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Gradient, Divergance and Curl

The document discusses key concepts in electromagnetics including gradient, divergence, and curl. Gradient is a vector quantity that represents the rate of change of a scalar function in the x, y, and z directions. Divergence is a scalar quantity that represents the overall rate of change of a vector field with respect to coordinates. Curl is a vector quantity that represents the variation of a vector field with position and direction. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate each.

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277 views7 pages

Gradient, Divergance and Curl

The document discusses key concepts in electromagnetics including gradient, divergence, and curl. Gradient is a vector quantity that represents the rate of change of a scalar function in the x, y, and z directions. Divergence is a scalar quantity that represents the overall rate of change of a vector field with respect to coordinates. Curl is a vector quantity that represents the variation of a vector field with position and direction. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate each.

Uploaded by

Tharun konda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetics

Gradient, Divergence &


Curl
By Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya
Outlines of Session
Basics of Gradient
Example of Gradient

Basics of Divergence & Divergence Theorem

Example of Divergence

Basics of Curl & Stokes theorem

Example of Curl
Basics of Gradient
❖ Gradient is vector quantity.
❖ Gradient is applied on scaler quantity.
❖ Gradient of function F can be calculated by,

𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐹 = ∇𝐹 = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

❖ It explains variation of function in x, y and z direction.


❖ For Example, if we apply gradient to function of temperature, then from gradient we
can understand rate of change of temperature in x, y and z direction.
Example of Gradient
❖ Find gradient of function F at point (1, 2, 3)
𝑭 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 𝒚
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐹 = ∇𝐹 = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕(𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 𝒚) 𝜕(𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 𝒚) 𝜕(𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 𝒚)


𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐹 = ∇𝐹 = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐹 = ∇𝐹 = 𝒚𝟐 𝑖Ƹ + (2𝑦𝑥 + 𝒛𝟑 )𝑗Ƹ + 3𝒛𝟐 𝒚𝑘෠

❖ At point (1, 2, 3)
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐹 = ∇𝐹 = 𝟒𝑖Ƹ + 31𝑗Ƹ + 54𝑘෠
Basics of Divergence
❖ Divergence is scaler quantity.
❖ Divergence is applied on vector quantity.
❖ Divergence of function 𝑭 can be calculated by,
𝜕𝐹Ԧ 𝜕𝐹Ԧ 𝜕𝐹Ԧ
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹Ԧ = ∇. 𝐹Ԧ = . 𝑖Ƹ + . 𝑗Ƹ + . 𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

If 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐹3 𝑘෠

𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3


𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹Ԧ = ∇. 𝐹Ԧ = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

❖ It explains overall variation of function in x, y and z direction.


❖ It explains overall rate of change with respect to coordinates.
Example of Divergence
❖ Find divergence of function F at point (1, 2, 1)
𝑭 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒚𝒋Ƹ + 𝒙𝒛𝒌 ෡

𝜕𝐹Ԧ 𝜕𝐹Ԧ 𝜕𝐹Ԧ


𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹Ԧ = ∇. 𝐹Ԧ = . 𝑖Ƹ + . 𝑗Ƹ + . 𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3


𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹Ԧ = ∇. 𝐹Ԧ = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝜕𝒚 𝜕𝒙𝒛
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹Ԧ = ∇. 𝐹Ԧ = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹Ԧ = ∇. 𝐹Ԧ = 𝒚𝟐 + 1 + 𝑥

❖ At point (1, 2, 1) 𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹Ԧ = ∇. 𝐹Ԧ = 𝟐𝟐 + 1 + 1 = 6


Basics of Curl
❖ Curl is vector quantity.
❖ Curl is applied on vector quantity.
❖ Curl of function 𝑭 can be calculated by,
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹Ԧ = ∇ × 𝐹Ԧ

If 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐹3 𝑘෠

𝑖Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ 𝑘෠
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹Ԧ = ∇ × 𝐹Ԧ =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹3
❖ It explains variation with position and direction

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