Ste 9 Conchem q1 Module 2
Ste 9 Conchem q1 Module 2
Ste 9 Conchem q1 Module 2
Consumer Chemistry
Quarter 1-Module 2:
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
RTY
PE
LE
O
PR
SA
T
EN
R
M
RN
FO
VE
O
T
G
NO
Consumer Chemistry – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 2 : Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
First Edition, 2020
Management Team
Gregorio C. Quinto, Jr., EdD
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
Rainelda M. Blanco, PhD
Education Program Supervisor - LRMDS
Agnes R. Bernardo, PhD
EPS-Division ADM Coordinator
Marinella P. Garcia Sy, PhD
EPS – Science
Glenda S. Constantino
Project Development Officer II
Joannarie C. Gracia
Librarian II
Consumer Chemistry
Quarter 1 - Module 2:
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Introductory Message
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
public institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator, in helping the learners meet the
standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and
economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning
activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire
the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and
circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also
need to keep track of the learners’ progress while allowing them to manage their own
learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do
the tasks included in the module.
1
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the
What’s In
current lesson with the previous one.
What I Know
____1. Cooking gas or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a mixture of C 3H8 & C4H10. Which
of the following are the compounds that comprise LPG?
3
For questions 5 to 7, identify which of the following structures is an:
H
H H H H C
A. C. HC CH
H— C — C — C — C —H
H H H H HC CH
C
H
H H H H
B. H-C=C-C-C-C-H D. H—C—C C—H
H H H H H H
____5. alkene
____6. alkyne
____7. alkane
____8. Which compound is saturated?
A. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 C. CH3CH=CH-CH3
B. CH3-CH=CH2 D. CH CH
____9. Which of the following is an unsaturated compound?
A. C6H14 C. C3H7OH
B. C4H8 D. CH3OH
____10. What is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name of
the given compound , H3C - CH - CH=CH2 ?
CH3
A. 2-methyl-3-butene C. 3-methyl-1-butyne
B. 3-methyl-3-butene D. 3-methyl-1-butene
Use the choices below to answer questions 11 to 14.
A. 2 C. 4
B. 3 D. 5
How many carbon atoms are there in the following compounds?
____11. propene
____12. ethane
____13. pentyne
____14. cyclobutane
____15. Which of the following is the correct structure of the given IUPAC name,
4-methyl-2-pentene?
CH3 CH3
A. H3C - CH2 - CH = C - CH3 C. H3C - CH - CH = CH - CH3
CH3 CH3
B. H3C = CH - CH - CH - CH3 D. H3C - C = CH - CH2 - CH3
4
What’s In
4. ethanol C2H5OH
5. water H2O
6. butane C4H10
7. acetone C3H6O
8. vinegar CH3COOH
________________________________________________________________________
Revealing Misconception
Now, you can easily distinguish an organic compound from an inorganic compound
by determining the presence of carbon. However, the following carbon-containing
compounds that lack carbon-carbon bonds are considered inorganic.
5
What’s New
The activities in this module are arranged from simple to complex to help the
learner gradually master the desired learning competency. Give him/her the needed
support and guidance so that he/she will be able to perform the tasks to prepare him/her
later on in the IUPAC nomenclature classification of organic compounds (aliphatic
hydrocarbons).
6
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
What is It
Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon atoms linked together in
chains or rings. Many organic compounds are formed because of the special characteristics
of carbon. A carbon atom has four (4) valence electrons. This kind of atomic structure
makes the carbon atom able to form four (4) covalent bonds with atoms of other elements
and other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms can also make many types of arrangements: single
bond, double bond, and triple bond. With these abilities of carbon atoms, chemical bonds
between the carbon atoms and other elements can form different kinds of compounds with
short and long-straight and branched-chain structures.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).
They are the simplest organic compounds. Hydrocarbons are classified into two main
types: aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are all hydrocarbons that do not
contain benzene ring. These are open-chain compounds that are either straight or
branched. Ring system is also possible in aliphatic compounds such as cycloalkanes. On
the other hand, aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain benzene ring
(alternating single and double bonds around the ring).
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons can be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated compounds are
made up of single bond only (alkanes and cycloalkanes), while unsaturated compounds are
with double bonds (alkenes) or triple bonds (alkynes). Besides hydrogen, other elements
that can be bound to carbon chain are oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between
carbon atoms. As a result, each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as
possible. In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen. You can see an
example in the figure given below. In the structural formula shown, each dash (-) represents
a single covalent bond, in which two atoms share one pair of valence electron.
Alkanes
H
methane CH4 CH4 H—C—H
H
H H
ethane C2H6 CH3 CH3 H—C—C—H
H H
Cycloalkanes
The cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms form a ring.
The general formula is CnH2n. The following are some examples of cycloalkanes:
CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
8
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain less than the maximum
number of hydrogen atoms that can possibly bond with the number of carbon atoms
present. These are the alkenes and alkynes.
Alkenes
Alkenes are unsaturated compounds that contain a carbon-carbon double bond and
have the general formula CnH2n . The suffix –ene indicates a double bond. These
compounds are also called olefins. The simplest alkene is ethene; next is propene.
The Simplest Alkenes
Condensed
Name Molecular Formula Structural Formula
Stuctural Formula
H H
ethene C2H4 CH2 = CH2 C=C
H H
H
H
1-propene C3H6 CH2 = CH CH3 C = C — C— H
H H
H
Alkynes
Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon triple bond and
have a general formula CnH2n-2. They are identified by the suffix –yne, except for the first
compound in the series (ethyne), better known by its common name acetylene. The next
member of the series is propyne.
ethyne
C2H2 CH CH H C C H
(acetylene)
H
1-propyne C2H6 CH C - CH3 H C C C H
9
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
The system of naming compounds is referred to as nomenclature. Organic
compounds are named according to rules established by the International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Before we can follow the IUPAC rules for naming branched-chain hydrocarbons, we
must consider the names of the groups that are formed when one hydrogen atom is
removed from the formula of an alkene. They are called alkyl groups.
Some Common Alkyl Groups
An atom or group of atoms that can take the place of hydrogen on a parent
hydrocarbon molecule is called a substituent. When a substituent alkyl group is added to a
straight-chain hydrocarbon, branches are formed. A hydrocarbon with one or more alkyl
groups is called a branched-chain hydrocarbon.
CH3
The longest chain contains 7 carbon atoms, thus the parent structure is heptane.
10
b. Sometimes, it is not easy to recognize the longest chain because of the way in which
the formula is written. Example:
H3C - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH3
CH2
CH3
Examples:
C. CH C - CH3 - 1-propyne
3. In alkenes and alkynes, number the chain beginning at the end closest to the double or
triple bond.
Example:
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
H3C - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH = CH - CH3
2-heptene
If a compound contains more than one double bond, the numbers of double bonds are
noted with a Greek prefix preceding the –ene ending. For example,
1,4-pentadiene 1,2-pentadiene
CH2 = CH - CH = CH2
1,3-butadiene
11
4. a. Number the longest chain beginning with the end closest to the branch. These
numbers are used to designate the location of the groups or substituents at the
branch. See examples:
6 5 4 3
1 2 3 4 5 6
H3C - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH3 methyl group H3C - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
(substituent) CH3
2 CH2
3-methylhexane
1 CH3
3-methylhexane
b. If identical substituents are present, use the prefixes di (twice), tri (three times), tetra
(four times), and penta ( five times) and indicate the numbers. If there are different
subtituents present, arrange them alphabetically. See examples.
CH3 CH3
1 2 3 6
CH3
4 5
H3C - C - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3
CH2 CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6
CH3 H3C - CH = CH - CH - CH - CH3
4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexene
2,2,4-trimethylhexane
CH3 CH3
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
H3C - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH - CH - CH3 H3C - CH2 - C - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
3-ethyl-2,4-dimethyloctane 3-ethyl-3-methylhexane
c. The use of proper punctuations is very important in writing the names of organic
compounds in the IUPAC system. Commas are used to separate numbers. Hyphens
are used to separate numbers and words. The entire name is written without any
spaces.
Guide Question No. 4: Which of the two IUPAC names is written correctly?
12
What’s More
Independent Activity 1
Alkane, Alkene or Alkyne?
Directions: Classify the following hydrocarbons as to alkane, alkene, or alkyne and give
the IUPAC name of each.
H H H H H H H
1.) H— C — C — C — C —H 3.) H-C=C-C-C-C-H
H H H H H H H H H
; ;
H
CH3 CH3
H—C—C C—H
2.) H3C - C C - CH2 - CH3 4.) H
; ;
Independent Assessment 1
Modified True or False
Directions: Tell whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the underlined word
or phrase to make the statement true.
_______1. The series of hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds are
called alkanes.
_______2. Alkenes are considered to be saturated since they contain the maximum
number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon backbone.
_______4. Organic compounds that do not contain benzene ring structure are known as
aromatic hydrocarbons.
_______5. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that do not contain the maximum
possible number of hydrogen atoms.
13
What’s More
Independent Activity 2
Table Completion
Directions: Complete the table below by writing the name, molecular formula, and
condensed stuctural formula of the first 10 straight-chain alkanes. Refer to the
given example.
Alkane Name Molecular Formula Condensed Structural Formula
Independent Assessment 2
What’s the Name?
Direction: Give the IUPAC name of the following aliphatic compounds.
1.) H3C - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH - CH - CH3
CH2 CH3 CH3
CH3
2.) H2C = CH - CH2 - CH3
CH3 CH3
3.) H3C - CH - CH2 - CH2 = CH2 - CH - CH3
CH3 CH3
4.) H3C - C C - CH2 - CH3
14
Independent Activity 3
See What I’m Made Of!
A. Direction: Write the condensed structural formula of the following compounds.
1.) 3-heptyne
2.) 1,3-butadiene
3.) 2-methylpentane
4.) 4-ethyl-2,3,4-trimethyloctane
5.) 3-ethylhexane
B. Directions: Review the given structure of the branched-chain hydrocarbon below. Box
the parent chain, encircle the substituents, and give the IUPAC name of the
compound.
CH3
CH2
CH3 — CH — CH — CH3
CH — CH2 — CH3 ________________________________
CH3
15
Independent Assessment 3
Matching Type
Direction: Match each organic compound with its IUPAC name.
A B
1.) 2-pentene a. H3C - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
6.) 2-methyloctane H H H
f. H-C-C-C C-C-H
7.) 3-methyl-1-butyne
H H H
8.) 3-methyl-1-heptene
H
9.) 2,3-dimethylheptane H-C-H
H
10.) 2-pentyne g. H-C C-C—C-H
H H
H
H-C-H
H H H H H H H
h. H - C —C — C - C - C - C - C - C - H
H H H H H H H H
H
H-C-H
H H H H H H
i. H- C - C - C - C - C - C = C
H
H H H H H
H H
H-C-H H-C-H
H H H H H
j. H- C - C C -C-C-C-C-H
H H H H H H H
16
What I Have Learned
A. Table Completion
Directions: Complete the table below by writing the different groups of aliphatic
hydrocarbons, their corresponding general formula, type of bond and indicate
whether they are saturated or unsaturated.
Hydrocarbon Summary
Saturated or
Types General Formula Type of Bond
unsaturated
B. Sentence Completion
Directions: Fill each blank with the correct word or words to complete the thought of the
following sentences.
1. Compounds that contain carbon atoms linked together in chains or rings are called
_____________.
2. Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are called _____________.
6. An atom or group of atoms that can take the place of hydrogen on a parent hydrocarbon
molecule is called a _____________.
8. The use of proper _____________ in writing the names of organic compound in the
IUPAC system is very important.
9. In writing the IUPAC name use _____________ to separate numbers, and use hyphens
to separate numbers from words.
17
What I Can Do
Common Uses of Some Hydrocarbons
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a mixture of flammable hydrocarbon gases such
as propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). Propane and butane are both gases at normal
temperature and pressure and are compressed into a liquid inside pressurized containers.
They are commonly used for heating, cooking and as a fuel for engines. In addition, butane
is specifically used as fuel for lighters.
Objectives:
Identify common hydrocarbons and
their uses; There is a fire risk!
Suggest ways on how to avoid Seek the help of your
CAUTION parents in performing this
risk or harm when dealing with
activity.
flammable hydrocarbons.
Materials:
gas stove connected to LPG outlet
disposable butane lighter
Procedure:
1. Read the following steps carefully and answer the questions briefly .
2. Open the LPG outlet and ignite the gas stove. What have you observed?
___________________
3. Turn off the stove and make sure that the gas outlet is closed for your safety.
4. Get the disposable lighter, flick the spark wheel to ignite. Do not burn the lighter for
more than a few seconds. What have you observed? _____________________
5. Complete the table below:
Propane
Butane
6. Aside from
propane and butane, name two (2) other hydrocarbons and give their common uses.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Suggest at least three (3) ways to avoid risk in using flammable hydrocarbons.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
18
Assessment
A. Multiple Choice
Directions: Read each item carefully and write the letter of your answer on the
space provided.
19
____9. The IUPAC name of the compound below is
CH3
H3C — C — CH=CH2
CH3
A. 1,1-dimethyl-2-propene C. 2,2,2-trimethyl-butene
B. 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene D. 2,3-dimethyl-1-propene
____10. Which of the following is the correct IUPAC name for the given
compound?
CH3 CH3
CH3 — CH2 — CH — CH2 — CH —CH3
A. 1-ethyl-1,3-dimethylbutane C. 3,5-dimethylhexane
B. 2,4-dimethylhexane D. 3,5,5-trimethylpentane
B. Matching Type
Directions: Match column A with column B. Write the letter of your answer on the
space provided.
20
Additional Activity
DIY Molecular Model of Hydrocarbons
Most modeling activities nowadays are carried out on computers using software to
create visual images. The professional versions of software for these are quite expensive
and difficult to access. The physical interaction of students using molecular models helps to
solidify understanding of the concept. Although it is possible to buy molecular model sets,
its costs will be a constraint especially if the necessity arises on an individual basis, thus it
will be harder to afford such models. There are however cheap yet effective alternatives:
one of these is to use styrofoam balls and toothpicks to create representations of atoms just
like in a real molecular modeling kit.
This activity will help you create a molecular model of common hydrocarbons that
were discussed in the preceding parts of this module.
Objective:
Construct a styrofoam ball-and-stick models of common hydrocarbons.
Materials
styrofoam balls (2 in. diameter for C-atoms; 1 in. diameter for H-atoms)
toothpicks H
styro-paint H H
1. Make a draft of the structure of your chosen hydrocarbon compound. Use the structural
formula to see the order of how atoms of carbon and hydrogen in the molecules are
bonded. This will guide you on how you will construct your molecular model.
3. Attach a piece of a toothpick on the smaller styrofoam balls. It will be easy for you to
paint the the smaller styrofoam balls when they are attached to the toothpicks.
Be careful in using
TAKE CARE!
toothpicks!
21
4. Paint the styrofoam balls with the assigned colors. Make sure to wash your hands
thoroughly with soap and water after using styropaint.
5. Assemble the styrofoam balls according to your drafted hydrocarbon structure. Use
toothpicks to attach the styrofoam balls together. Note that there are different sizes of
styrofoam balls used to represent a particular atom of an element. The toothpicks are
used to represent the bond that exists between the carbon-carbon atoms and the carbon
-hydrogen atoms.
6. Make documentation while working on this activity. Submit at least 3 pictures via online
to your teacher. Remember to clean your working area after this activity.
Construction The model is neatly The model shows The model lacks
(Visual presented and the correct colors of neatness and
Appearance, shows the correct atoms but lacks shows incorrect
Neatness) colors of atoms. neatness. colors of atoms.
22
References
Cabaluna, Ma. Lily L., Victoria V. Gomez, and Annabelle J. Monzon. Chemistry. #388 Mc
Athur Highway, Dalandanan, Valenzuela City: JO-ES Publishing House, Inc., 2002.
Smith, Himes, and Smoot. Solving Problems In Chemistry. 936 Eatwind Drive Westerville,
OH 43081: GLENCOE DIVISION of Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Publishing
Company, n.d.
Wilbraham, Antony C., Dennis D. Staley, Michael S. Matta, and Edward L. Waterman.
Chemistry. 5th. 23 First Lok Yang Road, Jurong, Singapore 629733: Pearson
Education (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2003.
25
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education, Schools Division of Bulacan
Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management and Development System (LRMDS)
Capitol Compound, Guinhawa St., City of Malolos, Bulacan
Email address: lrmdsbulacan@deped.gov.ph