p-Block (Part-II) 13.

Chapter 13 p Block (Part-II)

Intext Exercise 1
1. Phosphorus exists as P4 units. 6. 2Ca3 ^PO 4h2 + 6SiO2
1770 K
6CaSiO3 + P4O10
]bone ashg
2. White phosphorus is soluble in CS2 whereas red 1770 K
phosphorus is insoluble in it. P4O10 + 10C P4 + 10 CO
White

3. Fact. 7. Stability of + 3 oxidation states increases on account

of inert pair effect.
4. P4 molecule
Reducing character of hydrides increases down the
group because bond dissociation energy decreases
down the group.
3
8. Ba(N3)2 Ba + 3N2 (upto 98% pure)
9. Because of its very low ignition temperature (303K)
it is always kept under water.

5. 10. NH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3

On moving down the group atomic size increases
and availability of lone pair decreases. Hence, basic
character decreases.
Intext Exercise 2
1. HPO3, metaphosphoric acid 6. 2HNO3 " N2 O5 + H2 O
Nitric acid

3
7. (NH4)2 Cr2O7 Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O
8. (HPO3)n Polymetaphosphoric acid
2. CaO is used to dry NH3 as ammonia reacts with other
common drying agents like H2SO4, P4O10, Cacl2 etc.
3. P + 3NaOH + 3H 2 O " PH3 + 3NaH 2 PO 2
4
(White) Phosphine Sod. hypophosphite
3
4. 2KNO3 2KNO 2 + O 2 9. P4 + 20 HNO3 4H3PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H2O
]s g ]s g

5. NH3 is neither combustible nor supports combustion. 10. 3H2O + PCl3 H3PO3 + 3HCl
Intext Exercise 3
1. O2 forms ozone in upper atmosphere. 6. 2Na2SO3 + O2 2Na2SO4
2. S forms long chain compounds among Group 16 7. Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen.
elements.
8. H2O contains hydrogen bond and thus has the
3. Oxygen in the most abundant group 16 element on highest B.P.
earth.
9. Acidic character of hydrides increases down the
4. H2O H 2S H2Se H2Te group.
104.5o 92.1o 91o 90o
10. H2O is the least volatile hydride of group 16 or has
As we go down the group electronegativity
the highest B.P. due to H bonding.
decreases due to which repulsion between bonded
pairs of electron also decreases. Hence, bond angle
decreases.
13.2 Chemistry
Intext Exercise 4
1. O3 can release nascent oxygen and hence can act as 5. K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2
K2SO4 + Cr2 ]SO 4g3 + 4H2O
a bleaching agent.
Green
2. 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2S
6. 2H2O + SO2 H2SO4 + 2[H] (nascent hydrogen)
K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5S
3. The minimum and maximum oxidation number of
S are –2 and +6 respectively. Since the oxidation 7. Only dehydrating agent
number of S in SO2 is +4, therefore it can be either HCOOH
H2 SO 4
CO + H2O
increased or decreased. Therefore SO2 behaves both
as an oxidizing as well as reducing agent. 8. H2 SO 4 + SO3 " H S O
2 2 7
^Oleum or Fu min g H2 SO 4 h

4. Ozone layer restrict harmful UV rays from entering 9. Na2SO3 + S Na2S2O3

earth’s atmosphere.
10. AgBr + 2Na2S2O3 Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + NaBr
Intext Exercise 5
1. Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2 6. NaOH + Cl 2
Cold
NaCl + NaClO + H 2 O
]dil.g Sod. hypochlorite
A more electronegative halogen can displaces less heat
electronegative halogen. 6NaOH + 3Cl2 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2 O
]conc.g Sodium chlorate

2. Due to H Bonding free ions are not present in aq. 7. 2Na2S2O3 + I2 2NaI + Na2S4O6
HF solution. Hence, bad conductor. 3
8. 2KBr + 3H2SO4 + MnO2
3. HF is liquid because of intermolecular H Bonding.
2KHSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Br2
4. HF > HCl > HBr > HI (Thermal stability).
9. Reducing agent strengths : I > Br > Cl > F .
5. Fact.
10. Fact.
Intext Exercise 6
+7 +5 +3 +1 5. Cl2 reacts with CaO, KOH and NaOH as it is acidic.
1. HClO 4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO Hence, Cl2 can be dried over conc. H2SO4.
As the oxidation no. of halogen increases acidic 6. 2NaCl + 2H2 O " 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
character increases. ]anodeg ]cathodeg

2. HF is stored in wax lined bottles as it reacts with 7. 2NaOH + Cl2 NaClO + NaCl + H2O
SiO2 of the glass. 8. 2HClO4 H2O + Cl2O7.
3. Br on reacting with H2SO4 gets oxidized to Br2. 9. I2 + 10HNO3 2HIO3 + 10 NO2 + 4H2O
4. 2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2 10. Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaCl ^OClh + H2O
^ bleaching powder h
3F2 + 3H2O 6HF + O3
Intext Exercise 7
1. Ar : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p .
2 2 6 2 6
6. Ne gas is used in signboards.
2. Inert gases have their outer most shell complete. 7. Inertness of these gases in due to saturated electronic
3. All inert gases have saturated outer most shell.
Remember, He is an inert gas which does not contain 8. Xe > Kr > Ar > Ne > He
8 electrons in the valence shell.
Solubility in decreasing order. As size increases,
4. XeF2, XeOF2.XeF4, XeOF4.XeF6, XeO3. solubility increases in polar solvent like water.
5. HeF4 does not exist.
 p-Block (Part-II) 13.3
10.

9.

All have 1 L.P. of electrons on Xe.

EXERCISE 1
1. P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O PH3 + 3NaH2PO2 In 9. As the size of the central atom increases, the bond
phosphine (PH3), phosphorus has been reduced from length of the hydride increases and the bond becomes
zero to – 3 and in sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2), weaker. Thus, stability decreases down the group.
phosphorus has been oxidized from zero to +1. Thus, 10. NCl3 is a volatile highly explosive liquid (m.p.
it is a redox reaction. 40ºC and b. p. 71ºC). Factual.
2. E.N. increases from left to right across a period and 11. In case of phosphorus, p p bonding is weak
from bottom to top up the group. Therefore, the and thus P2 molecule is unstable. This is because
order of increasing E.N. is Si < P < C < N. of less effective overlap of 3p valence orbitals of
3. Nitrogen does not have any d orbitals and hence Phosphorus.
cannot form 5 bonds while the other elements can. 12. As the electronegativity of the elements decreases
4. The conjugate acid of MH3 is MH+4. As the size from top to bottom down the group, the basic
of the atom M decreases, the conjugate acid MH+4 character of M2O3 (M = element of nitrogen family)
becomes more stable and hence the basic character increases.
of MH3 increases . Thus NH3 is the strongest base. 13. B.P. in general increases with increase in molecular
5. Metallic character increases down the group as the weight of the hydrides. Ammonia has abnormally
electropositive character increases or ionization high boiling point due to inter molecular H bonding.
energy decreases. 14. In general B.P. decreases as the molecule becomes
6. more bulky and Vanderwaal’s force increase.
3s2 3p3 will have highest ionization energy because However, NH3 has H bonding between its molecules
which gives it a low B.P. Hence, PH3 has the lowest
and also is smaller in size than that of the element B.P. among the given molecules.
10
4s2 4p3. 15.
7. Since As is less electronegative than P, therefore its orbital i.e. 2s2 2p3
oxides will be less acidic than those of P. However, which is relatively more stable. Hence N has the
higher the oxidation state of the element more acidic highest I.E.1.
is the oxide. Thus As4O6 (where oxidation of As is 16. Oxidation state of P in Ba ( H2PO2)2 is + 1.
+ 3 ) is a weaker acid than As4O10 (where oxidation Ba2+ (H2+1PxO2 2)2 = 2 + (+2 + x 4)2 = 0
state of As is + 5 )
or 2+ (x 2)2 = 0 or 2x 4 = 2
8. P4 + 10H2SO4 4H3PO4 + 10SO2 + 4H2O or 2x = 2 + 4 = + 2 or x = + 1.
13.4 Chemistry
17. In case of nitrogen, d orbitals are not available 30. In the formation of POX3, P is sp3 – hybridized.
Further, the vacant d orbital of phosphorus will
18. Due to H–bonding, NH3 has a much higher B.P. than
orbital of oxygen thereby
PH3.
resulting in formation of p d bond.
19. Nitrogen is inert because it has large bond
dissociation energy (946 kJ mol 1 ).
20. Acidic character of hydrides increases down the
group as the E H bond becomes longer and weaker.
Since acidic character increases down the group
3
therefore basic character decreases down the group. 31. P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4
21. Pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7) obtained by 32. PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HCl
condensing two molecules of H3PO4 by losing one
33. PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HCl
H2O molecule, contains one P O P bond, four r
P OH bonds and two P = O bonds. 34. As the electronegativity of X in NX3 decreases,
the dipole moments of N X bonds will have the
22. Aqueous solution of ammonia is obtained by passing
same direction as that of the dipole moment of the
NH3 gas through water. Therefore, it contains NH+4
lone pair on N atom and will add up but this will
and OH ions.
be opposite in case X having more electronegativity
NH3 + H2O NH+4 + OH than that of N i.e, in case of NF3.
600 o C
23. 2H3PO4 -2H 2 O
2HPO3 Therefore, NF3 has the lowest and NI3 has the highest
dipole moments.
24. H3PO2 is named as hypophosphorous acid. As it
contains only one P – OH group, its basicity is one. 35. Basic character of hydrides decreases down the
group. Thus PH3 is less basic than NH3.
25. H4P2O6 (hypophosphoric acid ) forms only two
series of salts i.e, Na2H2P2O6 and Na4P2O6. The salt 36. H5P5O15 is metaphosphoric acid which is pentameric
Na3HP2O6 is not formed at all. i.e, (HPO3)5 and will give cyclic phosphate.
26. With excess of water, both P2O5 and PCl5 give H3PO4 37. Hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2) has one P–OH and
P2O5+3H2O 2H3PO4
two P–H groups and has the structure
PCl5+4H2O H3PO4+5HCl
27. Both P4O10 and P2O5 may be regarded as anhydrides 38. Both NH3 and PH3 are basic in nature; the former
of H3PO4 but since P2O5 occurs as a dimer so the is more basic than the latter. Odour of both is
right answer is P4O10 and not P2O5 different and also NH3 is not combustile whereas
P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4 PH3 undergoes combustion.

28. The number of bonds in P4O10 is 16. There are also 39. Out C, Sb, Mg and Mn, carbon is highly
four bonds present in P4O10 molecule. electronegative and is a non metal, Sb is metalloid,
Mg is a typical metal and Mn is a transition
metal. Their oxides will be CO2 weakly (acidic)
Sb2O3 (amphoteric), MgO (distinctly basic) and
Mn2O3 (basic). Therefore, the only oxide which is
amphoteric is Sb2O3.
40. Match stick tips contain a mixture of K2Cr2O7, S and
white phosphorus.
41. Sulphur exists as S8 molecules and shows maximum
tendency for calenation.
29. Red P does not react with NaOH. Only white P 42. Alkaline solution of pyrogallol absorbs oxygen
reacts with NaOH or KOH to from PH3. quickly. Factual.
43. S–S has highest bond energy thereby leading to
catenation property of Sulphur.
 p-Block (Part-II) 13.5
44. SO2 is highly soluble in water and therefore cannot 56. Caro’s acid is H2SO5 which contains one S – O – OH
be collected over water. peroxy linkage.
45. S in H2S because of its lower electro – negativity 57. 2Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
does not form hydrogen bonding. sod. tetrathionate (colourless)
46. H2S is acidic in aqueous solution because H S bond 58. Thiosulphate ion (S2O32 ) contains two sulphur
is weaker and has more tendency to release a proton atoms in different oxidation states of +6 and 2 and
while H2O is neutral because O–H bond is stronger is highly unstable in presence of acids.
and has a little tendency to release a proton.
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + SO2 + S + H2O
47. IE1 of N is higher than that of O due to exactly half
59. Sodium thiosulphate is prepared by boiling Na2SO3
with S in a mild acidic medium.
of N which imparts relatively more stability to the
atom. Note: the values of I.E.2 1 3
Na2SO3 + 8 S8 Na2S2O3
is the trend that needs to be understood.
In alkaline medium it is obtained by boiling sodium
48. Oxidation number of S in S8 = 0, in S2F2 = + 1 and in hydroxide solution with Sulphur powder
H2S = 2. 12NaOH + S8 2Na2S2O3 + 4Na2S
49. Boiling point of H2O is the highest due to 60. Sulphuric acid is used in lead storage batteries.
H bonding. In case of other hydrides, the boiling
point is decided by the strength of the Vanderwaal’s 61. Final acid obtained by contact process in H2S2O7
force. Hence, among the other hydrides, greater the (oleum). It is then diluted with water to obtain H2SO4
molecular weight more is the boiling point. 62. 2H2S + O2 2H2O + 2S
50. SO3 + H2O H2SO4; thus SO3 is acidic in nature.
51. In SO2 molecule, S is sp2 hybridized,one of the 63.
hybrid orbitals contains a lone pair of electrons due
to which the O – S – O bond angle is slightly reduced
to 119.5o giving a V shape to the molecule.
52. BaO2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H2O2
Dil.
Here, in the products the most electronegative
element is oxygen.
In BaSO4, O has an oxidation state 2 while in H2O2
it is 1.
53. Undecomposed AgBr forms a soluble complex with
3
hypo AgBr + 2Na2S2O3 Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + NaBr 64. Na2 SO3 + S Na S O
2 2 3
Solution Sodium thiosulphate (hypo)

65. Ozone protects the earth’s inhabitants by absorbing

54. Since the colourless gas turns baryta water (Ba(OH)2 UV radiations and not gamma radiations.
Hydrolysis
66. H 2 S 2 O8 + H 2 O H 2 SO 4 + H 2 SO5
green, it must be SO2 obtained by the treatment of
ion with dil. H2SO4. 67. Na2+1S4xO6 2 or + 2 + 4x 12 = 0 or 4x = 10 or x = 5/2.
SO32 + 2H+ SO2 + H2O 68. KI reacts with CuSO4 solution to produce cuprous
Ba(OH)2 + SO2 BaSO3 + H2O; iodide (white precipitate) and I2 (which gives brown
Insoluble gives turbidity colour) Iodine reacts with hypo (Na2S2O35H2O
K2Cr2O7+H2SO4+3SO2 K2SO4+Cr2(SO4)3+H2O solution), decolorisation of solution shows the
Green
appearance of white precipitate.
2CuSO4 + 4KI 2K2SO4 + 2CuI + I 2
55. K 2 Cr2 O 7 + H 2 SO 4 + 3SO 2 " Cuprous iodide (Brown colour
Orange ^White ppt. h in solution)
K 2 SO 4 + Cr2 (SO 4) 3 + H 2 O 2Na2S2O3 + I2 Na S O + 2NaI
2 4 6
green Sod. tetrathionate colourless
13.6 Chemistry
69. In the reaction 2 SO2 + O2 3
, V2O5 acts as a 84. Chlorine is stronger oxidizing agent than bromine
catalyst. therefore, chlorine water will liberate bromine from
KBr solution
70. H2S is a weak acid in water and not a weak base.
2KBr + Cl2 2KCl + Br2
71. COCl2 (phosgene) does not contain any metal in it,
Therefore, it will not produce metal sulphide with 85. I ion being a weak reducing agent reduces Cu2+
H2S. All others give corresponding metal sulphides ions to Cu+ ions and itself gets oxidized to I2
such as CdS (yellow), ZnS (dirty white) and CuS
2CuSO4 + 4KI 2 CuI + I2 + 2K2SO4
(black).
86. Triple bond is stronger than double bond which in
72. Cyclic trimer ( form) S3O9 of solid SO3 has the
turn is stronger than single bond.
structure which contains three S–O–S bonds and no
S S bonds. Among F2 and Cl2 the strength of F F bond is
weaker due to greater repulsion between the non
bonding electrons of F.
87. Polarity of the bond depends upon the
electronegativity difference of the two atoms
forming the bond. Greater the electronegativity
73. The oxidation number of S in H2S2O8 is + 6 as it difference, more is the polarity of the bond.
contains one peroxo (O O) linkage. 88. F has the strongest and I the lowest oxidizing power.
74. Oxidation states of S in S2O42 = + 3 ; in SO32 = + 4
89. The halogen which is the strongest oxidizing agent
and in S2O62 = + 5.
i.e., F2 is the one which gets easily reduced to F .
75. SO2 contains two bonds, two (p p and
90. Acidic strength increases in the order
p d ) bonds and one lone pair of electrons on S
atom. HF < HCl < HBr < HI. As H X bond becomes easier
76. Yellow powder is Sulphur. Colourless gas (X) to break, acid becomes stronger.
having octahedral structure is SF6. Colourless gas 91. In HCl molecule, the electronegativity difference is
(Y) is SF4. 3.0 (for Cl)
S + 3F2
3
SF difference in electronegativities, the bond is a polar
6
Yellow powder (X) Colourless gas bond. However, it is more covalent than ionic as the
3SCl2 + 4NaF
3
SF4 + S2 Cl2 + 4NaCl bond is 50% ionic when EN difference is 1.9.
(Y) colourless gas
92.
77. SO has three bonds and one p d bond. S is sp3
2
3 repulsion experienced by the additional electron.
hybridized and one of sp3 hybrid orbitals is occupied Thus, the energy released in the process is lesser
by a lone pair of electrons. N, B, C are 2nd period than the energy released in case of Cl. In general,
elements and do not have d orbitals. EA decreases down a group.
Sunlight
78. SO2 + Cl2 SO2 Cl2 93. Bromide in the mother liquor is oxidised to Br2 by
79. Hydrogen bonding is strongest between H atom of Cl2 which is a stronger oxidizing agent.
one molecule and most electronegative atom of the 94. Bond dissociation energy decreases in the order
other molecule.
Cl2 > Br2 > F2. Weak bond in F2 is due to repulsion
80. Fluorine is the most electronegative element and between the non bonded electrons of F.
hence does not show positive oxidation state.
95. As halogens have seven electrons (ns2np5) in the
81. Halogens are the most electronegative elements of valence shell, they have a strong tendency to acquire
their respective periods.
82. When derived from the element, an anion is larger electron and form halide ions easily.
and cation is smaller in sizes than the corresponding 96. A stronger oxidizing agent (Cl2) displaces a weaker
atom. oxidizing agent (Br2) from its salt solution.
83. Since HF is the weakest reducing agent of all 2KBr + Cl2 2KCl + Br2
hydracids (hydrides) of halogens, it cannot reduce
H2SO4, KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7. 97. Reactivity of halogens decreases from F to I.
 p-Block (Part-II) 13.7
98. Fluorine because of its smaller size and highest 115. HClO4 is the strongest acid and hence ClO4 is the
electronegativity forms strongest hydrogen bonding weakest base. Thus, solution containing ClO4 will
in (HF)n. be least basic and have the highest pH.
99. As H2SO4 is a strong oxidizing agent, it will oxidize 116. Calcium chlorite is written as Ca (ClO2)2.
HI produced to iodine
117.
2HI + H2SO4 SO2 + I2 + 2H2O.
100. Bleaching action of chlorine is only in presence of
moisture where nascent oxygen is displaced from
H2O.
Cl2 + H2O — HCl + HClO (unstable)
HClO — HCl + | O |
101. The more the electronegativity and oxidation
number of the central atom (here Cl), the higher is
the acidity.
102. Acidity decreases as the electronegativity of the
central halogen decreases from Cl to I in HXO.
103. Because of higher bond dissociation energy due to 118. Noble gases are monoatomic
smaller H Cl bond, HCl is most stable to heat.
119. The most abundant rare gas found in the atmosphere
104. Bleaching action of chlorine is due to oxidation in is argon and not helium.
presence of moisture. It is permanent bleaching.
120. XeF4 on partial hydrolysis produces XeOF2 as
H2O + Cl2 2HCl + | O | shown below XeF4 + H2O XeOF2 + 2HF
Colouring matter + | O | colourless matter. 121.
105. ClO 3 ion being an oxdising agent oxidides I2 to IO 3 next element, noble gas (neon) in which case only
ion and itself gets reduced to Cl2. Vanderwaal’s radius is considered which is larger
than covalent radius
106. KHF2 contains K+ and HF 2 anion as [F—H…F]
formed due to strong hydrogen bonding. 122. XeF4 has a square planer structure, XeF6 has
distorted octahedral, XeO3 has a trigonal pyramidal
107. Oxidizing power of oxyacids in inversely related and XeO4 has a tetrahedral structure.
to their thermal stability. Since HClO4 is thermally
most stable, so it is the weakest oxidizing agent. 123. XeO3 is an explosive compound when dry and its
explosion power is 22 times more than TNT
108. Cl2O7 + H2O 2HClO4
124. In XeF2 Xe is sp3d hybridized with all the three
109. CaOCl2 + 2HCl " CaCl2 + H2 O + Cl2 equatorial positions occupied by lone pairs of
Bleeching powder
electrons giving a linear shape to XeF2.
110. Cl2 gas reacts with dry slaked lime, Ca (OH)2 to give
bleaching powder 125. In the clathrate of Xe with water, the nature of
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O bonding between Xe and H2O is dipole induced
dipole interaction as Xe is a non polar entity.
111. A pseudohalide must contain a nitrogen atom.
126. As odd oxidation state of xenon is not formed, it can
112. Cl2 + 2NaOH (cold) NaCl + NaOCl + H2O not form XeF3.
113. As the oxidation number of X in HXOn increases 127. XeF4 is sp3d2 hybrid with 2 lone pairs. It has square
from HClO to HClO4, the acidity also increases.
planar structure.
114. CN behaves like a halide ion but is not a true halide
and is called pseudohalide.
13.8 Chemistry
EXERCISE 2
1. NH4Cl gives NH3, NH4NO3 gives N2O and AgNO3 15. N2O and NO are neutral oxides.
gives NO2. 673 K
3
16. 2Pb (NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
(a) NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
3 NaNO3 and KNO3 gives their nitrites and O2 where
(b) NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O as NH4NO3 gives N2O.
3
(c) AgNO3 Ag + NO2 + 1/2O2
17. NH3 is oxidized to NO and then NO2 during the
3
(d) NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O manufacturer of HNO3 using Ostwald’s process.
2. They have one lone pair of electrons on central atom 18. The difference of electronegativities between
which they can donate to lewis acid. nitrogen (V) and oxygen is least as compared to that
3. Black phosphorus is thermodynamically most stable of in the other oxides. On moving down the group
form of phosphorus as it is a highly polymerised acidic strength decreases.
form of phosphorus. Hence it is least reactive. 19. On moving down the group the electronegativity
3 of the central atom decreases and hence the acidic
4. (NH4)2Cr2O7 Cr2O3 + N2 O
2
strength of the oxyacid also decreases.
5. NH4+ is formed by NH3 by gaining H+ not by electron
20. 2NO2 + H2O — HNO3 + HNO2
loss.
It is a mixed anhydride of HNO2 and HNO3.
6. N2O is linear.
250 K
21. 4HNO3 + P4O10 4HPO3 + N2 O5
d n
anhydride
of HNO3

7. Allotropes differ in their crystal structures and 22. P4O10 + 6H2O — 4H3PO4
physical properties but have same chemical
properties. 23. Sb4O6 reacts with NaOH forming arsenite as well as
HCl forming SbCl3.
8. White phosphorus is obtained by heating a mixture
of phosphorite mineral, Ca3(PO4)2 with sand and 24. According to the following reaction, one mole of
coke in an electric furnace in inert atmosphere. Ca3P2 gives 2 mole of PH3

2Ca3(PO4)2 (from bone ash) + 10C + 6SiO2

3 Ca3P2 + 6H2O — 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3.
6CaSiO3 + 10CO + P4(s) 25. Haber’s Process produces NH3. This is then oxidized
9. The basic strength of the hydrides of group 15
to form HNO3.
elements down the group decreases because down
the group as electronegativity decreases p orbital 26. PH3 + HBr $ PH 4 Br (Similar to NH3 reaction)
^anhyd. h ^anhyd h ^anhyd h
take part in the bond and lone pair present in
s orbital: 27. NH3 + 3Cl 2 $ NCl3 + 3HCl
]excessg
s orbital is larger and non directional hence it has
less effective tendency of bond formation. 28. Down the group the X–H bond length increases
with increase in size of atom. So bond dissociation
10. All given species contain 10 electrons and are hence energies decrease and thererfore, thermal stability
isoelectronic. decrease. Hence the correct decreasing order is
11. If the anion of an ammonium salt is oxidizing then, NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3.
N2 or N2O is formed as the anion oxidizes the N
29. PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HCl
atom from 3 to a higher oxidation state (zero or +
1) depending on the stregth of the oxidizing anion. Similarly PCl5 forms H3PO4.
If anion is non oxidizing then NH3 is formed. 30. PI3 is a strongest reducing agent among the
12. Hydrolysis of metal phosphides form PH3. phosphorus trihalides, as I is easily oxidizable.

13. s block metal nitrides form NH3 and hydroxide on 31. Ca3P2 + 6H2O — 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3
hydrolysis. PH3 + HI (g) — PH4I (g)
warm
14. P4 + NaOH NaH2PO2 + PH3
 p-Block (Part-II) 13.9
32. PCl5 + 4H 2 O $ H3 PO 4 + 5HCl 52. It has d and f orbitals so it can show higher positive
]hotg

3
is formed. and oxygen.
53. Electrolysis of brine releases Cl2 at anode and H2 at
33. (HPO3)3 contains 3 P = 0 units. cathode. NaOH is formed in the electrolytic solution.
54. HF has highest boiling point on account of
intermolecular hydrogen bonding. But from HCl
to HI the boiling point show a regular increase due
34. Stability (Monoclinic < Rhombic) to a corresponding increase in the magnitude of
Monoclinic and Rhombic sulphur have same Vanderwaal’s force of attraction as the size of the
puckered ring structure but they differ in crystalline halogen increases.
structure. 55. (a) Order is I– < Br– < Cl– < F– ; ease of donation of
35. E E bond energy decreases as size of element (E) lone pair of electrons decreases with increase in
increases down the group. Bond energy of S S is size of ions.
more than O O due to repulsion between non (b) Correct order is : Cl2 > F2 > Br2 > I2
bonded electrons in O. (c) According to Fajans rule smaller anion has
36. Factual. smaller polarisability and thus less covalent
character but more ionic character.
37. Bond order of S O bonds in S2O32 = 1.66, SO42 =
1
1.5 and in SO3 = 2. Smaller the bond order, larger (d) 3 H Hydration \ ionic size
bond length. It must be noted that the p d back
56. Bond length 1/(bond dissociaton energy) and
bonds are not considered while estimating bond
bond dissociation energy bond strength.
order.
57. Vanderwaal’s forces of attraction among molecules
38. S8 + 6KOH(aq.) — 2K2S3 + K2S2O3 + 3H2O(l)
increase with the increase of atomic masses. Thus,
39. Oxidizing powers : higher energy is required to separate these molecules
H2SO4 > H3PO4 > H3PO3 > H3BO3 as to get gaseous state. Hence, the boiling points
increase with increase of atomic masses.
40. H2S + O2 — H2O + SO2
3
58. F2 is a strong a oxidizing agent while I is the
41. Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2O3 + SO3 strongest reducing agent among all halides. Thus,
42. Yellow coloured substance is S. I gives the opposite reaction.
S + 3F2 SF6 (octahedreal) 59. Order of acidic character is HI > HBr > HCl > HF
as their acidic character depends on their bond
43. 2HI + H2SO4 — I2 + SO2 + 2H2O dissociation energies which follows HF > HCl >
H2SO4 oxidises HI to I2. HBr > HI.
44. SO2 + H2O H2SO3. Weak acid, reducing agent 60. HI is the strongest acid so I– is the weakest base.
as well as bleaching agent. It bleaches by reduction
61. Chlorine gas reacts with CaO, NaOH and NH3 ; so
and hence is a temporary bleach.
chlorine gas cannot be dried by passing over these
45. Na2S2O3 + 4Cl2 + 5H2O — 2NaHSO4 + 8HCl compounds. H2SO4
46. O3 + KI + D2O — KOD + O2 + I2 therefore it is used for drying Cl2.
3 62. Lone pairs occupy equitorial position to minimise
47. 6NaOH(aq) + 4S(s)
repulsion in accordance to VSEPR theory.
Na2S2O3(aq) + 4Na2S(aq) + 3H2O( ).
63. The acidic character of hypohalous acid depends on
48. It is sodium sulphite containing sulphite, SO32–. the electronegativity of halogen. As electronegativity
49. Na2SO3 + S
Alkaline solution
Na2S2O3 value of halogen increases the acidic strength of
Boil
hypohalous acid increases.
50. H2SO5 + H2O — H2O2 + H2SO4.
CuCl2
64. 2Cl2O6 + 4NaOH — 2NaClO3 + 2NaClO4 + 2H2O
51. 4HCl + O2 2Cl2 + 2H2O
65. H2SO4 oxidises HBr to Br2
o
440 C

H2SO4 + 2HBr — SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O.

13.10 Chemistry
66. 2ClO3– + I2 — 2IO3– + Cl2 81. All statements are true.
67. All given statements are true.
68. AgF is soluble in water. 82.
3
69. 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
70. Factual.
71. H2SO4 + HBr — Br2 + SO2 + H2O
72. Facutal.
73. Since HF reacts with SiO2 present in glass, therefore
it is used in etching of
SiO2 + 6HF — H2SiF6 + 2H2O
74. Au + 4H + NO + 4Cl–
+ –
3
[AuCl4–] + NO + 2H2O
75. It is a fact.
76. NCCN is pseudohalogen compound but CN– and N3–
are pseudohalide and I3– is only polyhalide.
77. Most abundant element in air is Ar. Order of 1
abundance in the air is Ar > Ne > Kr > He > Xe. 83. XeF2 + H2O — Xe + 2HF + 2 O2

78. Group No. 18 general valence shell electron 84. 2 XeF6 + 16 OH– —
2
np6. 8H2O + 12F– + [XeO6]4– + Xe + O2
85. XeF5 does not exist at all as Xe cannot have an odd
oxidation state.
79.
86. 6XeF4 + 12H2O — 4Xe + 2XeO3 + 24HF + 3O2
CaCN2 + 3H2O — CaCO3 + 2NH3
80. All the noble gases except radon occur in the
87. XeF2 : 2 bonds 3 L.P.
atmosphere. Xenon and radon are the rarest elements
of the group. Radon is obtained as a decay product XeF4 : 4 bonds 2 L.P.
of 226Ra. XeF6 : 6 bonds 1 L.P.
226
88
Ra — 222
86
Rn + He
4
2

EXERCISE 3

4. The availibility of d orbitals facilitate the expansion

of covalency of phosphorus to 5.
5. P4 + 3OH– + 3H2O — PH3 + 3H2PO2–
1. Bond angle P P P = 60o
6. SO2 + PCl5 — SOCl2 + POCl3
(A) (B)

2. rings sp3 hybridization, tetrahedral

8
break, diradicals are formed, polymerisation takes
place. On further increasing T viscosity increase and
then viscosity decrease at very high temperature (~ sp3 hybridization, pyramidal (trigonal)
600ºC) as rings are formed and in vapour phase S2
(paramagnetic) molecules are present.
6SOCl2 + MgCl2 . 6H2O MgCl2 + 6SO2 + 12HCl
3. Oxygen is soluble in alkaline pyrogallol and ozone
dissolves in oil of cinnamon. SOCl2 O.N. of S = + 4 (not highest)
POCl3 O.N. of P = + 5 (highest)
 p-Block (Part-II) 13.11
7. 2NO2 + H2O — HNO2 + HNO3 2.26
24. Average. HF bond length = 2 = 1.13 Ao
3
8. CaC2 + N2 CaCN2 + C Stretching = 1.13 0.92 = 0.21 Ao
nitrolim
One F is bonded to H by covalent bond and the other
9. Alkaline KI is oxidized to potassium iodate & H is bonded by an H bond.
periodate.
25. The bond length is maximum in I2 and hence its
KI+3O3 — KIO3+3O2 bond strength is the weakest. Order of bond energies
KI+4O3 — KIO4+4O2 for halogens is Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
250o C and high Por
10. P4 low tempt./sun light
Red phosphorus. 26. H2SO4 being oxidizing agent oxidizes HBr to Br2.
11. Rhombic S8 is soluble in CS2, plastic S is not. 27. With increasing size it can be easily polarized by
water and the noble gas becomes more soluble.
28. NH3(excess) + Cl2 — NH4Cl + N2. So, A is N2
12. which is almost inert at room temperature.
NH3 + 3Cl2 (excess) — NCl3 + 3HCl.
So, B is NCl3 which is explosive.
Lower the oxidation state of P, more is the reducing
29. In March 1962, Neil Bartlett, then at the University
strength.
of British Columbia, observed the reaction of a
13. PF5 does not dissociate on heating. noble gas. First , he prepared a red compound
which is formulated as O2+ [PtF6]– and it is already
14. Hºf = 0 for White phosphorous, O2 (g)
15. NH4NO3 and NH4NO2 both contain oxidizing anions oxygen (1175 kJ mol–1) is almost similar with
and thus gives N2O or N2 not ammonia. that xenon (1170 kJ mol–1). Then he made efforts
NH4NO3
3
N2O+2H2O to prepare same type of compound by mixing
3 PtF6 and Xenon Xe+[PtF6]–. After this discovery,
NH4NO2 N2+H2O a number of xenon compounds mainly with most
16. (a) O3 + 2KI + H2O — I2 + 2KOH + O2
(b) H2O2 + Cl2 — 2Cl + 2H+ + O2
– have been synthesised.
OH -
(c) 4KO2 (s) + 2CO2 (g) — 2K2CO3 (s) + 3O2 (g) 30. IO - Hot and conc.
I - + IO3-
P Q
Pt
17. 4NH3 + 5O2 800 o C
4NO + 6H2O (Ostwald’s Q is more stable anion its conjugate acid is HIO3
X
240 o C
process for making HNO3). 2HIO3 I2 O5 + H2 O
X Y
18. H2O2 acts as bleaching agent. I2 O5 + 5CO $ I2 + 5CO2
Y
19. Red P does not react with NaOH. CO2
20. CaOCl2 acts as bleaching agent while Na2S2O3 acts 31. Down the group the size of atoms increases and
as antichlor according to the following reaction. so electronegativity decreases ; but electropositive
CaOCl2 + H2O — Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 character increases on account of increase in size of
Na2S2O3 + 4Cl2 + 5H2O — 2NaHSO4 + 8HCl atoms. Hence they form positive ions i.e. cation and
not M3–.
21. 2[HXeO4]– + 2OH– — [XeO6]4– + Xe + O2 + 2H2O
32. All allotropes of sulphur which are less stable
22. ICl3, exist as dimer in solid state. gradually changes to most stable allotropic form.
Monoclinic sulphur is soluble in CS2 but
insoluble in water.
Planar molecule
33. Acids having O O are peroxo acids.

and ICl3 + 2H2O — HIO 2

+ 3HCl
]iodous acidg

23. Factual.
13.12 Chemistry
34. Ca3N2, Ca3P2 , Na3As, Mg3Bi2 46. (a) 2KMnO4
3
K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
35. (b) Group 16 elements form oxides of type EO2 and (b) He is insoluble in blood at higher pressure.
EO3. (c) O2 has two unpaired electrons in antibonding
(d) SO2 works both as oxidizing and reducing agent. molecular orbitals.
36. Factual. 47. A P4O6 ; B H3PO3; C H3PO4 ; D PH3
37. Factual. 48. Cu, Ag and Zn ions dissolve in excess of aq. NH3 to
38. Heating ammonium dichromate liberates N2 form complexes but Al3+ does not.
NaH CuSO4
(a) NaNO2 + NH4Cl — NaCl + NH4NO2 49. SCl2 H2
NaH CuSO 4
NH4NO2
3
N2 + 2H2O PCl3 PH3 Cu3P2
(b) H2O2 — H2O + [O] ; NaNO2 +[O]— NaNO3 50. (a) Sb + 5HNO3 — H3SbO4 + 5NO2 + H2O
(c) 2NH3 + 3CuO — 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O (b) Mn + 2HNO3 — Mn(NO3)2 + H2
(c) 3HNO2 — HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
(d) 2KMnO4 + 2NH3 2KOH + 2MnO2+N2+2H2O
(d) 4HNO3 + P4O10 — 2N2O5 + 4HPO3
51. (a) In PH3 the lone pair of electrons is present in
spherical non directional more concentrated
39.
s orbital where as lone pair of electrons is
present in directional sp3 hybrid orbital. As
a result, the ease of donation of lone pair of
electron is more in NH3 as compare to PH3.
(b) It is incorrect statement.
(c) 3CuSO4 + 2PH3 — Cu3P2 (black ppt) + H2SO4
(d) PH3 + O2 — Dense white fumes of P4O10.
H3PO4 is negligibly formed.
40. Red phosphorus is inert towards sodium hydroxide 52. All given reactions are correct.
but white phosphorus reacts according to following
53. FCl3 is not possible due to unavailability of
reaction. P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O — PH3 + 3NaH2PO2
d
41. FeS + dil.HCl or H2SO4 — H 2S covalent bond.
42. Factual. 54. NaBr/NaI + H2SO4 —
43. Fact. Br2/I2 + SO2 + NaHSO4 + H2O
In case of NaCl, get HCl.
44. Apart from NH3 other hydrides also form stable
complexes. 55. (a) Thermal stability of AB type compounds
increases with increase in electronegativity
45. difference between A and B.
(while dyeing) according to following reaction.
So order is IF > BrF > ClF, true
Na2S2O3 + 4Cl2 + 5H2O — 2NaHSO4 + 8HCl
(b) True
Therefore , it is known as antichlor. IF7 + 6H2O — 7HF + H5IO6
(b) I3– + S2O32– — 3I– + S4O62– (c) True, All the electrons, bonding or non bonding,
are present in pairs. Hence interhalogen
iodimetric methods of titrimetric analysis. molecules are diamagnetic in nature
(c) S2O32– + H+ — 2
+ H 2O (d) True
(disproportionation reaction)
(d) 2S2O32– + Ag+ — [Ag(S2O3)2]3– (soluble
complex) or [Ag(S2O3)3] 5–

This reaction is utilized in photography where hypo

Pentagonal bipyramidal.
 p-Block (Part-II) 13.13
56. F2 + H2O (hot) HF + O2 67. It is not polar and carbon does not have empty
Cl2 + NaOH (cold + dil.) NaCl + NaOCl + H2O d orbital. There is also least difference in
electronegativity.
Cl2 + NaOH (hot+conc.) NaCl + NaClO3 + H2O
Cl2 + NH3 (excess) NH4Cl + N2 68. Because its conjugate acid, H2O is weakest acid.

57. (a) XeF6 + H2O — XeOF4 + 2HF 69. to 71.

(b) 2XeF6 + SiO2 — 2XeOF4 + SiF4 (A) is PH4I. The given changes are :
3
(c) XeF4 + O2F2 — XeF6 + O2 (i) PH4I (A) HI (C) + PH3 (B)
(d) XeO3 + 2XeF6 — 3XeOF4 (ii) PH4I (A) + H2O — PH3 3
O+ + I–
58. Smaller halogen (i.e., stronger oxidizing agent) (iii) PH3 (B) + I2 — PI3 (D) + HI
displaces bigger halogen (i.e. weaker oxidizing (iv) PI3 (D) + H2O — H3PO3 + HI (C)
agent) from solution of its halide. e.g., (v) HI + AgNO3 — 3
Br– + Cl2 — Br2 + 2Cl–. (vi) 4PH3 (B) + 8O2 — P4O10 (C) (dense white
59. (a) As O.N. increases, acidic strength increases. fumes) + 6H2O
(b) As non metalic character increases, acid 72. (CN)2 + 2NaOH — NaCN + NaOCN + H2O
strength increases
73. 2NaCN + H2SO4 — Na2SO4 + 2HCN
(c)
74. Factual.
75. to 77
A is a solution of Br2 in water
(d) All are sp hybridized, therefore same percentage
3 B is NaBr and C is NaBrO3.
s character : 3Br2 + 3Na2CO3 — 5NaBr + NaBrO3 + 3CO2
60. Xe and Kr being bigger in size trapped in the cavities A B C
formed by the quinol molecules while He and Ne 5NaBr + NaBrO3 + 3H2SO4 —
being smaller escape from the cavities. 5HBr + HBrO3 + 3Na2SO4
61. 3X2 + 8NH3 — N2 + 6NH4X 5HBr + HBrO3 — 3Br2 + 3H2O
(X : F, Cl, Br) 75. (a) Br2 + 2e —–
2Br– ; SRP = +1.09 V
62. In I2 opposite reaction occurs (b) Being covalent in nature sparingly soluble in
I 2 + H 2O HI + HIO water.
(c) Fluorescein + Br2 —
63. PbF2 is insoluble.
(red)
64. 76. (a) AgNO3+NaBr NaNO3
(b) Pb(NO3)2 + NaBr — PbBr2 3

(c) NaBr+H2SO4— Br2+SO2+SO +2Na +2H2O 2–

4
+

Br2 produces orange spots on starch iodide

paper.
77. (A) 3Br2 + 3Na2CO3 — 5NaBr + NaBrO3 + 3CO2
(A) (B) (C)
65. X is HCl.
HCl has lowest boiling point hence it is the most
volatile. (B) sp3 hybrid

X + NaHCO3 — NaCl + H2O + CO2

66. HF has high bond dissociation energy ; so removal 78. (a, b, d, e, f) are correct.
79. Statement (b), (d), (e), (f) are correct and remaining
halogen acid. are false.
13.14 Chemistry
80. a = 1 ; b=2 ; c=1 ; d=4 89. a, b, j are only neutral, all others acidic.
2a + b + 3c – d = 2 × 1 + 2 + 3 × 1 – 4 = 3
90.
Remember d is 4 because we have only 1 mole of N
atoms. 91. XeF6 + 3H2O — XeO3 + 6HF
81. SF4 + 2H2O — SO2 + 4HF 3
3XeF4 + 6H2O — 2Xe + XeO3 + 12HF + 2 O2
1 1
SF2 + H2O — 2 S + 2 SO2 + 2HF +5 +3
92. Aquaregia: 3HCl + HNO3 $ NOCl + 2H2 O + 2Cl
SF6 + H2O : no reaction (Conc.) (Conc.)

82. 4BF3 + 3H2O — B(OH)3 + 3HBF4 93. XeO is perxenate ion.

4–
6

BCl3 + 3H2O — B(OH)3 + 3HCl O.S. = + 8

NCl3 + 4H2O — NH3.H2O + 3HOCl 94. Cl F3 has Cl in sp3d hybridization with 3 bonds and
PCl3 + 3H2O — H3PO3 + 3HCl 2 lone pairs. The shape of the molecule is T shaped.
AlCl3 undergoes incomplete reaction. 95. Boiling point, Atomic volume, Density at STP,
AsCl3 + 3H2O — As(OH)3 + 3HCl critical temp.

83. All given reactions release N2. 96. ClO2 ; Cl2O6 and NO2 are mixed anhydride. These
oxides produce two acids on reaction with water.
84. PH3, H2S, AsH3, SbH3, H2Se, H2Te
97. P = Cl2
Follow drago’s rule.
Q = N2
71 – 28 = 43
Hydrolysis
98. (a) PCl5 + H2O POCl3 + 2 HCl
sp3
85.

3
(b) P4+3NaOH + 3 H2O PH3 + 3NaH2PO2
sp3 sp3
86. a, d, f have +3 oxidation state.
87. Pb, Sn, Mg, MgO, Hg, Ag dissolve in cold conc. ; Disproportionation reaction
HNO3.
Pb3O4 (dissolves partially, PbO2 remains
(c) Disproportionation reaction
3
oxidizing power of HNO3 4H3PO3 3H3PO4+PH3
power of HNO3). (d) P4O6 + 6H2O (Hot)
3
3H3PO4 + PH3
Hydrolysis
88. SOCl2 + H2O — 2HCl + SO2 P4O6 + 6H2O — 4H3PO3
Total 4 moles required (2 for HCl & 2 for SO2) 4H3PO3
3
3H3PO4 + PH3
SO2Cl2 + 2H2O — H2SO4 + 2HCl 99. (a) Cl2O6 + H2O HClO3 + HClO4
Total 4 moles required (2 for HCl & 2 for H2SO4) (b) NaClO4(s) + HCl (conc.) HClO4 + NaCl
PCl3 + 3H2O — H3PO3 + 3HCl (c) 2KClO3 + 2(COOH)2 K2C2O4 + 2H2O +
Total 5 moles required (3 for HCl & 2 for H3PO3) 2CO2 + 2ClO2
573 K
PCl5 + 4H2O — H3PO4 + 5HCl (d) 2HgO + 2Cl2 HgO. HgCl2 + Cl2O
Total 8 moles required (5 for HCl & 3 for H3PO4)
NCl3 + 3H2O — NH3 + 3HOCl
Total 3 moles required for HOCl
 p-Block (Part-II) 13.15
Hydrolysis Hydrolysis
100. (a) XeF2 + 2H2O 2Xe + 4HF+ O2 (c) XeF6 + 3H2O XeO3 + 2HF
XeF2 + 2HCl — Xe + 2HF+ Cl2 XeF6 + 3H2 — 6HF + Xe
as oxidizing agent as oxidizing agent
Addition reaction Addition reaction
XeF2 + PF5 [XeF] [PF6]
+ –
CsF + XeF6 CsXeF7
Addition reaction
XeF6 + PtF6 [XeF5]+ [PtF6]–

Hydrolysis
(b) 6XeF4 + 12H2O Disproportionation
4Xe + 2XeO3
+ 24HF + 3O2
XeF4 + 2Hg — Xe + 2HgF2 (d) XeO3 + OH– HXeO4–
as oxidizing agent 2HXeO4– + 2OH– — XeO64– + Xe + O2 + 2H2O
XeF4 + SbF5
Addition reaction
[XeF3]+ [SbF6]– XeO3 + 6H+ + 6e– — Xe + 3H2O (E = 2.10 V)
acts as oxidizing agent.

1. All given statements about Silicones are correct. 6. Zn + HNO3 (dil.) — Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + N2O + H2O
2. Structure of H3PO2 is Zn + HNO3 (conc.) — Zn(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O

7. Orthophosphorous acid `H3 PO3j ;

O +3

H P OH
Pyrophosphorous acid [H4P2O5]
H
9. H2O2 can undergo reduction as well as oxidation
Due to the presence of two P–H bonds it has good because oxidation number of oxygen in H2O2 is –1.
reducing nature. So, it can act both as reducing agent and oxidizing
agent.
3. In presence of oxidizing anion either N2 or its oxide
will be liberated while in presence of nonoxidizing 10. In general, interhalogen compounds are more
anion NH3 liberated. Cr2O72–, NO2– are oxidizing NCERT)
anions SO42– is non oxidizing anion extra pure
11. NO is paramagnetic in gaseous state.
nitrogen is obtain by decomposition by azide ion.
12. Sulphur exhibit + 2, + 4, + 6 oxidation states but +
4. In the reaction 4 and + 6 are more common. It also exists as 2 in
+4 +1 +6 o sulphides.
XeF4 + O 2 F2 " XeF6 + O2
13. This reaction is not feasible because XeF6 formed
Xenon undergoes oxidation while oxygen undergoes
will get hydrolyzed according to the following
reduction.
reaction,
5. Cl2 + 2OH — Cl + ClO + H2O
XeF6 + 3H2O XeO3 + 6HF
[cold
and dilute]
13.16 Chemistry

1. Acid O.S.
11. N2O3 =
H3PO2 +1
H3PO4 +5
N 2O 5 =
H3PO3 +3
H4P2O6 +4
H5P3O10 =
2. P4+8SOCl2 4PCl3+4SO2+S2Cl2(NCERT Reaction)
3. KIO4 + H2O2 KIO3 + H2O + O2
H2O2 acts as a reductant H5S2O3 =
2NH2OH + H2O2 N2 + 4H2O
H2O2 acts as an oxidant.
4. H2S2O5 =

H4P2O5 =

5. Au + HNO3 + 3HCl HAuCl4 + NO + H2O

Yellow colour of aqua – regia is due to NOCl and P4O6 = P4O7 =
Cl2.
In aqua regia HCl and HNO3 are in 3:1 molar ratio
12. Because of following two reasons, the nitrates are
6. Reaction between Cl2 and H2O can form HClO not less abundant in earth crust.
HClO4. (i) Nitrates have greater solubility in water.
7. NO is a neutral oxide and CrO is basic. (ii) Nitrates are prone to microbial action.
8. Na + NH3(excess) dilute solution of sodium in 13. NH3 is better electron donor as the lone pair
liquid NH3 (which is paramagnetic) of electrons are present in diffused and more
K + O2 (excess) KO2( is paramagnetic) directional sp3 hybridized orbital. In PH3 the lone
pair of electrons is supposed to be present in more
Cu+dilute HNO3 Cu(NO3)2+NO (NO is paramagnetic) concentrated s orbital which is closer to the nucleus.
O2 + 2 ethylanthraquinol 2 ethylanthraquinone As a result the donation of electron pair is some what
+ H2O2 (Diamagnetic)
Hence Answer is (a), (b), (c)
14. It is disproportionation reaction,
9. S8 + 48HNO3 8H2SO4 + 48NO2 + 16H2O 0 +1 3-

Mass of H2O = 18 16 = 288 gram P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2 O " 3NaH2 PO2 + PH3

10. XeF4 + O2F2 XeF6 + O2