Titration Lab Report

General Chemistry 11

Presented To

Dr. Patrapon Sanguansat

Members

Kamolchat Khaoroptham (Chat) 1108

Kritaphat Pumpuang (Bank) 1108

Karanyaphat Phuphong (Opal) 1108

Sumitta Puvarachamangkala (Mitta) 1108

Pochtakorn Wanichawat (Ant) 1108

 Abstract

In this experiment, the titration technique was used to determine the equivalence

point of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), pouring of phenolphthalein as the indicator for about

two to three drops, and lastly titrating the solution until the first color change were the

main steps in measuring and equalizing the standard solution. The volume of the

quantitative sodium hydroxide results was measured twice in each trial. Titration is the

quantitative addition of a solution of known concentration to a solution of unknown

concentration until the reaction between them is complete to determine the concentration

of the second solution. An acid-base titration is the quantitative determination of the

concentration of an acid or a base. Titration of an acid with a base requires that the pH, or

relative concentrations of the two reactants, be observed and written down into the

datasheet. pH can be assessed by indicators, for example, phenolphthalein, but these

methods lack precision. A plot of the pH of an acidic or basic solution as a function of the

amount of added base or acid is a titration curve. From this, the endpoint or equivalence

points can be determined. And when it comes to the neutralization reactions, the neutral

solution is produced by the complete reaction of a strong acid and a strong base; for

example, acid added with base, salt added with water, involving that the equivalent point

is where the neutralization reaction of the solutions occur. As said above, when the

indicator changes the color of the solution, which is called the endpoint of the titration.
 Introduction

Neutralization Reaction

To understand the process of a neutralization reaction, one must understand the

cause and the purpose of a neutralization reaction. In chemistry, neutralization reactions

are dependent on the combination of acids and bases, the quality of a solution in their

ability to produce/receive hydrogen ions. An acid has a pH level of less than 7, tastes

sour, reacts with carbonates, and turns litmus paper red. A base, on the other hand, has a

pH level of more than 7, tastes bitter, does not react with carbonates, and turns litmus

paper blue. Neutralization reactions are created with the aim of producing a solution with

a pH level of 7, also known as a neutral solution. In a neutralization reaction, there is a

combination of H+ ions and OH– ions which form water and salt as products. The

amount of acid and base needed in neutralization reactions must be equivalent in order to

neutralize the same amount of the other. For example, an amount of acid needed is the

amount that would donate one mole of H+ ions, and an amount of base needed is the

amount that would donate one mole of OH-, which must have equivalent concentrations

of weight in both acid and base in order for salt to form. [1]

When it comes to finding pH within a neutralization reaction, one key thing that

comes to mind is the concentration/potency of the constituent acids and bases given. A

strong pair of acid and base will result in the resultant pH of 7. A combination of strong

acid and weak base will result in a resultant pH that is lower than 7. In contrast, a

combination of a weak acid and a strong base will result in the resultant pH of
somewhere more than 7. And finally, if both the acid and base are weak, the result will

differ in reference to the value of the acid dissociation constant (Ka) and the value of the

base dissociation constant (Kb). If the acid dissociation constant (Ka) is greater than the

value of the base dissociation constant (Kb), the resultant pH will be less than 7. In

contrast, if the acid dissociation constant (Ka) is less than the value of the base

dissociation constant (Kb); the resultant pH will be more than 7. If the value of the acid

dissociation constant (Ka) is equal to the value of the base dissociation constant (Kb), the

value of pH will be equal to exactly 7. Judging from the information, a basic assumption

of what a neutralization reaction formula would look like would be this: acid + base =

water + salt.

Neutralization reaction can be applied in many scenarios ranging from wasteful

treatment in our body in order to balance the acidity of food that we consume to

balancing the pH in various water services such as drinking water companies, to pool pH

regulation companies to household tap water manufacturing and distribution. However,

one prevalent use of neutralization reactions that we will be focusing on today is the use

of neutralization reactions for titration methods. [2]

Titration Technique

Titration is one of the techniques for chemistry experiments that is very common

and effective. The titration technique can be used to determine the unknown solution by

using the solution with a known concentration. It involves all the important methods and

procedures for a titration that the students need to know. For the titration technique, there
are mainly four types: acid-base titration, redox titration, complexometric titration, and

precipitation titrations.

In the Titration technique, for measuring the solution, the Burette is used to

measure the volume of the solutions. It can be measured accurately and for the method of

using the burette. The solution that is determined, or it can be called the Titrant, it is

poured into the burette within a specific amount, which is 10 mL of hydrogen chloride, or

it can be called HCL until the reaction has finished. When the unknown concentration

solution is poured and on the bottom of the burette, there is a tap for the solution to flow

into the flask, the burette, and the known solution should be prepared for the next step.

The shape of the burette is quite thin and tall/slim, the burette should always be rinsed

before using. When you pour the solution in, the solution should always be filled above

the zero-marked line on the burette.

The concentration of the titrant can be calculated by the formula. To the end of the

process of the titration, which is to stop adding the titrant, which can be determined by

the changes of the solution; for example, it can be the change of color of the solution. The

color of the solution will change at the specific pH. When the indicator is added, read the

initial reading from the burette and do not forget to write it down into the datasheet. As

the color of the solution is changed by the indicator it can be determined when the

neutralization reaction is completed or at the endpoint, which can be seen on the burette.

While doing the reading from the burette including initial reading, final reading, the

results should be written in the datasheet. When the tap of the burette is open, the solution

will flow into the known solution in the flask. [3]

Indicator

An indicator can be defined as any substance that can be used to determine a

change in the concentration of a chemical property, usually pH levels in acidity and

basicity. An indicator can usually be determined by observing a change in its color. For

example, when methyl orange is introduced to an acidic solution, the color turns red. In

contrast, when methyl orange is introduced to a basic solution, the color shifts to a

yellowish tone. Indicators have no effect on the conditions for which they are advised

when used in such low quantities. The detection of titration endpoints is a typical

application of indicators. Indicators aren't only used for determining the level of acidity in

a solution but also other aspects such as oxidation, olfactory indicators and specific

substance indicators to measure the presence of the aforementioned substances as well.

[4]

The word "indicator" comes from the Medieval Latin words indicate (to indicate)

with the suffix -tor. A chemical indicator is known as an acid-base indicator has several

types; different indicators will display different colors and differences in the range of pH

that they can react to.

 From this picture, you can see that in the same pH but a different indicator, they
can show different colors because of properties of each indicator are different, so they
cannot be the same reaction and show their own color.[5]

The color of an indicator changes when the severity of acidity and basic
concentrations. Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4. It
is often used as an indicator in acid-base titrations such as this instance. For this lab, it
turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. [6]

Objectives

1. The first objective is to understand the process of titration, including how to do it,

what materials and laboratory equipment are needed, and what its purpose is.

2. The second objective is to learn how to calculate and determine the value of

unknown concentrations by doing titrations.

3. The final objective is to understand and recognize the end and equivalent points of

different indicators during the process of acid-base titration.

 Experiment

Chemicals

● NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)

● HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)

● 3 indicators

○ Phenolphthalein

○ Bromophenol blue

○ Bromthymol blue

Instruments, Glasswares, & Equipments

● Beakers

● Buret

● Erlenmeyer flask

● Glass Funnel

● Gloves

● Goggles

● Lab Coats

● Pipette
Flow Chart
 Results

Pre-Lab Questions

1. How will you know when your titration is finished?

We will be able to know when the titration is finished by observing the color of the

solution. The titration will be finished when the color of the solution changes and

lasts for 20 to 30 seconds because if that happens it means that it has reached the

endpoint and the color has been permanently changed.

2. Label the pH scale below with acid, base, and neutral, indicating numbers for

each.
3. On the scale above, use an arrow to show where your equivalence point is located

The equivalence point is where neutralization occurs or when pH = 7.

4. Write the neutralization reaction that occurs between hydrobromic acid (HBr) and

lithium hydroxide (LiOH).

𝐻𝐵𝑟 + 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 → 𝐿𝑖𝐵𝑟 + 𝐻2𝑂

5. What is the concentration of 10.00 mL of HBr if it takes 16.73 mL of a 0.253 M

LiOH solution to neutralize it?

To calculate the concentration of HBr, we need to calculate the mole of LiOH first.

In this case, we have,

10. 00 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐵𝑟 = 0. 010 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐵𝑟

16. 73 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 = 0. 01673 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 = 0. 253 𝑀

We will use the formula,

𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 = 𝐿
→ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝑀 × 𝐿

Substitute in the will get,

 −3
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 = (0. 253)(0. 01673) = 4. 23269 × 10

After that, we compare the mole ratio. The equation for the reaction is,

𝐻𝐵𝑟 (aq) + 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻(aq) → 𝐻2𝑂(l)+ 𝐿𝑖𝐵𝑟(aq)

The mole ratio of hydrobromic acid (𝐻𝐵𝑟) to lithium hydroxide (𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻) is 1: 1.

∴ 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐵𝑟 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻

Substitute in all the values we have and we will get,

−3
(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐵𝑟)(0. 010 𝐿) = 4. 23269 × 10
−3
4.23269×10
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐵𝑟 = 0.010
= 0. 423269 𝑀

Therefore, the molarity of HBr is 0. 423 𝑀.

Data Table

Concentration of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): 0.04 M

Balanced Chemical Equation of the titration reaction: 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂

Phenolphthalein Bromophenol blue Bromthymol blue

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2

Initial buret 21.70 32.00 10.80 20.80 33.09 36.47

volume (mL)

Final buret 32.00 42.30 20.80 31.20 43.31 46.55

volume (mL)

Volume of 10.30 10.30 10.00 10.40 10.22 10.08

base (mL)

Volume of 0.0103 0.0103 0.010 0.0104 0.01022 0.01008

base (L)

Moles of 4.12 x 10-4 4.12 x 10-4 4 x 10-4 4.16 x 10-4 4.088 x 10-4 4.032 x 10-4
base (mol)

Acid to Base 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1

Mole Ratio

Moles of acid 4.12 x 10-4 4 x 10-4 4 x 10-4 4.16 x 10-4 4.088 x 10-4 4.032 x 10-4
(mol)

Volume of 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

acid (L)

Acid
concentration 0.0412 0.0412 0.04 0.0416 0.04088 0.04032
(M)

Average
concentration 0.0412 0.0408 0.0406
(M)

pH 8.4 3.5 7.1

Explanations

For the titrations using phenolphthalein, the volume of the base was equal to 10.30

mL (0.0103 L) in both trials. The mole of base was also the same at 4.12 x 10 -4 and with

the acid to base mole ratio of 1 to 1, the mole of acid would be 4.12 x 10-4. Since the

volume of the acid was fixed at 10 mL (0.010 L), the acid concentration would be equal

to 0.0412 M for both trials and the average acid concentration for phenolphthalein would,

in turn, be 0.0412 M. The pH level of the mixed solution was 8.4. The color of the mixed

solution turned pink.

For the titrations using bromophenol blue, the volume of the base was equal to

10.00 mL (0.010 L) in the first trial and 10.40 mL (0.0104 L) in the second. The mole of

the base was 4 x 10-4 in the first trial and 4.16 x 10-4 in the second. With the acid to base

mole ratio of 1 to 1, the mole of acid would be the same as the mole of the base. Since the

volume of the acid is fixed at 10 mL (0.010 L), the acid concentration is equal to 0.04 M

in the first trial and 0.0416 M in the second. The average acid concentration for

phenolphthalein would, in turn, be 0.0408 M. The pH level of the mixed solution was 3.5.

The color of the mixed solution turned yellowish-green.

For titrations using bromthymol blue, the volume of the base was equal to 10.22

mL (0.01022 L) in the first trial and 10.08 mL (0.01008 L) in the second. The mole of the

base was 4.088 x 10-4 in the first trial and 4.032 x 10-4 in the second. With the acid to base

mole ratio of 1 to 1, the mole of acid would be the same as the mole of the base. Since the

volume of the acid is fixed at 10 mL (0.010 L), the acid concentration is equal to 0.04088

M in the first trial and 0.04032 M. The average acid concentration for phenolphthalein
would, in turn, be 0.0406 M. The pH level of the mixed solution was 7.1. The color of the

mixed solution turned green.

 Discussion

Post-Lab Questions

1. How would it affect your results if you used a beaker with residual water in it to

measure out your standardized sodium hydroxide solution?

The results will surely be affected by the presence of the residual water since it

would dilute the solution, affecting the pH value and the concentration.

2. How would it affect your results if you used a wet Erlenmeyer flask instead of a

dry one when transferring your acid solution from the volumetric pipette?

Similar to the situation from the last question, if the Erlenmeyer flask is wet, it

will affect the concentration of acid and, in turn, alter the pH level and

concentration, causing the results to be inaccurate.

3. How do you tell if you have exceeded the equivalence point in your titration?

We can tell if we have exceeded the equivalence point in titration by using a

proper indicator that will have a particular color when the pH level is 7. For

example, bromthymol blue will have a green color when the pH level is 7, have a

yellow color if the solution is still a bit acidic, and have a blue color when it

becomes basic.

4. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH) in water. For quality control

purposes, it can be titrated using sodium hydroxide to assure a specific %

composition. If 25.00 mL of acetic acid is titrated with 9.08 mL of a standardized

2.293 M sodium hydroxide solution, what is the molarity of the vinegar?

To calculate the molarity of the vinegar, we need to find the mole of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 first.

In this case, we have,

25 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 = 0. 025 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

9. 08 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0. 00908 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 2. 293 𝑀

We will use the formula,

𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 = 𝐿
→ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝑀 × 𝐿

Substitute in the will get,

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = (2. 293)(0. 00908) = 0. 02082044

After that, we compare the mole ratio. The equation for the reaction is,

𝐶𝐻 3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 (aq) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(aq) → 𝐻2𝑂(l)+ 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎(aq)

The mole ratio of acetic acid (𝐶𝐻 3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻) to sodium hydroxide (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) is 1: 1.

∴ 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

Substitute in all the values we have and we will get,

(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻 3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻)(0. 025 𝐿) = 0. 02082044

0.02082044
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻 3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 0.025
= 0. 8328176 𝑀

Therefore, the molarity of vinegar is 0. 833 𝑀.

 Discussion

This experiment involved a total of three different indicators: phenolphthalein,

bromophenol blue, and bromthymol blue. The indicators were used in the titration

process to find the acid (HCl) concentration of a solution and indicate the solution’s pH

level by finding the volume of the basic solution that was added until the mixed solution

changes its color. We also calculated the average acid concentration after doing two trials

of titration for each indicator.

For all of the indicators, the volume of acid (HCl) was fixed at 10.00 mL (0.010

L). However, the volume of the base (NaOH) varied among the trials as there may have

been some errors when it was transferred or measured. For phenolphthalein, the volume

of the base was 10.30 mL (0.0103 L) in both trials. For bromophenol blue, the volume of

the base was 10.00 mL (0.010 L) in the first trial and 10.40 mL (0.0104 L) in the second.

For bromthymol blue, the volume of the base was 10.22 mL (0.01022 L) in the first trial

and 10.08 mL (0.01008 L) in the second.

The different values of the volumes of the base caused slightly different results for

the molarity of the acid (HCl) solution because the concentration of the solution depends

upon the volume of the solution. However, since all of the trials used the same chemical

(HCl and NaOH), the concentration of the acid among the trials would not differ much.

As for the color and the pH value of the mixed solution, they would surely be

different since different indicators have a different endpoint, the point at which the

indicator changes its color. For phenolphthalein, the endpoint would be around a pH
value of 8.5 before it shows a pink color. For bromophenol blue, the endpoint would be

around a pH value of 3.5 before it shows a yellowish-green color. For bromthymol blue,

the endpoint would be around a pH value of 7 before it shows a green color.

Calculation

To calculate the acid concentration of the solution, we need to do several steps.

Since the method to find the concentration is the same for all indicators, we will provide

only one example, in which we will work with phenolphthalein to show the calculation

process.

Step 1:

Find the volume of the base

To find the volume of the base, we need to use the formula,

𝑉 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
=𝑉 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
−𝑉 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

In this case,

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒: 𝑉 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

= 32. 00 𝑚𝐿

𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒: 𝑉 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

= 21. 70 𝑚𝐿

After that, we substitute in the value and we will get,

𝑉 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
= 32. 00 − 21. 70 = 10. 30 𝑚𝐿
Step 2:

Convert the volume of the base from 𝑚𝐿 to 𝐿

To convert 𝑚𝐿 to 𝐿, we just need to divide the value by 1000.

𝑉 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
= 10. 30/1000 = 0. 0103 𝐿

Step 3:

Calculate moles of base

To calculate the moles of the base, we need to use the formula,

𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 = 𝐿
→ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝑀 × 𝐿

In this case,

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻: 𝑀 = 0. 04 𝑀

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒: 𝐿 = 0. 0103 𝐿

After that, we substitute in the values and we will get,

−4
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒: 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = (0. 04)(0. 0103) = 4. 12 × 10

Step 4:

Compare acid to base mole ratio to find moles of acid

The balanced chemical equation of the titration reaction is

1𝐻𝐶𝑙 +1𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 1𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 1𝐻2𝑂

Since the moles of base and acid are equal, the acid to base mole ratio is 1: 1.

−4
∴ 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 4. 12 × 10
Step 5:

Convert the volume of acid from 𝑚𝐿 to 𝐿

To convert 𝑚𝐿 to 𝐿, we just need to divide the value by 1000.

𝑉 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
= 10/1000 = 0. 010 𝐿

Step 6:

Find the acid concentration

To find the concentration of acid, we need to use the formula,

𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 = 𝐿

In this case,

−4
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑: 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 4. 12 × 10

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑: 𝐿 = 0. 010 𝐿

After that, we substitute in the values and we will get,

−4
4.12× 10
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑: 𝑀 = 0.010
= 0. 0412 𝑀

Step 7:

Find the average concentration of acid

To calculate the average concentration, we need to use the formula,

𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ
(1 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)(2 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)...(𝑛 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑀) = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
In this case, we performed two trials and the values are,

𝑠𝑡
1 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0. 0412 𝑀

𝑛𝑑
2 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0. 0412 𝑀

After that, we substitute in the values and we will get,

(0.0412)(0.0412)
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑀) = 2
= 0. 0412 𝑀
 Conclusion

The titration lab demonstrated the use of neutralization reactions of hydrochloric

acid solution and sodium hydroxide in a titration method. By using different indicators

and performing two attempts for each of the indicators, we were able to get an accurate

reading of the information regarding the resulting solution in many fields, such as the

average concentration and pH level of each indicator’s attempts. In the case of

phenolphthalein, the pH range where the solution changes color from clear to pink is at

8.4, which is inclined to the basic side. For bromophenol blue, the pH range where the

solution changes color from yellow, to yellow with a greenish tint. This puts the solution

at 3.5 pH. Finally, for bromthymol blue, the pH range where the solution changes color

from yellow to greenish-blue is around 7.0-7.1. Furthermore, the concentration of each

solution differs by a variable amount. The first two attempts with phenolphthalein

resulted in an average concentration of 0.0412M. The third and fourth attempts, which

were done with bromophenol blue resulted in an average concentration of 0.0408M. The

final fifth and sixth attempts, which were done with bromthymol blue resulted in an

average concentration of 0.0406M.

 Errors/Suggestions

Errors

The results may be inaccurate if the buret was not cleaned and rinsed well. Other

factors, such as the presence of residual water in the sodium hydroxide beaker or wet

Erlenmeyer flask, could dilute the solution, affecting the pH level and altering the

concentration, making the results inaccurate. Furthermore, when the experiment was

done, over-titration may happen if the sodium hydroxide was dropped too fast or too

much. We also could have read the measurements of the solution wrong.

Suggestions

To prevent getting inaccurate results, we can make sure that the buret is cleaned by

rinsing it properly. We also need to make sure that there is no residual water in the beaker

and that the Erlenmeyer flask is dry. Furthermore, we can be particularly careful when it

comes to reading the measurements of the solution. Lastly, we can drop the titrant more

slowly to prevent over-titration from happening.

 References

[1] Libretexts. (2020, August 15). Neutralization. Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved March 17,

2022.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/

Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_R

eactions/Neutralization

[2] (Admin, Neutralization reaction - definition, equation, Examples & Applications 2020)

https://byjus.com/chemistry/neutralization-reaction/

[3] (Interest et al., Chemistry techniques – titration 2017), (What is titration, and what is titration

used for? 2021), (Journal of Chemical education: Software, Titration techniques, July 1995)

https://www.compoundchem.com/2016/07/14/titration/

[4] (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, Chemical indicator 1998)

https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-indicator

[5] (Anne Marie Helmenstine, 2019)

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-indicator-605239#:~:text=The%20term%20%22indicat

or%22%20comes%20from

[6] (Wikipedia, Phenolphthalein 2022) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolphthalein