketing test that proved
they worked reliably, customers would use them and even pay a fee for usage. Based on this, banks around
the country began to experiment with ATM installations.

By 1974, Docutel had acquired 70 percent of the U.S. market; but as a result of the early 1970s worldwide
recession and its reliance on a single product line, Docutel lost its independence and was forced to merge
with the U.S. subsidiary of Olivetti.

In 1973, Wetzel was granted U.S. Patent # 3,761,682 (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PT

O1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=
3761682.PN.&OS=PN/3761682&RS=PN/3761682); the application had been filed in October 1971.
However, the U.S. patent record cites at least three previous applications from Docutel, all relevant to the
development of the ATM and where Wetzel does not figure, namely US Patent # 3,662,343 (http://patft.usp
to.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2F
srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=3662343.PN.&OS=PN/3662343&RS=PN/3662343), U.S. Patent #
3651976 (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2
Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=3651976.PN.&OS=PN/3651976&RS=PN/36
51976) and U.S. Patent # 3,68,569 (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOF
F&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=368569.PN.&OS=P
N/368569&RS=PN/368569). These patents are all credited to Kenneth S. Goldstein, MR Karecki, TR
Barnes, GR Chastian and John D. White.

Further advances

In April 1971, Busicom began to manufacture ATMs based on the

first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004. Busicom
manufactured these microprocessor-based automated teller
machines for several buyers, with NCR Corporation as the main
customer.[43]

Mohamed Atalla invented the first hardware security module A Chase Bank ATM in 2008
(HSM), [44] dubbed the "Atalla Box", a security system which
encrypted PIN and ATM messages, and protected offline devices
with an un-guessable PIN-generating key.[45] In March 1972, Atalla filed U.S. Patent 3,938,091 (https://pat
ents.google.com/patent/US3938091) for his PIN verification system, which included an encoded card
reader and described a system that utilized encryption techniques to assure telephone link security while
entering personal ID information that was transmitted to a remote location for verification.[46]

He founded Atalla Corporation (now Utimaco Atalla) in 1972,[47] and commercially launched the "Atalla
Box" in 1973.[45] The product was released as the Identikey. It was a card reader and customer
identification system, providing a terminal with plastic card and PIN capabilities. The Identikey system
consisted of a card reader console, two customer PIN pads, intelligent controller and built-in electronic
interface package.[48] The device consisted of two keypads, one for the customer and one for the teller. It
allowed the customer to type in a secret code, which is transformed by the device, using a microprocessor,
into another code for the teller.[49] During a transaction, the customer's account number was read by the
card reader. This process replaced manual entry and avoided possible key stroke errors. It allowed users to
replace traditional customer verification methods such as signature verification and test questions with a
secure PIN system.[48] The success of the "Atalla Box" led to the wide adoption of hardware security
modules in ATMs.[50] Its PIN verification process was similar to the later IBM 3624.[51] Atalla's HSM
products protect 250  million card transactions every day as of 2013,[47] and secure the majority of the
world's ATM transactions as of 2014.[44]

The IBM 2984 was a modern ATM and came into use at Lloyds Bank, High Street, Brentwood, Essex, the
UK in December 1972. The IBM 2984 was designed at the request of Lloyds Bank. The 2984 Cash
Issuing Terminal was a true ATM, similar in function to today's machines and named by Lloyds Bank:
Cashpoint. Cashpoint is still a registered trademark of Lloyds Banking Group in the UK but is often used
as a generic trademark to refer to ATMs of all UK banks. All were online and issued a variable amount
which was immediately deducted from the account. A small number of 2984s were supplied to a U.S.
bank. A couple of well known historical models of ATMs include the Atalla Box,[45] IBM 3614, IBM
3624 and 473x series, Diebold 10xx and TABS 9000 series, NCR 1780 and earlier NCR 770 series.
The first switching system to enable shared automated teller machines between banks went into production
operation on 3 February 1979, in Denver, Colorado, in an effort by Colorado National Bank of Denver and
Kranzley and Company of Cherry Hill, New Jersey.[52]

In 2012, a new ATM at Royal Bank of Scotland allowed customers to withdraw cash up to £130 without a
card by inputting a six-digit code requested through their smartphones.[53]

Location
ATMs can be placed at any location but are most often placed near
or inside banks, shopping centers/malls, airports, railway stations,
metro stations, grocery stores, petrol/gas stations, restaurants, and
other locations. ATMs are also found on cruise ships and on some
US Navy ships, where sailors can draw out their pay.[55]

ATMs may be on- and off-premises. On-premises ATMs are

typically more advanced, multi-function machines that complement The world's highest ATM at the
a bank branch's capabilities, and are thus more expensive. Off- Khunjerab Pass in Gilgit Baltistan,
premises machines are deployed by financial institutions and Pakistan, which is located at the
independent sales organisations (ISOs) where there is a simple need height of 4,693 metres (15,397 ft)
for cash, so they are generally cheaper single-function devices. above sea level[54]

In the US, Canada and some Gulf countries, banks may have drive-
thru lanes providing access to ATMs using an automobile.

In recent times, countries like India and some countries in Africa are installing solar-powered ATMs in rural
areas.[56]

The world's highest ATM is located at the Khunjerab Pass in Pakistan. Installed at an elevation of 4,693
metres (15,397 ft) by the National Bank of Pakistan, it is designed to work in temperatures as low as -40-
degree Celsius.[57]

Financial networks
Most ATMs are connected to interbank networks, enabling people
to withdraw and deposit money from machines not belonging to the
bank where they have their accounts or in the countries where their
accounts are held (enabling cash withdrawals in local currency).
Some examples of interbank networks include NYCE, PULSE,
PLUS, Cirrus, AFFN, Interac,[58] Interswitch, STAR, LINK,
MegaLink, and BancNet.

ATMs rely on the authorization of a financial transaction by the

An ATM in the Netherlands. The card issuer or other authorizing institution on a communications
logos of a number of interbank network. This is often performed through an ISO 8583 messaging
networks to which it is connected are system.
shown. PIN card logo are not placed,
although this system was in use here Many banks charge ATM usage fees. In some cases, these fees are
at the time. charged solely to users who are not customers of the bank that
operates the ATM; in other cases, they apply to all users.
In order to allow a more diverse range of devices to attach to their networks, some interbank networks have
passed rules expanding the definition of an ATM to be a terminal that either has the vault within its footprint
or utilises the vault or cash drawer within the merchant establishment, which allows for the use of a scrip
cash dispenser.

ATMs typically connect directly to their host or ATM Controller on either

ADSL or dial-up modem over a telephone line or directly on a leased line.
Leased lines are preferable to plain old telephone service (POTS) lines
because they require less time to establish a connection. Less-trafficked
machines will usually rely on a dial-up modem on a POTS line rather than
using a leased line, since a leased line may be comparatively more
expensive to operate compared to a POTS line. That dilemma may be
solved as high-speed Internet VPN connections become more ubiquitous.
Common lower-level layer communication protocols used by ATMs to
communicate back to the bank include SNA over SDLC, TC500 over
Async, X.25, and TCP/IP over Ethernet.

In addition to methods employed for transaction security and secrecy, all

A Diebold 1063ix with a dial-
communications traffic between the ATM and the Transaction Processor
up modem visible at the
may also be encrypted using methods such as SSL.[59] 2021
base

Global use
There are no hard
international or
government-compiled
numbers totaling the
complete number of ATMs
in use worldwide.
Estimates developed by
ATMIA place the number
of ATMs currently in use at HSBC Express Banking ATM in,
Number of automated teller
3 million units, or Shatin, Hong Kong
machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults
(2017) approximately 1 ATM per
3,000 people in the
world.[60][61]

To simplify the analysis of ATM usage around the world, financial

institutions generally divide the world into seven regions, based on
the penetration rates, usage statistics, and features deployed. Four
regions (USA, Canada, Europe, and Japan) have high numbers of
ATMs per million people.[62][63] Despite the large number of Assortment of ATMs in Siam
ATMs, there is additional demand for machines in the Asia/Pacific Paragon shopping centre, Bangkok,
area as well as in Latin America.[64][65] Macau may have the Thailand
highest density of ATMs at 254 ATMs per 100,000 adults.[66]
ATMs have yet to reach high numbers in the Near East and
Africa.[67]

Hardware
An ATM is typically made up of the following devices:
 CPU (to control the user interface and transaction devices)
Magnetic or chip card reader (to identify the customer)
a PIN pad for accepting and encrypting personal identification
number EPP4 (similar in layout to a touch tone or calculator
keypad), manufactured as part of a secure enclosure
Secure cryptoprocessor, generally within a secure enclosure
Display (used by the customer for performing the transaction)
Function key buttons (usually close to the display) or a
touchscreen (used to select the various aspects of the
transaction)
Record printer (to provide the customer with a record of the
transaction)
Vault (to store the parts of the machinery requiring restricted
access)
A block diagram of an ATM
Housing (for aesthetics and to attach signage to)
Sensors and indicators

Due to heavier computing demands and the falling price of personal computer–like architectures, ATMs
have moved away from custom hardware architectures using microcontrollers or application-specific
integrated circuits and have adopted the hardware architecture of a personal computer, such as USB
connections for peripherals, Ethernet and IP communications, and use personal computer operating
systems.

Business owners often lease ATMs from service providers. However, based on the economies of scale, the
price of equipment has dropped to the point where many business owners are simply paying for ATMs
using a credit card.

New ADA voice and text-to-speech guidelines imposed in 2010, but required by March 2012[68] have
forced many ATM owners to either upgrade non-compliant machines or dispose them if they are not
upgradable, and purchase new compliant equipment. This has created an avenue for hackers and thieves to
obtain ATM hardware at junkyards from improperly disposed decommissioned machines.[69]

The vault of an ATM is within the footprint of the device itself and is where
items of value are kept. Scrip cash dispensers do not incorporate a vault.

Mechanisms found inside the vault may include:

Dispensing mechanism (to provide cash or other items of value)

Deposit mechanism including a cheque processing module and
bulk note acceptor (to allow the customer to make deposits)
Security sensors (magnetic, thermal, seismic, gas)
Locks (to control access to the contents of the vault)
Journaling systems; many are electronic (a sealed flash
memory device based on in-house standards) or a solid-state
device (an actual printer) which accrues all records of activity Two Loomis employees
including access timestamps, number of notes dispensed, etc. refilling an ATM at the
This is considered sensitive data and is secured in similar
Downtown Seattle REI
fashion to the cash as it is a similar liability.
ATM vaults are supplied by manufacturers in several grades. Factors influencing vault grade selection
include cost, weight, regulatory requirements, ATM type, operator risk avoidance practices and internal
volume requirements.[70] Industry standard vault configurations include Underwriters Laboratories UL-291
"Business Hours" and Level 1 Safes,[71] RAL TL-30 derivatives,[72] and CEN EN 1143-1 - CEN III and
CEN IV.[73][74]

ATM manufacturers recommend that a vault be attached to the floor to prevent theft,[75] though there is a
record of a theft conducted by tunnelling into an ATM floor.[76]

Software
With the migration to commodity Personal Computer hardware,
standard commercial "off-the-shelf" operating systems and
programming environments can be used inside of ATMs. Typical
platforms previously used in ATM development include RMX or
OS/2.

Today, the vast majority of

ATMs worldwide use
Microsoft Windows. In
early 2014, 95% of ATMs Although Microsoft discontinued
were running Windows support for the operating system in
XP.[77] A small number of 2014, a significant number of ATMs
deployments may still be as of 2020 still use versions of
running older versions of Windows XP, as seen with this
the Windows OS, such as machine at a branch of Tesco
Express in Slough, Berkshire.
A Wincor Nixdorf ATM running Windows NT, Windows
Windows 2000 (system screen CE, or Windows 2000,
removed due to copyright even though Microsoft still
infringement) supports only Windows 8.1,Windows 10 and Windows 11.

There is a computer industry security view that general public

desktop operating systems(os) have greater risks as operating systems for cash dispensing machines than
other types of operating systems like (secure) real-time operating systems (RTOS). RISKS Digest has many
articles about ATM operating system vulnerabilities.[78]

Linux is also finding some reception in the ATM marketplace. An example of this is Banrisul, the largest
bank in the south of Brazil, which has replaced the MS-DOS operating systems in its ATMs with Linux.
Banco do Brasil is also migrating ATMs to Linux. Indian-based Vortex Engineering is manufacturing
ATMs that operate only with Linux.
Common application layer transaction protocols, such as Diebold 91x
(911 or 912) and NCR NDC or NDC+ provide emulation of older generations of hardware on newer
platforms with incremental extensions made over time to address new capabilities, although companies like
NCR continuously improve these protocols issuing newer versions (e.g. NCR's AANDC v3.x.y, where x.y
are subversions). Most major ATM manufacturers provide software packages that implement these
protocols. Newer protocols such as IFX have yet to find wide acceptance by transaction processors.[79]

With the move to a more standardised software base, financial institutions have been increasingly interested
in the ability to pick and choose the application programs that drive their equipment. WOSA/XFS, now
known as CEN XFS (or simply XFS), provides a common API for accessing and manipulating the various
devices of an ATM. J/XFS is a Java implementation of the CEN XFS API.
While the perceived benefit of XFS is similar to the Java's "write once, run anywhere" mantra, often
different ATM hardware vendors have different interpretations of the XFS standard. The result of these
differences in interpretation means that ATM applications typically use a middleware to even out the
differences among various platforms.

With the onset of Windows operating systems and XFS on ATMs, the software applications have the ability
to become more intelligent. This has created a new breed of ATM applications commonly referred to as
programmable applications. These types of applications allows for an entirely new host of applications in
which the ATM terminal can do more than only communicate with the ATM switch. It is now empowered
to connected to other content servers and video banking systems.

Notable ATM software that operates on XFS platforms include Triton PRISM, Diebold Agilis EmPower,
NCR APTRA Edge, Absolute Systems AbsoluteINTERACT, KAL Kalignite Software Platform, Phoenix
Interactive VISTAatm, Wincor Nixdorf ProTopas, Euronet EFTS and Intertech inter-ATM.

With the move of ATMs to industry-standard computing environments, concern has risen about the integrity
of the ATM's software stack.[80]

Impact on labor
The number of human bank tellers in the United States increased from approximately 300,000 in 1970 to
approximately 600,000 in 2010. Counter-intuitively, a contributing factor may be the introduction of
automated teller machines. ATMs let a branch operate with fewer tellers, making it cheaper for banks to
open more branches. This likely resulted in more tellers being hired to handle non-automated tasks, but
further automation and online banking may reverse this increase.[81]

Security
Security, as it relates to ATMs, has several dimensions. ATMs also provide a practical demonstration of a
number of security systems and concepts operating together and how various security concerns are
addressed.

Physical

Early ATM security focused on making the terminals invulnerable to

physical attack; they were effectively safes with dispenser mechanisms. A
number of attacks resulted, with thieves attempting to steal entire machines
by ram-raiding.[82] Since the late 1990s, criminal groups operating in Japan
improved ram-raiding by stealing and using a truck loaded with heavy
construction machinery to effectively demolish or uproot an entire ATM
and any housing to steal its cash.

Another attack method, plofkraak, is to seal all openings of the ATM with
silicone and fill the vault with a combustible gas or to place an explosive
inside, attached, or near the machine. This gas or explosive is ignited and
the vault is opened or distorted by the force of the resulting explosion and A Wincor Nixdorf Procash
the criminals can break in.[83] This type of theft has occurred in the 2100xe Frontload that was
Netherlands, Belgium, France, Denmark, Germany, Australia,[84][85] and opened with an angle grinder
the United Kingdom.[86] These types of attacks can be prevented by a
number of gas explosion prevention devices also known as gas suppression
system. These systems use explosive gas detection sensor to detect explosive gas and to neutralise it by
releasing a special explosion suppression chemical which changes the composition of the explosive gas and
renders it ineffective.

Several attacks in the UK (at least one of which was successful) have involved digging a concealed tunnel
under the ATM and cutting through the reinforced base to remove the money.[76]

Modern ATM physical security, per other modern money-handling security, concentrates on denying the
use of the money inside the machine to a thief, by using different types of Intelligent Banknote
Neutralisation Systems.

A common method is to simply rob the staff filling the machine with money. To avoid this, the schedule for
filling them is kept secret, varying and random. The money is often kept in cassettes, which will dye the
money if incorrectly opened.

Transactional secrecy and integrity

The security of ATM transactions relies mostly on the integrity of the secure cryptoprocessor: the ATM
often uses general commodity components that sometimes are not considered to be "trusted systems".

Encryption of personal information, required by law in many jurisdictions, is used to prevent fraud.
Sensitive data in ATM transactions are usually encrypted with DES, but transaction processors now usually
require the use of Triple DES.[87] Remote Key Loading techniques may be used to ensure the secrecy of
the initialisation of the encryption keys in the ATM. Message Authentication Code (MAC) or Partial MAC
may also be used to ensure messages have not been tampered with while in transit between the ATM and
the financial network.

Customer identity integrity

There have also been a number of incidents of fraud by Man-in-

the-middle attacks, where criminals have attached fake keypads or
card readers to existing machines. These have then been used to
record customers' PINs and bank card information in order to gain
unauthorised access to their accounts. Various ATM manufacturers
have put in place countermeasures to protect the equipment they
manufacture from these threats.[88][89]

Alternative methods to verify cardholder identities have been tested

A BTMU ATM with a palm scanner
and deployed in some countries, such as finger and palm vein
(to the right of the screen)
patterns,[90] iris, and facial recognition technologies. Cheaper mass-
produced equipment has been developed and is being installed in
machines globally that detect the presence of foreign objects on the front of ATMs, current tests have
shown 99% detection success for all types of skimming devices.[91]

Device operation integrity

Openings on the customer side of ATMs are often covered by mechanical shutters to prevent tampering
with the mechanisms when they are not in use. Alarm sensors are placed inside ATMs and their servicing
areas to alert their operators when doors have been opened by unauthorised personnel.
To protect against hackers, ATMs have a built-in firewall. Once the firewall
has detected malicious attempts to break into the machine remotely, the
firewall locks down the machine.

Rules are usually set by the government or ATM operating body that
dictate what happens when integrity systems fail. Depending on the
jurisdiction, a bank may or may not be liable when an attempt is made to
dispense a customer's money from an ATM and the money either gets
outside of the ATM's vault, or was exposed in a non-secure fashion, or they
are unable to determine the state of the money after a failed transaction.[92]
Customers often commented that it is difficult to recover money lost in this
way, but this is often complicated by the policies regarding suspicious
activities typical of the criminal element.[93]
ATMs that are exposed to
the outside must be vandal-
Customer security and weather-resistant.

In some countries, multiple security

cameras and security guards are a common feature.[94] In the
United States, The New York State Comptroller's Office has
advised the New York State Department of Banking to have more
thorough safety inspections of ATMs in high crime areas.[95]

Consultants of ATM operators assert that the issue of customer

security should have more focus by the banking industry;[96] it has
been suggested that efforts are now more concentrated on the
Dunbar armored personnel watching
preventive measure of deterrent legislation than on the problem of
over ATMs that have been installed
in a van ongoing forced withdrawals.[97]

At least as far back as 30 July 1986, consultants of the industry

have advised for the adoption of an emergency PIN system for ATMs, where the user is able to send a
silent alarm in response to a threat.[98] Legislative efforts to require an emergency PIN system have
appeared in Illinois,[99] Kansas[100][101] and Georgia,[102] but none has succeeded yet. In January 2009,
Senate Bill 1355 was proposed in the Illinois Senate that revisits the issue of the reverse emergency PIN
system.[103] The bill is again supported by the police and opposed by the banking lobby.[104]

In 1998, three towns outside Cleveland, Ohio, in response to an ATM crime wave, adopted legislation
requiring that an emergency telephone number switch be installed at all outdoor ATMs within their
jurisdiction. In the wake of a homicide in Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania, the city council passed an ATM
security bill as well.

In China and elsewhere, many efforts to promote security have been made. On-premises ATMs are often
located inside the bank's lobby, which may be accessible 24 hours a day. These lobbies have extensive
security camera coverage, a courtesy telephone for consulting with the bank staff, and a security guard on
the premises. Bank lobbies that are not guarded 24 hours a day may also have secure doors that can only be
opened from outside by swiping the bank card against a wall-mounted scanner, allowing the bank to
identify which card enters the building. Most ATMs will also display on-screen safety warnings and may
also be fitted with convex mirrors above the display allowing the user to see what is happening behind
them.
As of 2013, the only claim available about the extent of ATM-connected homicides is that they range from
500 to 1,000 per year in the US, covering only cases where the victim had an ATM card and the card was
used by the killer after the known time of death.[105]

Jackpotting

The term jackpotting is used to describe one method criminals utilize to steal money from an ATM. The
thieves gain physical access through a small hole drilled in the machine. They disconnect the existing hard
drive and connect an external drive using an industrial endoscope. They then depress an internal button that
reboots the device so that it is now under the control of the external drive. They can then have the ATM
dispense all of its cash.[106]

Encryption

In recent years, many ATMs also encrypt the hard disk. This means that actually creating the software for
jackpotting is more difficult, and provides more security for the ATM.

Uses
ATMs were originally developed as cash dispensers, and have
evolved to provide many other bank-related functions:

Paying routine bills, fees, and taxes (utilities, phone bills,

social security, legal fees, income taxes, etc.)
Printing or ordering bank statements
Two NCR Personas 84 ATMs at a
Updating passbooks
bank in Jersey dispensing two types
Cash advances
of pound sterling banknotes: Bank of
Cheque Processing Module England on the left, and States of
Paying (in full or partially) the credit balance on a card Jersey on the right
linked to a specific current account.
Transferring money between linked accounts (such as
transferring between accounts)
Deposit currency recognition, acceptance, and
recycling[107][108]

In some countries, especially those which benefit from a fully

integrated cross-bank network (e.g.: Multibanco in Portugal),
ATMs include many functions that are not directly related to the
management of one's own bank account, such as:

Loading monetary value into stored-value cards

Adding pre-paid cell phone / mobile phone credit.
Purchasing
Concert tickets
Gold[109]
Lottery tickets Gold vending ATM in New York City
Movie tickets
 Postage stamps.
Train tickets
Shopping mall gift certificates.
Donating to charities[110]

Increasingly, banks are seeking to use the ATM as a sales device to deliver pre approved loans and targeted
advertising using products such as ITM (the Intelligent Teller Machine) from Aptra Relate from NCR.[111]
ATMs can also act as an advertising channel for other companies.[112]*

However, several different ATM technologies have not yet reached

worldwide acceptance, such as:

Videoconferencing with human tellers, known as video

tellers[113]
Biometrics, where authorization of transactions is based
on the scanning of a customer's fingerprint, iris, face,
etc.[114][115][116]
Cheque/cash Acceptance, where the machine accepts
and recognises cheques and/or currency without using
envelopes[117] Expected to grow in importance in the US
through Check 21 legislation.
Bar code scanning[118]
On-demand printing of "items of value" (such as movie
tickets, traveler's cheques, etc.)
Dispensing additional media (such as phone cards) A South Korean ATM with mobile
Co-ordination of ATMs with mobile phones[119] bank port and bar code reader
Integration with non-banking equipment[120][121]
Games and promotional features[122]
CRM through the ATM

Videoconferencing teller machines are currently referred to as Interactive Teller Machines. Benton Smith, in
the Idaho Business Review writes "The software that allows interactive teller machines to function was
created by a Salt Lake City-based company called uGenius, a producer of video banking software. NCR, a
leading manufacturer of ATMs, acquired uGenius in 2013 and married its own ATM hardware with
uGenius' video software."[123]

Pharmacy dispensing units[124]

Reliability
Before an ATM is placed in a public place, it typically has undergone extensive testing with both test
money and the backend computer systems that allow it to perform transactions. Banking customers also
have come to expect high reliability in their ATMs,[125] which provides incentives to ATM providers to
minimise machine and network failures. Financial consequences of incorrect machine operation also
provide high degrees of incentive to minimise malfunctions.[126]

ATMs and the supporting electronic financial networks are generally very reliable, with industry
benchmarks typically producing 98.25% customer availability for ATMs[127] and up to 99.999%
availability for host systems that manage the networks of ATMs. If ATM networks do go out of service,
 customers could be left
without the ability to make
transactions until the
beginning of their bank's
next time of opening hours.

This said, not all errors are

to the detriment of
customers; there have been
cases of machines giving
out money without debiting
the account, or giving out
higher value notes as a
An ATM running Microsoft Windows
result of incorrect
that has crashed due to a peripheral
denomination of banknote
component failure
being loaded in the money
cassettes.[128] The result of A NCR Interactive Teller Machine
receiving too much money may be influenced by the card holder running uGenius software
agreement in place between the customer and the bank.[129][130]

Errors that can occur may be mechanical (such as card transport mechanisms; keypads; hard disk failures;
envelope deposit mechanisms); software (such as operating system; device driver; application);
communications; or purely down to operator error.

To aid in reliability, some ATMs print each transaction to a roll-paper journal that is stored inside the ATM,
which allows its users and the related financial institutions to settle things based on the records in the
journal in case there is a dispute. In some cases, transactions are posted to an electronic journal to remove
the cost of supplying journal paper to the ATM and for more convenient searching of data.

Improper money checking can cause the possibility of a customer receiving counterfeit banknotes from an
ATM. While bank personnel are generally trained better at spotting and removing counterfeit cash,[131][132]
the resulting ATM money supplies used by banks provide no guarantee for proper banknotes, as the
Federal Criminal Police Office of Germany has confirmed that there are regularly incidents of false
banknotes having been dispensed through ATMs.[133] Some ATMs may be stocked and wholly owned by
outside companies, which can further complicate this problem.
Bill validation technology can be used by
ATM providers to help ensure the authenticity of the cash before it is stocked in the machine; those with
cash recycling capabilities include this capability.[134]

In India, whenever a transaction fails with an ATM due to network or technical issues and if the amount
does not get dispensed in spite of the account being debited then the banks are supposed to return the
debited amount to the customer within seven working days from the day of receipt of a complaint. Banks
are also liable to pay the late fees in case of delay in repayment of funds post seven days.[135]

Fraud
As with any device containing objects of value, ATMs and the systems they depend on to function are the
targets of fraud. Fraud against ATMs and people's attempts to use them takes several forms.

The first known instance of a fake ATM was installed at a shopping mall in Manchester, Connecticut, in
1993. By modifying the inner workings of a Fujitsu model 7020 ATM, a criminal gang known as the
Bucklands Boys stole information from cards inserted into the machine by customers.[136]
WAVY-TV reported an incident in Virginia Beach in September
2006 where a hacker, who had probably obtained a factory-default
administrator password for a filling station's white-label ATM,
caused the unit to assume it was loaded with US$5 bills instead of
$20s, enabling himself—and many subsequent customers—to walk
away with four times the money withdrawn from their
accounts.[137] This type of scam was featured on the TV series The
Real Hustle.

ATM behaviour can change during what is called "stand-in" time, ATM lineup
where the bank's cash dispensing network is unable to access
databases that contain account information (possibly for database
maintenance). In order to give customers access to cash, customers
may be allowed to withdraw cash up to a certain amount that may
be less than their usual daily withdrawal limit, but may still exceed
the amount of available money in their accounts, which could result
in fraud if the customers intentionally withdraw more money than
they had in their accounts.[138]

Card fraud

In an attempt to prevent criminals from shoulder surfing the

customer's personal identification number (PIN), some banks draw
privacy areas on the floor.

For a low-tech form of fraud, the easiest is to simply steal a

customer's card along with its PIN. A later variant of this approach
is to trap the card inside of the ATM's card reader with a device Some ATMs may display warning
often referred to as a Lebanese loop. When the customer gets messages to customers to be
frustrated by not getting the card back and walks away from the vigilant of possible tampering.
machine, the criminal is able to remove the card and withdraw cash
from the customer's account, using the card and its PIN.

This type of fraud has spread globally. Although somewhat

replaced in terms of volume by skimming incidents, a re-emergence
of card trapping has been noticed in regions such as Europe, where
EMV chip and PIN cards have increased in circulation.[139]

Another simple form of fraud involves attempting to get the

customer's bank to issue a new card and its PIN and stealing them
from their mail.[140] 10 euro notes from an ATM robbery
made unusable with red dye
By contrast, a newer high-tech method of operating, sometimes
called card skimming or card cloning, involves the installation of
a magnetic card reader over the real ATM's card slot and the use of a wireless surveillance camera or a
modified digital camera or a false PIN keypad to observe the user's PIN. Card data is then cloned into a
duplicate card and the criminal attempts a standard cash withdrawal. The availability of low-cost
commodity wireless cameras, keypads, card readers, and card writers has made it a relatively simple form
of fraud, with comparatively low risk to the fraudsters.[141]
In an attempt to stop these practices, countermeasures against card cloning have been developed by the
banking industry, in particular by the use of smart cards which cannot easily be copied or spoofed by
unauthenticated devices, and by attempting to make the outside of their ATMs tamper evident. Older chip-
card security systems include the French Carte Bleue, Visa Cash, Mondex, Blue from American
Express[142] and EMV '96 or EMV 3.11. The most actively developed form of smart card security in the
industry today is known as EMV 2000 or EMV 4.x.

EMV is widely used in the UK (Chip and PIN) and other parts of Europe, but when it is not available in a
specific area, ATMs must fall back to using the easy–to–copy magnetic stripe to perform transactions. This
fallback behaviour can be exploited.[143] However, the fallback option has been removed on the ATMs of
some UK banks, meaning if the chip is not read, the transaction will be declined.

Card cloning and skimming can be detected by the implementation of magnetic card reader heads and
firmware that can read a signature embedded in all magnetic stripes during the card production process.
This signature, known as a "MagnePrint" or "BluPrint", can be used in conjunction with common two-
factor authentication schemes used in ATM, debit/retail point-of-sale and prepaid card applications.

The concept and various methods of copying the contents of an ATM card's magnetic stripe onto a
duplicate card to access other people's financial information were well known in the hacking communities
by late 1990.[144]

In 1996, Andrew Stone, a computer security consultant from Hampshire in the UK, was convicted of
stealing more than £1  million by pointing high-definition video cameras at ATMs from a considerable
distance and recording the card numbers, expiry dates, etc. from the embossed detail on the ATM cards
along with video footage of the PINs being entered. After getting all the information from the videotapes,
he was able to produce clone cards which not only allowed him to withdraw the full daily limit for each
account, but also allowed him to sidestep withdrawal limits by using multiple copied cards. In court, it was
shown that he could withdraw as much as £10,000 per hour by using this method. Stone was sentenced to
five years and six months in prison.[145]

Related devices
A talking ATM is a type of ATM that provides audible instructions so that people who cannot read a screen
can independently use the machine, therefore effectively eliminating the need for assistance from an
external, potentially malevolent source. All audible information is delivered privately through a standard
headphone jack on the face of the machine. Alternatively, some banks such as the Nordea and Swedbank
use a built-in external speaker which may be invoked by pressing the talk button on the keypad.[146]
Information is delivered to the customer either through pre-recorded sound files or via text-to-speech speech
synthesis.

A postal interactive kiosk may share many components of an ATM (including a vault), but it only dispenses
items related to postage.[147][148]

A scrip cash dispenser may have many components in common with an ATM, but it lacks the ability to
dispense physical cash and consequently requires no vault. Instead, the customer requests a withdrawal
transaction from the machine, which prints a receipt or scrip. The customer then takes this receipt to a
nearby sales clerk, who then exchanges it for cash from the till.[149]

A teller assist unit (TAU) is distinct in that it is designed to be operated solely by trained personnel and not
by the general public, does integrate directly into interbank networks, and usually is controlled by a
computer that is not directly integrated into the overall construction of the unit.
A Web ATM is an online interface for ATM card banking that uses a smart card reader. All the usual ATM
functions are available, except for withdrawing cash. Most banks in Taiwan provide these online
services.[150][151]

See also
ATM Industry Association (ATMIA) Key management
Automated cash handling Payroll
Banknote counter Phantom withdrawal
Bitcoin ATM RAS syndrome
Cash register Self service
EFTPOS Teller system
Electronic funds transfer Verification and validation
Financial cryptography

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Further reading
Ali, Peter Ifeanyichukwu. "Impact of automated teller machine on banking services delivery
in Nigeria: a stakeholder analysis." Brazilian Journal of Education, Technology and Society
9.1 (2016): 64–72. online (http://brajets.com/index.php/brajets/article/download/251/160)
Bátiz-Lazo, Bernardo. Cash and Dash: How ATMs and Computers Changed Banking
(Oxford University Press, 2018). online review (http://eh.net/?s=cash+and+dash)
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo. "Emergence and evolution of ATM networks in the UK, 1967–2000."
Business History 51.1 (2009): 1-27. online (https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/8163/1/ATM_v
7_wtables.pdf)
Batiz-Lazo, Bernardo, and Gustavo del Angel. The Dawn of the Plastic Jungle: The
Introduction of the Credit Card in Europe and North America, 1950-1975 (Hoover Institution,
2016), abstract (https://ideas.repec.org/p/hoo/wpaper/16107.html)
 Bessen, J. Learning by Doing: The Real Connection between Innovation, Wages, and
Wealth (Yale UP, 2015)
Hota, Jyotiranjan, Saboohi Nasim, and Sasmita Mishra. "Drivers and Barriers to Adoption of
Multivendor ATM Technology in India: Synthesis of Three Empirical Studies." Journal of
Technology Management for Growing Economies 9.1 (2018): 89-102. online (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20190211183232/http://www.tmgejournal.com/pdfs/vol9-no1/Drivers-and-Barri
ers-of-Adoption.pdf)
McDysan, David E., and Darren L. Spohn. ATM theory and applications (McGraw-Hill
Professional, 1998).
Mkpojiogu, Emmanuel OC, and A. Asuquo. "The user experience of ATM users in Nigeria: a
systematic review of empirical papers." Journal of Research in National Development
(2018). online (http://transcampus.org/JORINDV16JUN2018/14.pdf)

Primary sources
"Interview with Mr. Don Wetzel, Co-Patente of the Automatic Teller Machine" (1995) online
(https://web.archive.org/web/20070213045018/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/com
phist/wetzel.htm)

External links
The Money Machines (https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/07/2
6/377172/index.htm): An account of US cash machine history; By Ellen Florian, Fortune.com
Automated teller machine (https://curlie.org/Business/Financial_Services/Banking_Services/
Automatic_Teller_Machines) at Curlie
World Map and Chart of Automated Teller Machines per 100,000 Adults (http://lebanese-eco
nomy-forum.com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/?curve=FB-ATM-TOTL-P5) by Lebanese-
economy-forum, World Bank data

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