Somali National University: Finite Elements Design (FEM5901)

SOMALI JAAMACADDA
NATIONAL UMMADDA
UNIVERSITY SOOMAALIYEED
Finite Elements Design (FEM5901)
B2 Mechanical Engineering, Lect_7
Dr. Sulaiman Muhammed Dawood

Text Books,
1. P. Seshu, Finite Element Analysis.
2. C. Chapra & P. Canale, Numerical Methods For Engineers
Reference Books
S/N. Recommended References Supporting the Course

1. Ainullotfi bin Abdul Latif, Kaedah UnsurTerhingga – Pengenalan Asas
UntukJurutera (translation of: The Finite Element Method – A Basic
Introduction for Engineers, by K.C. Rockey, H.R. Evans, D.W. Griffiths
and D.A. Nethercot). Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 1997.
2. Logan, Daryl L., A First Course in the Finite Element Method, 3rd
Edition. Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning, Pacific Grove, Ca., 2002.
[TA347.F5 L63 2002]
3. Cook, R.D., Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis,
Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York, 1981.
4. Hutton, David V., Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis,
International Edition. Mc-Graw-Hill, New York, 2004.
5. Huebner, K.H., Dewhirst, D.L., Smith, D.E. and Byron, T.G., The Finite
Element Method for Engineers, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
New York, 2001.
6. Zienkiewicz, O.C., and Taylor, R.L., The Finite Element Method, Fourth
Edition, Volume 1: Basic Formulations and Linear Problems. McGraw-
Hill Book Co., London, 1989.
Course Outline Plan
Week No. Topic Remarks
1. General Introduction, Historical Background and A Review Of
Matrices
2. Analysis Of Simple One Dimensional Structures (Direct Method)
Analysis of springs. Stiffness concept. Member stiffness matrix.
Assembly of global structural stiffness matrix. Characteristics of
stiffness matrices.
3. Potential Energy Approach: 1-D Bar Elements Virtual
work and potential energy. Formulation of equilibrium
equations using the energy approach
4. Derivation of stiffness matrix for linear two-force
elements (bars). Coordinate transformations and truss
stiffness matrices
5. Prismatic Beam Elements Bending of prismatic beams.
Stiffness matrix for the beam element. Load vector for
distributed loads.
6. Stiffness matrix for the beam element. Load vector for
distributed loads. Coordinate transformation and stiffness
matrix for frame elements.
Lecture Outline
This lecture is to cover these following titles:-
Plane Trusses.
i. What is Truss Structure?
ii. Vierendeel Truss.
iii. Plane Trusses.
iv. Local & Global Coordinate Systems.
v. Relation Between Coordinate Systems.
vi. Direction Cosines.
vii. Formula for Evaluating l and m.
viii. Element Stiffness Matrix.
ix. System of Linear Equations, Exercise.
x. Stress Calculations, Exercise.
What is Truss Structure?
5.1 What is Truss Structure?
A truss is a static structure consisting of straight
slender members, interconnected at joints, to
form triangular units (Simple Frame Work).
There are two types of trusses:
1. The pitched truss or common truss -
characterized by its triangular shape. It is most
often used for roof construction.
2. The parallel chord or flat truss – characterized
by its parallel top and bottom chords. It is often
used for floor construction.
What is Truss Structure?
Examples of pitched truss structures

Vierendeel Truss
5-2 Vierendeel Truss
A special truss structure, characterized by its
rigid upper and lower beams, connected by
vertical beams. The joints are also rigid.
Used in construction of some bridges and in
the frame of the “late” Twin Towers of the
World Trade Centre.
The “late”
twin towers of
the world
trade centre.
A Vierendeel bridge
Plane Trusses
5-3 Plane Trusses (Simple Frame Work):
A typical two-dimensional plane truss is shown. It
comprises of two-force members, connected by
frictionless joints. All loads and reaction forces are
applied at the joints only.
Note: There are two displacement components at a given
node i, denoted by Q2i-1 and Q2i.
Local & Global Coordinate Systems
5-4 Local & Global Coordinate Systems:-
Local and global coordinate stems
are shown at left.
In local coordinate (x’), every node
has one degree of freedom, while
in global coordinate (x, y), every
node has two degrees of freedom.
The nodal displacements, in the
local coordinate system is,
Local and global coordinate systems In the global coordinate system,

Relation Between Coordinate Systems
5-5 Relation Between Coordinate Systems:
Consider a deformed truss member as shown. We can
now establish a relationship between {q’} and {q} as
follows:
Direction Cosines
5-6 Direction Cosines:
To eliminate the θ terms from previous equations, we
define direction cosines, such that;
l = cos , and , m = sin
The relation between {q’} and {q} can now be written as:
which can be written in matrix form as

Direction Cosines
Or, in a condensed matrix form;
where [L] is a rectangular matrix called the

transformation matrix, given by,
Formula for Evaluating l and m
5-7 Formula for Evaluating l and m:
Using a trigonometry relation, we observe;
Note: Coordinates (xi, yi) are based on local coordinate

system.
Element Stiffness Matrix
In the global coordinates system,
Since internal strain energy is independent of coordinate

system, Ue = U’e.
Therefore,
Substituting we get;
The internal strain energy in the truss element, in local
coordinate system is,
5-8 Element Stiffness Matrix:
A truss element is a one-dimensional (bar) element,
when it is viewed in local coordinate system.
Thus, element stiffness matrix for a truss element in
local coordinate,
The internal strain energy in the truss element, in local

Substituting we get;
We need the expression for [k] when
viewed in global coordinate…
In the global coordinates system,
Since internal strain energy is independent of coordinate

system, Ue = U’e.
Therefore;
Simplifying, we get;
EXERCISE (1)
Write the element stiffness matrix for each element.
Use: E = 180 GPa; d = 15 mm for all members.
System of Linear Equations:
The system of linear equations for a single plane truss
element in local;
Where {q} is nodal displacement vector and {f} is nodal

force vector, in the global coordinate direction.
Substituting, we get
Note: To assemble the global stiffness matrix, a local-global nodal

connectivity will be required.
Exercise (2)
Reconsider Exercise (1). a) Assemble global system of
linear equations for the structure; b) Apply the
boundary conditions, and c) Write the reduced system
of linear equations.
Boundary conditions:
Q1 = Q2 = Q6 = 0
(homogeneous type)
Use: E = 180 GPa; d = 15 mm for all members.

Stress Calculations:
Normal stress in a plane truss element, in local
In the global coordinate system, since;
Expanding the [B] and [L] matrices,
Or,
Exercise (3)
Reconsider Exercise (2).
a) Determine the unknown nodal displacements at node
2 and 3;
b) Compute the stresses in the member (e2) and (e3).
Use: E = 180 GPa; d = 15 mm for all members

Somali National University: Finite Elements Design (FEM5901)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Somali National University: Finite Elements Design (FEM5901)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Somali National University: Finite Elements Design (FEM5901)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SOMALI JAAMACADDA

Finite Elements Design (FEM5901)

B2 Mechanical Engineering, Lect_7

Dr. Sulaiman Muhammed Dawood

S/N. Recommended References Supporting the Course

Examples of pitched truss structures

Local and global coordinate systems In the global coordinate system,

which can be written in matrix form as

where [L] is a rectangular matrix called the

Note: Coordinates (xi, yi) are based on local coordinate

Since internal strain energy is independent of coordinate

The internal strain energy in the truss element, in local

Since internal strain energy is independent of coordinate

Where {q} is nodal displacement vector and {f} is nodal

Note: To assemble the global stiffness matrix, a local-global nodal

Use: E = 180 GPa; d = 15 mm for all members.

Expanding the [B] and [L] matrices,

Use: E = 180 GPa; d = 15 mm for all members

You might also like