Men's Perspective On Changing Role of Women

© 2021 IJRAR June 2021, Volume 8, Issue 2 www.ijrar.
org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
Men’s Perspective On Changing Role Of Women

Nishtha Nayyar, Drishti Rangi, Bani Bedi
Student, Department of BA Programme, Jesus And Mary College, University Of Delhi, Delhi,
India
Abstract
Women's sociocultural evolution has been a winding road. The perception, status and
roles that women were meant to foster have evolved over time. Women were suppressed by the patriarchal
society, isolated from education and burdened with household work. However, with changing times there is
a change in the status and role of women in society. Men and women together make the society but the irony
is that women have been targeted and exploited in many ways. However, they have managed to carve a niche
for themselves in today’s time with the help of a wide range of options open to them now. The current research
aims to study the men’s perspective on changing role of women. It is a comparative study between two age
groups, 40 men belonging to the age group of 18-25 years and 40 belonging to the age gap of 35-50 years. A
standardised scale of Attitude towards women was used and a questionnaire with 11 questions. The results of
the study show that there is no significant change in the attitude of how men perceive the changing role of
women.
Keywords: women’s status and role, patriarchal society, attitude towards women scale, questionnaire
Introduction
In the 21st century women have immense opportunities and options open in front of them in every
aspect of life starting from their education, to the career fields they want to choose etc. However, at the same
time we also notice how older women didn’t have the same opportunities and options like we do now. Most
of them were restricted to household work. There could be many reasons for this, however, one of the major
reasons is the patriarchal society which follows a male-dominating power structure throughout the society
and in personal relationships. Gender roles can be linked to expectations of males and females in realms
outside of the family as well, such as work (Williams 1995). In the workplace, men and women are often
expected to perform form different tasks and occupy different roles based on their sex (Kanter 1977).
However, many studies have shown that women have started taking up roles typically assigned for men.
Haines, Deaux & Lofaro (2016) conducted a comparative study on how women’s participation in the
IJRAR21B2377 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 236
© 2021 IJRAR June 2021, Volume 8, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
workforce, in athletics, and in professional education has increased, while men’s activities have been more
stable.
Gender roles
In a research on primitive tribes in Papua New Guinea, anthropologist Margret Mead in 1935 found
that in Tchambuli tribe there was a reversal in the initial gender roles wherein the women would work but
also care for the family while men spent their time wallowing about decorating themselves. Here the women
were the leaders and continued to lead the tribe.
Gender roles are based on the various perceptions that men, communities, and cultures have of
individuals based on their sex, as well as the values and beliefs that each culture has about gender. Gender
roles are the result of experiences between men and their family backgrounds, and they provide clues to men
about what kind of behaviour is considered acceptable for which sex. Whyte (1998) believes that gender role
knowledge is actively developed within young children through monitoring of their social environment,
through modelling and observation.
Gender is primarily influenced by social interaction, and gender roles may differ across cultures based
on cultural norms, values, and expectations (Harris, 1994). Many studies have discovered a clear link between
gender roles and a variety of mental health outcomes. (Jean, Jang, Karachi & Cho, 2007) including depression
(Hankin & Abramson, 2001; Nolen Hoeksema, & Girgus 1994), stress (Matud, 2004) and anger
(Milovchevich, Howells, Drew & Day, 2001).
Joseph pleck (1979) conducted a research on three general value perspectives on men's family work
(i.e., their housework and childcare). From the traditional perspective men are viewed for having a relatively
little responsibility when it comes to family work than women with justification provided by role
differentiation, exchange, and resource theories. From the exploitation perspective men's low level of family
work can be seen by look at the role overload the working wives are facing. From the changing roles
perspective, it is seen that men currently perform relatively little family work, but they are viewed to be
changing as beginning to enlarge their family role to complement their traditional primary role in paid work.
Findings presented from a new study provides evidence that men's family roles are indeed changing: unlike
earlier studies, men in the late 1970's are increasing their family work when their wives are employed.
Change in gender roles and attitude towards women
Men's gender ideologies have changed more slowly than women's since the 1970s.
The following section shows how men perceive the changing role of women in society and the factors
responsible for the same.
Studies (eg Dambrot, Papp, & Whitmore, 1984, spence & Helmreich,1978) have tested samples with
different characteristics at a variety of times and locations, have demonstrated that such demographic
variables as gender, socioeconomic background, and age are all related to gender-role traditions. Gender roles
are the result of experiences between men and their family backgrounds and they provide clues to men about
what kind of behaviours is considered acceptable for which sex. Gender is primarily influenced by social
interactions and gender roles may differ across cultures based on cultural norms, values and expectations
(Harris, 1994). Also, changes in attitudes have occurred over time within each of these demographic groups.
The Attitude towards Women Scale (AWS) by Spence & Helmreich, 1972 is one of the most important
scales in this field. Individual differences in attitudes toward women's rights and roles in society are measured
using the AWS. This scale includes things about women's occupational, educational, and intellectual roles,
freedom and independence, dating, etiquette, sexual conduct, and martial roles and obligation, all of which
tap into normative assumptions about acceptable responsibilities and rights for women.
In a study conducted by Helmreich et al in 1982 it was found that the scores on the 15 items AWS
obtained from three cohorts of psychology students at the university of Texas in 1972, 1976 and 1980 showed
that in all the three samples, women were more egalitarian than men. However, when the study was conducted
in 1980 both men and women showed comparatively less traditional attitudes than it was conducted in 1972.
Zuo & Tang (2000) conducted a study to examine changes in gender ideologies of
married men and women on various categories like family roles, wife’s economic role, husband’s and wife’s
role as a provider and wife’s maternal role. The sample consisted of married individuals. There were two
contrasting hypotheses: the threat hypothesis and the benefit hypotheses. The benefit hypothesis tested the
impact of women's employment on men's gender beliefs from different perspectives. On the other hand, the
threat hypothesis maintains that women's sharing of the provider role with men may cause them to be against
gender equality for fear of losing their masculine identities and their wives' domestic services, the benefit
hypothesis forsee an ideological shift of men toward equality because men benefit materially from their wives'
financial contributions to the family. The findings showed that both genders are heading towards equality
across genders. Hence, the benefit hypothesis was supported by the findings.
Mostafa (2005) conducted a research on the attitudes towards women managers in the United Arab
Emirates. The aim was to investigate the United Arab Emirates (UAE) society's attitudes towards women
managers held by a sample of 186 participants. The participants completed the multidimensional aversion to
women who work scale (MAWWWS). The findings show that UAE students have significantly different
attitudes towards women managers as compared to the older generations. The way males and females perceive
women roles and participation in society is very different from another. Furthermore, the study predicts that
modernity may decrease patriarchal attitudes towards women managers in the Arab society.
Twenge (1997) conducted a study on the pattern of change in AWS scores throughout the 1970s,
1980s, and 1990s. 71 undergraduate students answered the AWS and the results were analysed for any
differences across time (1970–1995) and region (South and non-South). Results showed that Women's AWS
scores were strongly correlated with year of scale administration (r = .78, p < .001), and likewise men’s
attitude showed more liberal/feminist attitudes (r = .60, p < .001). Moreover, gender differences steadily
increased from 1970 to 1985 and decreased from 1986 to 1995. The reason behind this could be generational
differences, the effects of maternal employment on attitudes, and the individual's experience of cultural
change.
Ciabattari (2001) conducted a study to analyse the period and cohort processes that underlie men's
attitude change and how the individual-level characteristics of conservative men differ by birth cohort. The
results showed that changes in men's attitudes have been brought about both by period influences, especially
during the 1970s, and by cohort replacement. Education has become a much less significant predictor of
attitudes for men born after 1945.
Similarly, Guadagno, Muscanell, Okdie, Burk & Ward (2011) conducted a study on 352 second life
users who reported their activities and experiences to examine whether traditional gender role expectations
(Eagly, 1987) influence behaviours in non-traditional contexts like online virtual environments. Findings
showed that men and women differed in the types of activities they engaged in a manner predicted by social
role theory. Specifically, men were more likely to report building things (e.g., objects), to own and work on
their own virtual property, and were less likely to change their avatar’s appearance. Women were more likely
to meet men, shop, regularly change their avatar’s appearance, and buy clothes/objects for their avatar. Thus,
traditional gender role expectations may carry over to online virtual worlds and influence online behaviour.
Status and role of women in a society
According to Linton (1936), status is a collection of rights and duties, each of which has certain
behavioural expectations attached to it which we call social roles. He also drew the relationship between status
and role and said “a role represents the dynamic aspect of status...when he (an individual) puts the rights and
duties which constitute a status into effect, he is performing a role.” Therefore, statuses are occupied and roles
are played. Social status and social roles are important concepts in understanding how social life is organized
and activities are distributed.
Sociologist, Max Weber defined status as “positive or negative social estimation of honour” (Gerth
and Mills 1946) and related it to “style of life”.
Jacobson (1982) through a study based in the rural area near the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, tried
to highlight women's roles and responsibilities and of the traditional practice of purdah, the seclusion and
veiling of women. The findings show that purdah is a symbol of duty and values a woman has towards her
religion and that the traditional socio- economic structures and values are still strong in the rural areas. Hence,
these socio-economic structures and traditions determine a woman’s status in society.
In a study conducted by Bhasin (2007) role of tribal women of India is the main focus. It highlights
that how like other women in social groups, men are more literate than women. But when it comes to
managing the household work with secondary subsistence activities women work more than men.
Traditionally, status and role of women is restricted to household chores and related areas, however in these
societies women’s status comprises of several roles that they perform in categories like parental, conjugal,
domestic, kin, occupational, community and as an individual.
Thus, the existing literature on men’s perception on changing role of women and related topics provide
us with an overview on how men and women differed in the types of activities they engaged in a manner
predicted by social role theory and the ways in which men performed relatively little family work. However,
this trend changed during the mid-1980s when men started moving towards more liberal/feminist attitudes.
Men increased their participation in family work when their wives were employed and between 1986 and
1995 the gender differences also decreased in the US. They were also seen heading towards equality across
genders. This change in men’s attitude towards women has been brought about both by period influences,
especially during the 1970s, and newer beliefs surrounding the group. Hence, we can say that modernity may
diminish patriarchal attitudes towards women.
Purpose
In the 21st century women have immense opportunities and options open in front of
them in every aspect of life starting from their education, to the career fields they want to chose etc. However,
at the same time we also notice how older women didn’t have the same opportunities and options like we do
now. Most of them were restricted to the household work. There could be many reasons for this however one
of the major reasons is the patriarchal society which follows a male-dominating power structure throughout
the society and in personal relationships. Thus, we wanted to do a research on how men who are the
dominating power structure in our society look at the changing roles of women over a period of time. Through
this research we want to know if there is a change in the perspective of men with respect to the roles played
by women over a period of time.
Hypothesis
There is a positive relation between change in the attitude of men and how they perceive the changing role of
women
Methodology
Sample
The sample size is 80 in which 40 men belonged to the age range of 18-25 whereas the
other half belongs to 35-50 years of age. It was a diverse and widespread survey. People from different
countries like London, Singapore, Dubai etc participated. However, the majority of men were from India.
Measures
In our research we used two methods to collect our data-
1. The Questionnaire with 11 questions.
2. The Attitude Towards women scale- The Attitude Towards Women scale was developed by Spence,
Helmreich, and Stapp in 1973. In this study the 25- item version scale has been used which describe
opinions towards the roles women have in society. The items are scored on a 0-3 scale, with the total
scale score calculated as a sum of the items. A high score indicates a pro-feminist, attitude while a
low score indicates a traditional attitude. It will be a comparative study between men of two different
age groups the younger age group ranging from 18 till 25 Years and the older age group ranging from
35 to 50 years.
Data Interpretation and Analysis
1. Are you aware about the concept of gender roles?
Fig 1 showing the combined data of both the generations for the question “ Are you aware about the concept
of gender roles? ”
As we can see in the above data, majority of the men from both generation 1and generation 2 are aware
about the concept of gender roles. However, the percentage of “yes” is far more in generation 1 with 90%
men being aware about it as compared to 60% men in generation 2. Only 10% men are not aware about the
concept of gender roles in the first generation and 15% in generation 2. However, in generation 2 25% men
think that they may or may not completely know about it. If we look at combined data as represented in the
above figure majority of the sample is aware about the concept of gender roles but the sample from generation
1 is relatively more aware about it. Thus, we can say that the older generation has seen the concept of gender
roles from a very rigid and closed perspective where the role of each gender was categorically defined. For
instance, the women of our society were expected to take care of their families and the house and men were
the only breadwinners. On the other hand, generation one has had the opportunity to experience the changing
trends in the concept of gender roles in which women have started working and men have started contributing
towards taking care of the household.
2. Do you believe in Gender Roles?
Fig 2 showing the combined data of both the generations for the question “ Do you believe in Gender Roles?”
As we can see in the above data, 65% of men from generation 1 and 72% men from generation 2 do
not believe in the categorisation of roles as per the gender. This shows that majority of men do not believe
that gender roles are important as shown in the data, wherein 68.8% of men from the entire sample do not
believe in the concept of gender role. Thus, this result can have three implications. Firstly, it can mean that
people from 18-25 years of age still believe in traditional patriarchal norms and traditions despite being from
an era of modernity, open mindedness and exposure. However, as stated above, the result shows otherwise,
i.e., a complete opposite of what we call modern and accepting of genders as equal. Secondly, men from
generation 1 have seen how their mothers used to stay at home, take care of them and the family, and majority
of mother’s even leave their jobs in order to take care of their children. This influenced their mindset in a way
that 35% of them do believe in gender roles and they believe that their mothers and other women are to take
care of the house and look after the family and men are looked upon for financial security. Lastly, it could
mean that in older times there were defined gender roles, where women were limited to certain jobs and
responsibilities such as just restricting their work to the household and taking care of families. However, in
today's time, women are present in each and every field. They are CEOs of MNC, they hold important political
powers, etc. Therefore, when we interpret this result, we get to know that the response of the older generation
is more socially desirable and might not reflect what they actually feel or think like.
3.Do you believe that gender roles are a result of social dilemma?
Fig 3 showing the combined data of both the generations for the question “ Do you believe that gender roles
are a result of social dilemma?”
Social dilemma regarding gender role is created when the society demarcates specific roles based on
gender which creates confusion as to what specific role a gender can play. For example, women are meant to
do the household work and men the breadwinners of the family. If a woman and a man refuse to conform
to social conventions of being a man and a woman and challenge gender roles, they are often looked down
upon and it becomes a matter of mockery for the society. As we can see in the above representation, 92% men
from generation1 do believe that gender roles are a result of social dilemma whereas, 83% from generation 2
have the same belief which leaves us with 8% men believing otherwise from generation 1 and 17% in
generation 2.
4. What are the different gender roles you come across on a daily basis?
Fig 4 showing the combined data of both the generations for the question “What are the different gender roles
you come across on a daily basis?”
Out of 80 responses 3 men did not fill in their answers for this question. So out of the remaining 77
responses 18.18% of men decided to remain silent or give irrelevant answers. 81.82% men believe that
women should dress in a feminine way, should be polite, delicate, accommodating and nurturing. They are
supposed to cook, take care of the family and do all the house chores. And it is also believed that women
are weaker than men. Whereas, men are typically looked upon as the earning member of the family. They
are expected to be rough and strong therefore do all the work that requires manpower. Ironically the word
man power also has “man” in it which automatically makes everyone think that men are made for jobs like
carrying the luggage, groceries, defence services washing the car etc. one person believed that the ways in
which one conducts themselves lead to differences in gender roles. Thus, these are the roles that the
representative sample stated.
5.Do stereotypes influence gender roles?
Fig 5 showing the combined data of both the generations for the question “Do stereotypes influence gender
roles? ”
This question is intertwined with the previous question because social dilemma leads to stereotypes in
the society. The data shows that 97% men from generation 1 and 90% men from generation 2 agree with the
statement ‘Do stereotypes influence gender roles?’ whereas 3% men disagree with it in generation 1 and
10% in generation2. Thus, the combined data as shown in the above figure represents that 93.8% men agree
that gender roles are a product of stereotypes. For example, it is prominent stereotype that the fashion and
the makeup industry is meant for women as a career option and not men. So, people often relate woman with
makeup and design. However, when a man tries to step into this industry which is deemed to be dominated
or meant for women, he is looked down upon.
6. Are gender roles being taught to men?
Fig 6 showing the combined data of both the generations for the question “ Are gender roles being taught to
men?”
Gender roles can be taught to men either knowingly or unknowingly. The reason behind this can be
the differences in the family background, cultures which has been passed on from one generation to another
and values. For example, as a child when a boy sees his father being the decision-making authority of the
house, he has been conditioned in a way that only men can be the sole figure for having an authority so when
he starts earning and works under a woman, he has a hard time accepting a woman as a authority figure. As
we can see, the data shows that 75% of men from the 1st generation have agreed that gender roles have been
taught to them and in the second generation this percentage is 67%. However, when we look at the combined
data, we see that 71.3% men have agreed with the same and 28.7% disagree with it.
7. What according to you are the primary source (s) of Gender Role?
Fig 7 showing the combined data of both the generations for the question “ What according to you are the
primary source (s) of Gender Role? ”
As we can see in the above data, only 3% men in generation 1 and 10% men in generation 2 feel that
family is the only primary source through which one imbibes the concept of gender roles. For example, in
families it is often seen that how a boy’s education is prioritised over a girls education just because in the end,
it is the boy who will fend for the family and the girl will be married off to another family. Similarly, 17%
men in generation 1 and 15% in generation 2 feel that society is the main source for the same. Moreover ,we
see that in generation 2 only 3% men believe that peer group is the primary source of gender roles. Lastly, it
is observed that the majority of men in both the generations feel that all of the above listed sources are
responsible for one’s concept of gender roles. Thus, it is through these sources, one knowingly or unknowingly
inculcates the idea of characterization of roles as per the gender. However, when we look at the combined
data, we see that 76.3% of men believe that family, society and peer group frames one’s ideas on the concept
of gender roles
8. Do you consider women at par with men in today’s time?
Fig 8 showing the combined data of both the generations for the question “Do you consider women at par
with men in today’s time? ”
As shown in the above data, we can see that 52% men from generation1 consider women at par with
men. However, 82% men from generation 2 consider women at par with them. Similarly, in gen 1 8% men
don’t think women are at par with them and in generation 2 it is 3%. However, 40% men in generation1 and
15% men in generation 2 are not sure. These percentages could either mean that the majority of men have a
pro feminist attitude and believe that women given the right opportunities can do as good or even better than
men. Or this could also mean that men still believe in the notion that “women are inferior to men”. For
example, initially women were not allowed to participate in sports however now there are different categories
of sports for women at international events such as Olympics and Commonwealth etc. Women are seen at the
forefront in sports like shooting, boxing, wrestling, weightlifting cricket etc.
9. Do you think women get the same opportunities as men?
Fig 9 showing the combined data of both the generations for the question “ Do you think women get the same
opportunities as men? ”
As shown in the above data, we can see that 75% men in generation 1 and 82% men in generation 2
do not believe that women get the same opportunities as men. However, there is a very low percentage of
men believing otherwise. Only 25% men in generation 1 and 18% men in generation 2 believe that women
get equal opportunities as men. Thus, we can conclude by saying that majority of men which is 78.8% do not
feel that women get the same opportunities as men. For example, women don’t get as many promotions in
MNC’s as compared to men because they are not considered as an authority figure. Moreover, in the army
there are usually 1-2 vacancies for women as compared to ---- for men.
10. Do you think Gender roles have changed over time?
Fig 10 showing the combined data of both the generations for the question “Do you think Gender roles have
changed over time? ”
As shown in the above data, we can see that, 85% men from generation 1 and 92% men from
generation 2 believe that gender roles have evolved over time. Whereas, 15% men from generation 1 and 8%
men from generation 2 believe otherwise. This can be interpreted in a way that men have started taking up
roles typically assigned for women like equal participation of both men and women in the household work.
Likewise, women have also started taking up roles typically assigned for men like defence services and
earning for the family. For example, women are now recognised in the field of politics. Things started to
change when Indira Gandhi became the first Prime Minister of India in 1966 and again in 1980 and Pratibha
Patel the first women president of India in the year 2007. Due to the recent change in the 73rd and 74th
amendments of the Constitution in April 1993, 33 per cent reservation of certain seats and key positions within
the panchayat is reserved for women making it fair for women to be able to take up a position of power.
11. Do you think an absolute gender equality exists in terms of no job role restriction, equal pays, equal
household work, childcare share at home?
Fig 10 showing the combined data of both the generations for the question “Do you think an absolute gender
equality exists in terms of no job role restriction, equal pays, equal household work, childcare share at
home?”
As shown in the above data, we can see that, 67% men in generation 1 and 87% men in generation 2
believe that there is no absolute gender equality in terms of no job role restriction, equal pays, equal
household work, childcare share at home etc. Whereas, 33% men in generation 1 and 13% in generation2
believe that there is an absolute gender equality in the areas mentioned above. However, when we look at
the combined data, we observe that 77.5% men do not believe in the same.
To support our results, we used AWS scale which measures the attitude of men towards women. The score
of the same are as follows-
Table 1 showing the independent T score estimates of both the generations combines
Statistic df p
AWS score Student's t -0.0653 78.0 0.948
P value = <0.05 is significant
Table 2 showing mean, median, SD and SE of men from generation 1 and generation 2.
Group N Mean Median SD SE
AWS score Young gen 40 63.8 63.0 6.87 1.09

Old gen 40 63.9 64.5 6.84 1.08
Discussion of results
The results found out that both men from the young generation and the old generation have a similar
kind of attitude towards women (t= -0.0653). Men from both the generations are neither pro feminist nor do
they have a traditional way of thinking. They have a mixed attitude. When we look at this similarity in the
scores between the two generations, we see that a large part of culture, heritage, ideas and values are being
transmitted from the older generation to the younger generation. However, existing literature on attitude of
men towards women shows that men either have a traditional attitude towards women or a pro feminist one.
For example, Cuntiff, Blamin & Omair (2010) conducted a study on male’s attitudes towards working
females in Saudi Arabia. The result showed that Saudi males have very traditional attitudes towards working
females. However, the result of this study partially matches with the result of our study because it was also
reported that, the single, unemployed, young and educated Saudi males report less traditional attitudes towards
working females compared with married, employed, old, and less educated ones. Just like our study , here too
age was found to the most important predictor of the males' attitudes towards working females. Similarly,
Baxter (2015) conducted a study on 1800 parents to show how men adopt traditional views on gender roles
after becoming a father for the first time and their attitude changes when it comes to division of care and
household activities. Shteiwi (2015) conducted research to study the attitudes towards gender roles in Jordan
as a result of recent modernisation. .Areas like the division of labour within the Jordanian family structure,
women's economic and political participation, social status and social legislation were studied. Finding show
that there is a strong shift in attitudes towards gender equality as a consequence of recent modernisation efforts
in Jordan.
Conclusion
Thus, in the end we can say that, although majority of men think gender roles are knowingly or
unknowingly taught to them by their society, families and peer groups, but they do not believe in it. It has
also been observed that almost 90% of men believe that this concept is a result of social dilemma and
stereotypes surrounding men and women which has been passed from generation to generation.
The existing review of literature tells us that although initially men believed in the concept of gender
roles but the trends are changing now. Women are now taking up roles typically assigned for men like being
a part of forces, earning for the family, working late nights etc and men are taking up roles typically assigned
for women like equal participation of both men and women in the household work. Men are now moving
towards a more liberal and a feminist attitude towards women. To some extent, the findings of our study
match the literature. The results show that 88% men believe that gender roles have changed over time and
women are getting opportunities but it is not sufficient. 78% men think that women still lag behind them in
terms of equal pay, no job restriction etc. However, as we can see in the review of literature, from the mid-
1980s in USA men began their journey towards having a more liberal/feminist attitudes. But our t-score on
the AWS scale shows that in the Indian context men’s attitude towards women is still stuck between having
an entirely pro-feminist attitude and a traditional attitude.
Challenges
The very first challenge that we faced was finding a suitable scale that could complement our research
topic/purpose. Secondly, it was not easy to find articles for review of literature since not many studies have
been done on this topic. The studies which suited the topic were either paid or had limited access. Thirdly,
asking people to participate in the study. Initially there were difficulties but gradually, the process became
smooth. Moreover, we noticed that people were giving socially desirable answers, giving random or
inconsistent responses (marking the items as either yes or no all throughout and resorting to indiscriminate
responding (marking answers without paying attention to the content). Lastly, scoring was time consuming
since the sample size was large.
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© 2021 IJRAR June 2021, Volume 8, Issue 2 www.ijrar.

org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

Men’s Perspective On Changing Role Of Women

were the leaders and continued to lead the tribe.

through modelling and observation.

(Milovchevich, Howells, Drew & Day, 2001).

Change in gender roles and attitude towards women

responsible for the same.

attitudes for men born after 1945.

Status and role of women in a society

and activities are distributed.

and Mills 1946) and related it to “style of life”.

these socio-economic structures and traditions determine a woman’s status in society.

domestic, kin, occupational, community and as an individual.

diminish patriarchal attitudes towards women.

by women over a period of time.

Data Interpretation and Analysis

1. Are you aware about the concept of gender roles?

2. Do you believe in Gender Roles?

5.Do stereotypes influence gender roles?

6. Are gender roles being taught to men?

8. Do you consider women at par with men in today’s time?

9. Do you think women get the same opportunities as men?

10. Do you think Gender roles have changed over time?

AWS score Student's t -0.0653 78.0 0.948

P value = <0.05 is significant

AWS score Young gen 40 63.8 63.0 6.87 1.09

Ciabattari, T (2001). CHANGES IN MEN’S CONSERVATIVE GENDER IDEOLOGIES. Gender &

Society, 15(4), 574–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124301015004005

Personnel Review, 39(6), 746–766. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481011075594

Gender Norms. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(4), 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-

time, study finds. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/men-adopt-

Human Behavior, 27(1), 304–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.008

Comparison of Gender Stereotypes, 1983–2014. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 353–

Managerial Psychology, 20(6), 522–540. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940510615451

28(4), 481-488. doi:10.2307/583508

Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 2, 219-220.

Berkeley: University of California Press.

Roles. Sociological Perspectives, 43(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/1389781

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