DC to DC CONVERTER

CHOPPER

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 Outline
• General
• Buck converter
• Boost converter
• Buck-Boost converter

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 General Introduction
• DEFINITION:
Converting the unregulated DC input to a
controlled DC output with a desired
voltage level.

APPLICATIONS:
– Switched-mode power supply
(SMPS), DC motor control, battery
chargers

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 Linear regulator
• Transistor is operated in
linear (active) mode.
• Output voltage
Vo =Vin –Vce
• Modeled by an equivalent
variable resistor, as shown.
• Power loss is high at high
current due to:

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 Switching Regulator
• Transistor is operated in switched-
mode:
– Switch closed: Fully on (saturated)
– Switch opened: Fully off (cut-off)
– When switch is open, no current
flow in it
– When switch is closed no voltage
drop across it.
• Since P=V.I, no losses occurs in the
switch.
– Power is 100% transferred from
source to load.
– Power loss is zero (for ideal
switch):
• Switching regulator is the basis of all 5
DC-DC converters
Buck (step-down) converter

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 Switch is turned on (closed)
• Diode is reversed biased.
• Switch conducts inductor current
• This results in positive inductor
voltage, i.e:
vL =Vd –Vo
• It causes linear increase in the
inductor current

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 Switch turned off (opened)
• Because of inductive energy
storage, iL continues to
flow.
• Diode is forward biased
• Current now flows
(freewheeling) through the
diode.
• The inductor voltage can be
derived as:
vL = -Vo

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Analysis

Where D = ton / T
And T = time period for one cycle9
Steady-state operation

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 Average, Maximum and
Minimum Inductor Current

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Continuous Current Mode (CCM)

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Output voltage ripple

But ∆iL=(Vo/L) (1-D)T

Vo

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 Summary
NOTE: To decrease the voltage ripple
1) Increasing capacitor size.
2) Increasing inductor size
3) Increasing switching frequency

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 Examples
• A buck converter is supplied from a 50V battery source. Given
L=400uH, C=100uF, R=20 Ohm, f=20KHz and D=0.4.
Calculate:
(a) output voltage
(b) maximum and minimum inductor current,
(c) output voltage ripple.

• A buck converter has an input voltage of 50V and output of 25V. The
switching frequency is 10KHz. The power output is 125W.
Calculate
(a) Determine the duty cycle,
(b) value of L to limit the peak inductor current to 6.25A,
(c) value of capacitance to limit the output voltage ripple factor to 0 .5%.

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Boost (step-up) converter

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Boost (step-up) Analysis

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Switch Opened

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Steady-state operation
• Boost converter produces output
voltage that is greater or equal to
the input voltage.
• Alternative explanation:
– when switch is closed, diode is
reversed. Thus output is isolated.
The input supplies energy to
inductor.
– When switch is opened, the output
stage receives energy from the
input as well as from the inductor.
Hence output is large.
– Output voltage is maintained
constant by virtue of large C.

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Average, Maximum, Minimum
Inductor Current

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L and C values

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 Examples
• The boost converter has the following parameters:
Vd=20V, D=0.6, R=12.5ohm, L=65uH, C=200uF,
fs=40KHz.
Determine
(a) output voltage, (b) average, maximum and minimum
inductor current, (c) output voltage ripple.

• Design a boost converter to provide an output voltage of

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Buck-Boost converter

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Buck-boost analysis

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Cnd…

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 Summary
NOTE: Output of a buck-boost
converter either be higher or lower
than input.
– If D>0.5, output is higher than input
– If D<0.5, output is lower than input
• Output voltage is always negative.
• Note that output is never directly
connected to load.
• Energy is stored in inductor when
switch is closed and transferred to
load when switch is opened.

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Average inductor current

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Converters in CCM: Summary

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Cnd…

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Cnd…

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