Assessment

Instruction: Write your answers in your notebook.

A. Identify the following
1. This theory explains that human action and behavior are products of
choice.
2. He was an English Economist who applied the principles of rational
choice theory in Political Economy.
3. This assumption states that the actions of the individual are concerned
entirely with his or her own welfare.
4. According to him, True Rational Choice “is having a clear understanding
not only of the situation and the given choices, but also of the factors that are
imposed by the individual actors in decision making.
5. He defines optimality as taking place when no other course of social
action would be preferred by the individual over the course of action the individual
has chosen.

B. Modified True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the
statement is incorrect and supply the correct answer.
1. The key elements of all rational choice explanations are individual
preferences, beliefs, and constraints.
2. Preferences play an insignificant role in decision making.
3. Rational Choice Theory is also called as Rational Action Theory or
Choice Theory.
4. Rational Choice Theory states that individuals use irrational calculations
to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their own
personal objectives.
5. Rational Choice Theory states that individuals use irrational calculations
to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their own
personal objectives.

Additional Activities
Explain the following:
a. What is rational choice theory?
b. Why does cost-benefit analysis applicable in rational choice theory?
 Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences
What I Have Learned
Quarter 3 – Module 8: PSYCHOANALYSIS
Make a journal about specific scenarios in your life wherein the Id, Ego,
Content Standard and Superego are shown.
The learners demonstrate an understanding of…
▪ The emergence of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines What I Can Do
▪ Key concepts and approaches in the Social Sciences ▪ What is symbolic interactionism?
Performance Standard ▪ Does symbolic interactionism affect our daily life? Why?
The learners shall be able to…
▪ connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations Activity 1: PICTURE ANALYSIS Direction: Study the pictures below, and answer the
▪ interpret personal and social experiences using relevant approaches in questions that follow.
the Social Sciences
▪ evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the approach

Most Essential Learning Competency Analyze the basic concepts and

principles of the major social science ideas:
▪ Psychoanalysis MELCS-Pages 609-610 DISS (Week 8)

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. Explain what is Psychoanalysis. 1. What are your interpretations of the two pictures?
2. Identify the five stages of Psychosexual Development and the types of 2. How can you relate this to your daily life?
Defense Mechanism; 3. What are the three structures of personality shown in the pictures?
3. Distinguish the key theorist on psychoanalysis;
4. Analyze and discuss the psychodynamics of a person’s personality in Assessment
terms of id, ego and super ego. Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully.
1. A technique used in Psychotherapy that allows the patient to have an inner
LESSON 1: PSYCHOANALYSIS dialogue with one’s self by saying freely the words that he or she associates with a
What’s In thing, person or an event.
Direction: Using the Venn Diagram below, write at least five (5) strengths and five a. Free association b. Freudian slip
(5) weaknesses of structural functionalism. c. Analytic Psychology d. Humanistic Psychoanalysis

2. He was an Austrian neurologist and is known as the Father of Psychoanalysis.

a. Carl Jung b. Jacques Lacan c. Sigmund Freud d. Eric Fromm

3. A system of Psychological theory and therapy investigating the interaction of

conscious and unconscious elements in the mind.
a. Defense mechanism b. Rational choice theory
c. Analytic theory d. Psychoanalysis
4. Refers to the processes of self-deception that protect people from anxious 2. How can you relate these pictures to your daily life?
thoughts or feelings. 3. How do you make a choice?
4. What are the factors that influenced you to make a decision?
4. Why is rational choice theory heavily criticized? 5. What are the consequences after making that decision?
5. Why is it important to apply cost-benefit analysis in decision- making? What’s New
Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)- was an Austrian neurologist and is known as
What’s More the Father of Psychoanalysis. Freud
On your journal / activity notebook, answer the following questions: believed that people could be cured by
- Have you been in a situation where you have finite access of making conscious their unconscious
transportation, time, money and limited supply of basic necessities like food, thoughts and motivations, thus gaining
water, medicine, alcohol and etc., especially now in the pandemic crisis? "insight". The aim of Psychoanalysis
- How do you react when the government imposed the lockdown policy in therapy is to release repressed emotions
your area, and you have a limited supply of your basic needs and the distribution and experiences, i.e. make the
of relief goods/money is not fair? unconscious conscious. To bring what
- How is rational theory applied in this situation? exists at the unconscious or subconscious
level up to consciousness.
What I Have Learned
- How does preferences affect decision making? Psychoanalysis
- Why is it important to scrutinize your desire first, before making a ▪ Psychoanalysis is a type of therapy that aims to release pent-up or
decision? repressed emotions and memories in order to lead the client to catharsis, or
healing (McLeod, 2014).
What I Can Do ▪ A theory of the mind and its direct connection to a personality or
- What is psychoanalysis? behavior. The basic premise of psychoanalysis is that the human mind has an
- Discuss the relationship between the Id, Ego and Superego unconscious state.
▪ A system of psychological theory and therapy investigating the
Picture Analysis interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind.
▪ A method for treating depression and anxiety disorders or mental illness
and also a theory which explains human behavior.

Freud believed that the most unconscious desire originates from childhood
experiences that people have long forgotten or repressed. Our childhood has a
great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality.

Freud developed a personality theory, called psychosexual development of

personality, which posits that at different stages of growth; the individual derives
pleasure from different parts of the body- thus the term psychosexual, relating to
Direction: Analyze and describe each picture. Write your summative tests inside pleasure and the human body. An important term in personality theory is called
your brown envelope libido, which is defined as the natural mental energy that operates the mechanism
1. What can you say about the pictures? of the mind.
 describe the three levels of the mind. The tip is the conscious level, the part below
Stages of Psychosexual Development of Personality the sea line is the preconscious and the major portion beneath the sea is the
1. Oral Stage unconscious.
- Manifest from birth to approximately 18 months
- The child is totally dependent on others to provide for his/her needs
- Pleasure is derived from the use of the mouth in activities such as appealing. Feeling waterlogged, you will eventually refuse water altogether.
sucking, chewing, and biting. “Value,” said Jevons, “depends entirely upon utility.”
- Personality developed in this stage is dependence.
2. Anal Stage Jevons also identified the concept called “equation of exchange,” which
- This begins at 18 months and lasts until 3 years when the child is being shows that for a consumer to be maximizing his or her utility, the ratio of the
toilet trained. marginal utility of each item consumed to its price must be equal. Marginal utility,
- the child seeks pleasure from the anus (e.g., withholding and expelling in this sense, points to the line wherein the value for certain object is still within
feces) satisfactory level.
- The personality developed in this stage is independence, self-control,
orderliness and sense of accomplishment. Gary Becker (1930–2014) was an American economist who expanded the
3. Phallic Stage - 3-6 years of age study of economics to the realm of sociology and other social sciences. Suggesting
- During this stage the child develops attraction to their parents of the that human behaviour is subject to economic analysis,
opposite sex and sees jealous and rivalrous relationship with his or her parents of Becker argued that individuals act to minimize their
the same sex. own welfare, thereby taking the scope of economics
- This is what Freud termed as Oedipus Complex for boy and the Electra beyond mere calculation of financial gains. Like other
Complex for girls. theorist of rational choice theory, Becker ascribes to
- Parents seen as threats the principle that humans behave according to their
- Wide range of psychological disorders through failure to resolve this “perceived values and preferences”.
conflict, (unreasonable anxiety, phobias, & depression) For Becker, it is detrimental to choose preferences
- Ego developed more, superego starts to develop lately outside the necessary skills and talents required to
- the child seeks pleasure from the penis or clitoris (e.g., masturbation); complete the task. He said that if the purpose of
4. Latent Stage - 6-12 years of age human behaviour is the maximization of welfare, then
- Personality traits developed in this stage are associated with social skills discrimination in a corporate setting leads to an
and social interactions. - Pleasure is gained through same sex /peer friendship opposite effect. Becker, added that preferences are also to be chosen based on
5. Genital Stage - 12 years of age onward or from puberty to adulthood. rational decisions. Thus, a “True Rational Choice” is having a clear understanding
- Seeks marriage partner, preparation for adult life. not only of the situation and the given choices, but also of the factors that are
- The personality developed in this stage is sexual maturity. imposed by the individual actors in decision making.

Key Concepts in Psychoanalysis Criticisms and Limitations

According to Freud the id, ego, and Rational choice theory is heavily criticized for its neglect of ethical and
superego all operate across three levels of moral standards. The main philosophy of rational choice theory is the acquisition
awareness in the human mind. They are the of personal interest, power and wealth. It is not strict with the method and the
conscious, unconscious, and preconscious. product of decisionmaking: rather, it analyses the outcome and the preferences
Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to based on what is optimal and ultimately beneficial for individual actor.
What is It theory states that the utility (value) of something decreases as more of it is
Answer the following questions. consumed. The theory held that the utility (value) of each additional unit of a
1. What are the basic assumptions of rational choice theory? commodity—the marginal utility—is less and less to the consumer. When you are
2. How does scarcity affect decision making? thirsty, for example, you get great utility from a glass of water. Once your thirst is
3. How does Becker define a “true rational choice”? quenched, the second and third glasses are less and less
1. be optimal from the viewpoint of an individual with few resources,  Conscious: This is where our current thougPhts, feelings, and focus live;
however, the rational choice approach will 25 attempt to explain how this the level of the mind is the accessible information, memories and thoughts
situation emerges and is maintained through rational choices. that the individual has. The conscious consists of what someone is aware
of at any particular point in time. It includes what you are thinking about
2. Self-Regarding Interest – This assumption states that the actions of right now, whether it is in the front of you mind or the back. If you are
the individual are concerned entirely with his or her own welfare. Abell aware of it then it is in the conscious mind.
(2000) noted that in as much as this is a key assumption in the rational  Preconscious (sometimes called the subconscious): This is the home of
choice approach, is not as essential to the approach as the assumption on everything we can recall or retrieve from our memory; the level where
optimality. accessible and retrievable information are situated. The preconscious
contains information that is just below the surface of awareness.
3. Rationality – This appears to be the most predominant assumption of  Unconscious: contains thoughts, emotions, feelings, memories and desire
the rational choice theory. All individuals, according to this assumption, act that are inaccessible. It resides in the deepest level of our minds that
in ways that would benefit them more; every individual is most likely to influence our behavior. Even though we are not aware of their existence,
undertake courses of actions that they perceive to be the best possible they exert great influence on our behavior.
option and one that would immensely be to their own advantage.
PSYCHODYNAMICS OF A PERSON’S PERSONALITY
Key Concepts in Rational Choice Theory Freud used the Id, Ego, and Superego to try to explain how the mind
Social consequences of Scarcity-based Decision functions and how a personality is shaped
Human beings have unlimited wants but only limited resources. Scarcity of
resources and the requirements of human’s unending ambitions force us to make 1. The ID - Occupies the unconscious level.
a choice. The most essential rational choice is to conserve the limited resources - The primitive and instinctive component of personality.
and share these with each other. However, in every choice we make, opportunity - It is the immature component of personality; it only seeks pleasure and
cost exist. The decision to make such choices depends upon our mind-set, demands gratification.
especially those individuals who only seek self-interest and what benefits them - When the Id has a desire for something, that desire needs to be satisfied
most. Such structure of human nature being described in the context of rational at once. It does not take reality into account as it only demands what it wants
choice theory and further elaborates on the tragedy of the commons. Important without reason or logic.
Theorist William - Operates on the “Pleasure Principle” and strives for all urges to be met
immediately - Id is the selfish side and is the one whom solely cares about
Stanley Jevons (1835–1882) was an English themselves and no one else - Lustful, impulsive, fun and ignores consequences
economist who applied the principles of rational 2. The EGO
choice theory in political economy. Jevons was one of - Resides in the conscious and preconscious level of the mind.
the first to advance the theory of marginal - The ego is the moderator between the id and the superego - Operates
utility(value), which sought application in determining on the “Reality Principle” – tries to satisfy id but in accordance with the real world.
and understanding consumer’s behaviour. This It considers social realities, norms, etiquette, rules, and customs when it makes a
decision on how to behave.
 - Considered as the center of logic and reasoning - is often used to describe situations in which people seem unable to face
- The decision maker, it makes the decisions that dictate behavior. reality or admit an obvious truth. (He’s in denial).
- Conscious part of the mind (Rational Self). Decides what action to take - The ego blocks upsetting or overwhelming experiences from awareness,
for positive means and what to do base on what is believed to be the right thing causing the individual to refuse to acknowledge or believe what is
to do. Aware of reality. happening
3. The SUPEREGO - Is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred
- Resides in all three levels of the mind. or is currently occurring.
- The superego is the portion of the mind in which morality and higher The rational choice for Sebastian would then be dependent on which is
principles reside, encouraging us to act in socially and morally acceptable ways more important to him- to play the game or to be associated with the popular
(McLeod, 2013). crowd. This example provides the basic principle of rational choice theory wherein
- It is our morals, ethics and social aspect of personality. It is considered preferences play an important role in decision-making, while the individual
as a person’s conscience. rationalizes the burdens and benefits of his/her individual choices.
- It guides us on what is right and wrong. The key elements of all rational choice explanations are individual
- Responsible for society’s rules of behavior (moral standards). Feels guilty preferences, beliefs, and constraints. Preferences denote the positive or negative
if rules are disobeyed evaluations individuals attach to the possible outcomes of their actions. Beliefs
- Base on the morality principle, must follow moral standards and rules refer to perceived cause-effect relations, including the perceived likelihood with
and breaking them causes guilt. which an individual’s actions will result in different possible outcomes. Constraints
define the limits to the set of feasible actions.
Defense Mechanisms
Freud believed that these three parts of the mind are in constant conflict ASSUMPTIONS OF THE RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
because each part has a different primary goal. When the conflict is too much for According to Peter Abell (2000), there are a few assumptions made by rational
a person to handle, his or her ego may engage in one or many defense choice theorists.
mechanisms to protect the individual.
Defense Mechanism 1. Individualism – it is the individuals who ultimately take actions.
- Refers to processes of self-deception, that protects people from anxious Individuals, as actors in the society and everywhere the go, behave and
thoughts or feelings. act always as rational beings, self-calculating, self-interested and self-
- Are thought to safeguard the mind against feelings and thoughts that maximizing. These individual social actions are the ultimate source of
are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. larger social outcomes.
- Operate at an unconscious level and help ward off unpleasant feelings
(i.e., anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individual. 2. Optimality – Individuals choose their actions optimally, given their
- A tactic developed by the ego to protect against anxiety. We use defense individual preferences as well as the opportunities or constraints with
mechanisms to protect ourselves from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise which they are faced with. Abell (2000) defines optimality as taking place
because we feel threatened, or because our id or superego becomes too when no other course of social action would be preferred by the individual
demanding. over the course of action the individual has chosen. This does not mean
that the course of action that the actor adopts is the best in terms of some
Major defense mechanisms include: objective, and outside judgment. The rational choice theory, therefore
assumes, according to Abell (2000), that individuals “do the best they can,
1. Denial given their circumstances as they see them”.
 3. Structures - Abell argues that structures and norms that dictate a single - How far I’m going to negotiate?
course of action are merely special cases of rational choice theory. In - What will I have to sacrifice?
other words, the range of choices in other circumstances differ from - How much will it cost?
choices in a strong structural circumstance, where there may be only one
choice. Although these structures may be damaging to the rational choice For example, Sebastian has two classmates whom he wants to be friends with:
model, individuals will often find a way to exercise action optimally, hence Ethan, a social outcast but has the newest action game, and Alyster, the most
the rational choice model may not necessarily show harmony, consensus, popular in the class but does not like to play action games. Sebastian’s first level
or equality in courses of action. Again, structures, as we know them, may of cost –benefit analysis is choosing between having the chance to play the
not newest game or not. His second level of cost-benefit analysis is choosing whether
What’s New he would like to be associated with social outcast or with the most popular student
Rational choice theory also called as rational action theory or choice in class.
theory, states that individuals use rational calculations to make rational choices
and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their own personal objectives. These - Refusing to organize or acknowledge real facts or experiences that would lead to
results are also associated with an individual’s best, self-interest. Using rational anxiety.
choice theory, it is estimated that the outcomes provide people with the greatest
benefit and satisfaction given the choices they have available. I 2. Displacement
t is used to model human decision making, especially in the context of -redirecting an emotional reaction from the rightful recipient to another
Microeconomics, where it helps Economists better understand the behavior of a person altogether.
society in terms of individual actions as explained through rationality, in which - Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings and impulses on people or
choices are consistent because they are made according to one’s personal objects that are less threatening.
preferences. For Economists, rationality simply means that when you make a - Displaced aggression- is a common example of defense mechanism. -
choice, you will choose the thing you like best. Example: a manager screams at his/her employee, the employee doesn't
Rational choice theory is a theory in social science that argues with human scream back- but the employee may yell at her partner later at night.
behavior, and social life in general, that can be explained in terms of rational (e.g., releasing frustration directed toward your boss on your spouse
choices of individuals. The ‘rationality’ defined by the rational choice theory adopts instead)
a more specific and narrower definition, which simply means that “an individual
acts as if balancing costs against benefits to arrive at action that maximizes 3. Repression
personal advantage” (Friedman, 1953). –acts to keep information out of conscious awareness. However, these
Rational Choice Theory is an approach that could be used by social scientists memories don’t just disappear: they continue to influence our behavior.
to understand human behavior, because this theory explains that human action - The ego pushes disturbing or threatening thoughts out of one’s
and behavior are products of choice. Individuals rationalize their situations by consciousness
processing between the most beneficial choice and the lesser individual cost. In
this theory, cost –benefit analysis is always performed in every given situation and 4. Sublimation
is considered an instinctual response to every human. Cost is something – Similar to displacement, this defense mechanism involves satisfying an
disadvantageous to or what is lost by an individual, while benefit is what should be impulse by acting on a substitute but in a socially acceptable way. It
gained or advantageous to the individual after making the choice. allows us to act on unacceptable impulses by converting these behaviors
Here are some questions commonly asked during cost –benefit analysis: into more acceptable forms. Example: a person experiencing extreme
- Will this benefit me? anger might take up kick-boxing as a means of venting frustration or
- How will this benefit me? channeling energy into work or a constructive hobby. Freud believed that
 sublimation was a sign of maturity that allows people to function normally through a balanced and a well-understood personality. Jung’s theory of personality
in socially acceptable ways. has been modified and changed over time, but his concepts of introversion and
5. Projection extroversion survive over the years. Popular culture describes an extrovert as a
- is a defense mechanism that involves taking our own unacceptable person who goes to parties or who is more adventurous while an introvert is a
qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people. Attributing person who chooses to stay at home, alone and quiet. In Jungian Psychology,
one’s unacceptable feelings or desires to someone else. Example: if extroversion is the personality which is motivated by outside stimuli or factors. An
you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that extrovert relies on statistical data to come up with analysis and conclusion. While
he or she does not like you. 6. Regression – As a defense mechanism, introversion, on the other hand is the personality which is motivated by inner
the individual moves backward in development in order to cope with necessity. The focus of the individual tends towards the self. The introvert person
stress (e.g., an overwhelmed adult acting like a child). derives analysis and conclusion upon how statistical data makes an impression
upon his or her thoughts and ideas.
4. According to him, True Rational Choice “is having a clear understanding
not only of the situation and the given choices, but also of the factors that are
imposed by the individual actors in decision making.”
Important Theorists 5. He was an English economist who applied the principles of rational
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist known as the Father of choice theory in political economy.
Psychoanalysis. Freud’s theory states that behavior and personality are driven by Column B
past events, which are mostly inaccessible to a. Peter Abell 2020
an individual’s consciousness. Psychoanalysis b. William Stanley Jevons
involves methods through which an individual c. Gary Becker d. Rational Choice Theory
is guided to understand himself or herself. e. Optimality
Through a treatment called Psychotherapy, f. Individualism
the originating event or circumstance which g. Self – regarding interest
hinders an individual to live a healthy life is
brought to the surface of consciousness. The B. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is incorrect.
method of Psychotherapy is mostly 1. Rational choice theory is also called as rational action theory or choice
interpretative. One technique used in psychotherapy is called free association, a theory.
technique that allows the patient to have an inner dialogue with one’s self by 2. Preferences play an insignificant role in decision making.
saying freely the words that he or she associates with a thing, person and an 3. In cost-benefit analysis, cost is something gained by an individual after
event. Freud relates free association to what is now known as Freudian slip or slip making the choice.
of the tongue. When an individual commits a Freudian slip (or intentionally saying 4. Rational choice theory states that individuals use irrational calculations
something as opposed to what he or she wanted to actually say), he or she to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their own
reveals his or her innermost thoughts. personal objectives.
5. The key elements of all rational choice explanations are individual preferences,
Carl Gustuv Jung (1875–1961) was a Swiss beliefs, and constraints.
Psychiatrist and Psychoanalyst who founded Analytical
Psychology. It is distinguished by a focus on the role of C. Explain the following:
symbolic experiences in human life, taking a 1. What is rational choice theory?
prospective approach to the issues presented in 2. Why cost-benefit analysis applies in rational choice theory?
therapy. For Jung, a healthy mental life is achieved 3. How does scarcity affect decision making?
 A. Instructions: Write your answers in your activity notebook. A. Match
What’s In column A with column B.
Situation Analysis: Column A
A girl/boy went to the mall to buy school shoes. Upon entering the shoes 1. This theory explains that human action and behavior are products of
section, a pair of ragged shoes caught her/his attention. The girl/boy was having a choice.
hard time choosing between school shoes or ragged shoes. 2. This assumption states that the actions of the individual are concerned
Guide Question: entirely with his or her own welfare.
1. What was the situation all the about? 3. He defines optimality as taking place when no other course of social
2. If you are in the same situation, what will you choose? action would be preferred by the individual over the course of action the individual
has chosen.

What I Need to Know

Jacques Lacan (1901–1981) was a Parisian Psychiatrist who was born in 1901
Content Standard and who died in 1981. He gained an international reputation as an original
The learners demonstrate an understanding of… interpreter of Sigmund Freud’s work. Lacan’s Psychoanalytic theory centered on
The emergence of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines Key language. He believes that Psychotherapy requires a
concepts and approaches in the Social Sciences communication between the patients and the
specialist because the medium by which
Performance Standard Psychoanalysis operates is through language. Lacan’s
The learners shall be able to… first major paper in a Psychoanalytic conference
connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations interpret talked about what he called “mirror stage”. The
personal and social experiences using relevant approaches in the Social Sciences mirror stage can be associated with Freud’s
evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the approach development of the super ego and the phallic stage
of development. This mirror could be theoretical: it
Most Essential Learning Competencies could be either an actual mirror or a person, usually the mother. What the child
Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science sees in the mirror is a fully formed self, a body, something whole and complete.
ideas: Rational Choice MELCS-Pages 609-610 DISS (Week 8-10) However, the child still feels incomplete-having no ability to control his or her own
body and still struggling to stand, walk around and eat. The child then imagines
Learning Objectives himself or herself to be whole and complete, and able to move his or her body
At the end of the module you should be able to: with complete control. This image represents an ideal child or what we call ego
1. Explain what is rational choice theory; ideal; what is formed in this relationship with the image is what Lacan calls divided
2. Identify the basic assumptions of rational choice theory; subject.
3. Discuss the key concepts in rational choice theory;
4. Illustrate why cost-benefit analysis applies in decision-making; Erich Fromm (1900–1980) was a German
5. Distinguish the key important theorist on rational choice; Sociologist, Psychologist and Psychoanalyst. He
6. Realize the important role of preferences in making decision. developed a distinct type of Psychoanalysis which he
called Humanistic Psychoanalysis. This type of
psychoanalysis uses historical, anthropological, and
What I Know
psychological perspective to approach an individual.
Fromm’s Psychoanalytic theory assumes that humans
have lost their ties with nature and are now left with no instincts capable to adapt
to the ever-changing world. But since humans developed the ability to reason, What’s More
they can rationalize their isolated existence or condition. Fromm called this Discuss the relationship of the three psychodynamics of a person’s personality
rationalization human dilemma. A dilemma is a problem. The human dilemma is using the Venn diagram below.
the problem of reuniting with nature, in a manner similar to the union of our
prehistoric ancestors and their relationship with the environment. Fromm’s
Psychotherapy helps the individual realize how to achieve human needs and to be
productive members of society.

Louis Althusser (1918–1990) was a French Marxist Philosopher which used a. Defense mechanism b. Rational choice theory
Psychoanalytic theory to form and support his philosophy. Central to Althusser’s c. Analytic theory d. Psychoanalysis Assessment
philosophy is his reinvention of what Marx termed 5. This personality type tries to meet the desires of the id in a way that is socially
as ideology. In a Marxist perspective, ideology is acceptable in the world. It deals with the reality.
the false consciousness perpetuated by capital a. Superego b. Ego c. Id d. Conscious level
industrialists to further control the working class. 6. After breaking up with your boyfriend or girlfriend, you still keep his/her
For Althusser, ideology is a reflection or belongings because you are hoping that he/she will come back is an example of
misrepresentation of our already imaginary which defense mechanism?
understanding of the world, the reality, society a. Displacement b. Sublimation c. Denial d. Regression
and culture. What he created in his philosophy is 7. During this stage, children may develop strong sexual attachments to the
the idea that an individual is turned into a subject parent of the other gender and begin to view the parent of the same gender as a
and a member of society through ideology. rival for the other parent’s affections.
Ideology is constitutive of the self, or in other terms, the self is an ideological a. Oral stage b. Genital stage c. Phallic stage d. Anal stage
concept in and of itself. 8. Maria knew that she could steal the supplies from work, and no one would
know about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to
What is it take anything, even though she would probably never get caught. What is this an
Answer the following questions. example of?
1. Explain what psychoanalysis is all about. a. Dishonesty b. Id c. Ego d. Superego
2. Explain where one’s unconsciousness desires originate from. 9. The part of your subconscious that operates on the morality principle is
3. Why is Freud’s personality theory called psychosexual development? called____.
4. What are the five stages of psychosexual development? a. Superego b. Self c. Ego d. Id
5. Give at least three (3) examples of defense mechanism. 10.Ana yells at her little sister when she is actually angry with her mom. This
6. What are the three levels of awareness? defense mechanism is called?
7. How can the iceberg be a representation of human consciousness? a. Regression b. Denial c. Displacement d. Repression
8. What is the difference between conscious level and unconscious level? 11.Ideas that are not in your awareness now, but you can recall them easily would
9. What is free association? be found in which level of consciousness?
10.How does Jung interpret introversion and extroversion? a. Preconscious level b. Unconscious level
 c. Conscious level d. Nonconscious level
12.Sucking and biting give the child sexual gratification as well as nourishment.
a. Anal stage b. Oral stage c. Genital stage d. Phallic stage
13. The part of the subconscious which operates on the pleasure principle.
a. Superego b. Self c. Ego d. Id
14.He was a Swiss Psychiatrist and Psychoanalyst who founded Analytical
Psychology.
a. Carl Jung b. Jacques Lacan c. Erich Fromm d. Sigmund Freud
15.Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would be back soon to
refill her water glass, so she waited until then to get a drink, even though she
really just wanted to drink from Mr. Smith’s glass. What is this an example of?
a. Self- control b. Id c. Ego d. Superego