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Table of Contents
What is SQL? .................................................................4
What is data? ................................................................4
What is database? ........................................................4
What is table? ...............................................................5
What is field? ................................................................5
What is record? ............................................................5
How to work with SQL? ................................................6
Create Database ...........................................................6
Select Database ............................................................7
Show Database .............................................................7
Drop Database ..............................................................7
Create Table Statement ................................................7
Drop/Delete Table Statement.......................................8
ALTER TABLE Statement ...............................................8
MYSQL INSERT INTO Statement....................................9
SQL SELECT Statement ................................................10
The SQL WHERE Clause ...............................................10
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The SQL UPDATE .........................................................11
The SQL DELETE ..........................................................12
The SQL AND OPERATOR ............................................12
The SQL OR OPERATOR ...............................................13
The SQL NOT OPERATOR ............................................13
The SQL LIKE Operator ................................................14
The SQL IN Operator ...................................................15
The SQL BETWEEN Operator.......................................15
The SQL SELECT TOP Clause ........................................16
The SQL ORDER BY Clause ..........................................16
Working with SQL functions .......................................17
SQL Joins .....................................................................17
The SQL GROUP BY .....................................................20
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Statement ...........................21
The SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Command.........................21
SQL Constraints...........................................................22

Note: Click on the page number given in front to go to any topic.

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What is SQL?
 SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language for storing,
manipulating and retrieving data in databases.
 SQL is not a database system, It is language which is used by
database management system like (Oracle, MySQL, Microsoft SQL
Server, MongoDB and more).
 It is also pronounced as See-Quell.
 SQL language is mainly designed for maintaining the data in
relational database management systems (RDBMS).
 Big enterprises like Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn, use SQL for
storing the data in the back-end.
 Programming languages like php, asp.net and python use sql for
backend.

What is data?
 Data is a collection of information.
 Data can be name, age, height, phone number, picture, PDF, audio
and more.

What is database?
 A database is an electronic storage which is created by DBMS
software's that stores the organized collection of records. It can be
accessed and manage by the user very easily. It allows us to organize

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 data into tables, rows, columns, and indexes to find the relevant
information very quickly.

What is table?
 Table is a collection of data which is organized in terms of rows and
columns.
Employee_ID Employee_Name City Mobile Number
1 AJAY Bhopal 1111-2222-33
2 SUNIL Jaipur 3311-2222-33
3 MANOJ Udaipur 2211-2222-33
4 KOMAL SURAT 2211-2222-33

What is field?
 A field is a data structure for a single piece of data. For example, in a
table called student contact information, telephone number is a
field in column.
Employee_ID Employee_Name City Mobile Number
1 AJAY Bhopal 1111-2222-33
2 SUNIL Jaipur 3311-2222-33
3 MANOJ Udaipur 2211-2222-33
4 KOMAL SURAT 2211-2222-33

What is record?
 In relational databases, a record is a group of related data held
within the same structure.

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Employee_ID Employee_Name City Mobile Number
1 AJAY Bhopal 1111-2222-33
2 SUNIL Jaipur 3311-2222-33
3 MANOJ Udaipur 2211-2222-33
4 KOMAL SURAT 2211-2222-33

How to work with SQL?

To working with SQL you can use any database management system but
in this tutorial I am using XAMPP and MySQL Workbench. So first you
have to download and install XAMPP and MySQL Workbench.
Download Link For XAMPP -
https://www.apachefriends.org/download.html
Download Link For MySQL Workbench-
https://www.mysql.com/products/workbench/

To connect to MySQL from the command line, follow these:

Syntax: c:\xampp\mysql\bin>mysql -u user -p password -h localhost IP
Example: c:\xampp\mysql\bin>mysql -u root -p 12345 -h 127.0.0.1

Create Database
 Syntax : CREATE DATABASE database_name;
 Example : CREATE DATABASE company;

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Select Database
 Syntax : USE database_name;
 Example : USE company;

Show Database
 Syntax : SHOW DATABASES;

Drop Database
 Syntax : DROP DATABASE database_name;

Create Table Statement

• Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
....
);
Example:
CREATE TABLE employeeInfo(
ID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
Emp_name varchar(30) NOT NULL,
Address varchar(255) NOT NULL,
City varchar(50) NOT NULL,
Age int NOT NULL,
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DOJ date NOT NULL,
Designation varchar(50) NOT NULL,
Salary decimal(15,2) NOT NULL,
Mobile varchar(10) NOT NULL);

Drop/Delete Table Statement

The DROP TABLE statement is used to remove a table for database.
Syntax: DROP TABLE table_name;

ALTER TABLE Statement

 This statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an
existing table.
 This is also used to add and drop various constraints on an existing
table.
Add Column
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;
Example:-
ALTER TABLE employeeInfo
ADD Email varchar(255);
DROP Column
ALTER TABLE table_name;
DROP column_name;

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Example:-
ALTER TABLE employeeInfo;
DROP Email;

MYSQL INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO Statement is used to add new data in the table.

Syntax:
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2, column3,...columnN)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN);

Example: (Inserting record in table)

INSERT INTO employeeInfo (Emp_name, Address, City, Age, DOJ,
Designation, Salary, Mobile)
VALUES ('Sunil Kumar', '104, Street No. 13', 'Jaipur', 29,'2020-5-3',
'Manager', 42000, '9188822200');

INSERT INTO employeeInfo (Emp_name, Address, City, Age, DOJ,

Designation, Salary, Mobile)
VALUES ('Manoj Singh', '72, Street No. 1', 'Jaipur', 30, '2021-2-1',
'Programmer', 43000, '9188822211');

INSERT INTO employeeInfo (Emp_name, Address, City, Age, DOJ,

Designation, Salary, Mobile)
VALUES ('Anil Kumar', 'House No.53, Street No.7', 'Udaipur', 32,'2021-3-
1', 'Programmer', 42000, '9133322211');

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INSERT INTO employeeInfo (Emp_name, Address, City, Age, DOJ,
Designation, Salary, Mobile)
VALUES ('Kamal', 'P76, Block No.5', 'Jaipur', 36, '2020-2-1', 'Sr.
Programmer', 60000, '9188833311');

INSERT INTO employeeInfo (Emp_name, Address, City, Age, DOJ,

Designation, Salary, Mobile)
VALUES ('Daanish', 'RK Nagar, New Bus Stand', 'Ajmer', 37, '2021-4-1',
'Sr. Programmer', 60000, '9188822255');

SQL SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to selecting (showing) the data from a
table.
To selecting whole data from table
Syntax: SELECT *FROM table_name;
Example: SELECT *FROM employeeInfo;

Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name;

Example: SELECT Emp_name, Mobile from employeeInfo;

The SQL WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause is used to filter records from table.
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
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WHERE Designation = [Condition];
Example: 1
SELECT Emp_name, Mobile
FROM employeeInfo
WHERE Designation = 'Programmer';

Example: 2
SELECT Emp_name, Mobile, Designation, Salary
FROM employeeInfo
WHERE Salary>45000;

The SQL UPDATE

If you want to modify the existing records in a table then you can use the
query.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2....
WHERE [condition];

Example: 1
UPDATE employeeInfo
SET Address =
WHERE [condition];

Example: 2
UPDATE employeeInfo
SET Address = 'P79, Block No.5'
WHERE ID=4;

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Example: 3
UPDATE employeeInfo
SET Salary = 45000
WHERE ID = 5;

The SQL DELETE

The SQL DELETE Query is used to delete the existing records from a table.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE [condition];

Example:
DELETE FROM employeeInfo
WHERE ID = 5;

If you want to delete all records from table then you can use
DELETE FROM TABLE_NAME;

The SQL AND OPERATOR

You can use this operator for checking multiple conditions.
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2,....
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition1] AND [condition2]...AND [conditionN];

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Example: 1
SELECT ID, Emp_name
FROM employeeInfo
WHERE Designation = 'Programmer' AND Age > 30;

Example: 2
SELECT ID, Emp_name
FROM employeeInfo
WHERE Designation = 'Programmer' AND City = 'Jaipur';

The SQL OR OPERATOR

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2,....
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition1] OR [condition2]...OR [conditionN];

Example:
SELECT ID, Emp_name, City
FROM employeeInfo
WHERE City = 'Jaipur' OR Salary = 42000;

The SQL NOT OPERATOR

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;

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Example:
SELECT ID, Emp_name, City
FROM employeeInfo
WHERE NOT City = 'Jaipur';

The SQL LIKE Operator

The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified
pattern in a column.

• The percent sign (%) represents zero, one, or multiple characters

• The underscore sign (_) represents one, single character
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;

Example: 1
SELECT *FROM employeeInfo
WHERE City LIKE 'J%'; (Start With) you can also use (End With Like – %J)

Example: 2
SELECT *FROM employeeInfo
WHERE Mobile LIKE '__8%';

Example: 3
SELECT * FROM employeeInfo
WHERE Emp_name NOT LIKE 'm%';
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The SQL IN Operator
Example: 1
SELECT * FROM employeeInfo
WHERE City IN ('Udaypur', 'Ajmer');
Example: 2
SELECT * FROM employeeInfo
WHERE City NOT IN ('Udaypur', 'Ajmer');

The SQL BETWEEN Operator

The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range.
Example: 1
SELECT * FROM employeeInfo
WHERE Salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 50000;

Example: 2
SELECT * FROM employeeInfo
WHERE ID BETWEEN 3 AND 5;

Example: 3
SELECT * FROM employeeInfo
WHERE DOJ BETWEEN '2021-01-01' AND '2021-05-30';

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The SQL SELECT TOP Clause
SELECT TOP Clause is used to show specify the number of records
from table.
Note: Not all database systems support the SELECT TOP clause.
MySQL supports the LIMIT clause.
Syntax:
SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition];

Example: (Note: Only For MySQL)

SELECT * FROM employeeInfo
LIMIT 3;

The SQL ORDER BY Clause

The SQL ORDER BY clause is used to sort the column data in
ascending or descending order.

Example: 1
SELECT * FROM employeeInfo
ORDER BY Emp_name, Salary;

Example: 2
SELECT * FROM employeeInfo
ORDER BY Emp_name DESC;

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Working with SQL functions
COUNT() Example:
SELECT COUNT(Emp_name)
FROM employeeInfo;

SUM() Example:
SELECT SUM(Salary)
FROM employeeInfo;

AVG() Example:
SELECT AVG(Salary)
FROM employeeInfo;

MIN() Example:
SELECT Emp_name, MIN(Salary) AS LowestSalary
FROM employeeInfo;

MAX() Example:
SELECT Emp_name, MIN(Salary) AS HighestSalary
FROM employeeInfo;

SQL Joins
The SQL Joins clause is used to combine records from two or more
tables.

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Example:
Step 1 (Create database)
CREATE DATABASE companydb;

Step 2 (Select database)

USE companydb;

Step 3 (Create table)

CREATE TABLE Customer
(
CustomerID int primary key,
CustomerName varchar(20),
City varchar(20)
);

Step 4 (Insert records in table)

INSERT INTO Customer VALUES(101,'Ashish','Kota');
INSERT INTO Customer VALUES(102,'Ajay','Ajmer');
INSERT INTO Customer VALUES(103,'Jay','Bundi');
INSERT INTO Customer VALUES(104,'Aman','Jhalawar');
INSERT INTO Customer VALUES(105,'Chirag','Udaipur');
INSERT INTO Customer VALUES(106,'Deepak','Jodhpur');
INSERT INTO Customer VALUES(107,'Rohan','Jaipur');
INSERT INTO Customer VALUES(108,'Dinesh','Alwar');
INSERT INTO Customer VALUES(109,'Suresh','Kota');
INSERT INTO Customer VALUES(110,'Ankit','Jaipur');
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Step 5 (Create IInd table)
CREATE TABLE Orders
(
OrderID int,
CustomerID int primary key,
OrderDate date
);

Step 6 (Insert records in this table)

INSERT INTO Orders VALUES (1,101,'2021-01-05');
INSERT INTO Orders VALUES (2,102,'2021-02-10');
INSERT INTO Orders VALUES (3,103,'2021-01-04');
INSERT INTO Orders VALUES (4,104,'2021-03-08');
INSERT INTO Orders VALUES (5,105,'2021-04-09');
INSERT INTO Orders VALUES (6,106,'2021-01-05');
INSERT INTO Orders VALUES (7,107,'2021-05-12');
INSERT INTO Orders VALUES (8,108,'2021-02-05');
INSERT INTO Orders VALUES (9,109,'2021-06-03');
INSERT INTO Orders VALUES (10,110,'2021-07-04');

Step 7 (Check both tables)

SELECT *FROM Customer;

SELECT * FROM Orders;

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INNER JOIN QUERY 1
SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customer.CustomerName, Orders.OrderDate
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customer ON Orders.CustomerID=Customer.CustomerID;

INNER JOIN QUERY 2

SELECT Orders.OrderDate, Customer.City
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customer ON Orders.CustomerID=Customer.CustomerID;

Some other SQL Joins Like – LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL JOIN and
SELF JOIN, you can read from Google.

The SQL GROUP BY

The GROUP BY statement groups rows that have the same values into
rows. We can also use these functions
(COUNT(), MAX(), MIN(), SUM(), AVG()) with group by statements.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s);

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Example:
SELECT COUNT(Designation), SUM(Salary), Designation
From employeeInfo
GROUP BY Designation;

SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Statement

You can copies data from one table and inserts it into another table.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO New_Table
SELECT * FROM Old_Table
WHERE condition;

Example:
INSERT INTO employeeInfoBackup
SELECT * FROM employeeInfo;

The SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Command

If you want to delete complete data from an existing table then you
can use this command. If you use DROP Table command it would
remove complete table structure form the database.
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

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SQL Constraints
By using SQL constraints you can set specify rules for the data in a
table.

The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:

NOT NULL CONSTRAINT- Ensures that a column value should not

NULL.

Example of NOT NULL Constraints:

Step 1 Create new database

CREATE DATABASE constraintsExample;

Step 2 Select this database

USE constraintsExample;

Step 3 Create Table

CREATE TABLE notnullExample

(
EmpName varchar(30),
Age int
);

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Step 4 Insert Records

INSERT INTO notnullExample (EmpName, Age) VALUES ('Raju', 26);

INSERT INTO notnullExample (Age) VALUES (26);

Step 5 View Table

Select * from notnullExample;

Step 6 Delete Table

DROP TABLE notnullExample;

Step 7 Create Table Again

CREATE TABLE notnullExample

(
EmpName varchar(30) NOT NULL,
Age int
);

Step 8 Insert Records

INSERT INTO notnullExample (EmpName, Age) VALUES ('Raju', 26);

INSERT INTO notnullExample (Age) VALUES (26);

Step 9 View Table

Select * from notnullExample;

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DEFAULT CONSTRAINT - Set a default value for a column if no value is
inserting.
Example of DEFAULT Constraints:

Step 1 Create Table

CREATE TABLE defaultExample
(
EmpName varchar(30) NOT NULL,
Age int,
Mobile varchar(50) default 'Mobile no. is not available'
);

Step 2 Insert Data

INSERT INTO defaultExample (EmpName, Age, Mobile)

VALUES ('Raju', 26, '001223665');

Step 3 Insert this Record

Note: - To checking DEFAULT constraint insert this record in the
table then 'Mobile no. is not available' this default value will store
in mobile number column because of DEFAULT Constraint.

INSERT INTO defaultExample (EmpName, Age)

VALUES ('Raju', 26);

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Step 4 View Table
SELECT * FROM defaultExample;

CHECK CONSTRAINT - You can define a CHECK constraint on a column

it will allow only certain values for this column. If condition is
matched then value will store in column.
Step 1 Creat Table
CREATE TABLE checkExample
(
EmpName varchar(255),
Age int,
CHECK (Age>=18)
);

Step 2 Insert Record

INSERT INTO checkExample (EmpName, Age) VALUES ('Raju', 26);

Step 3 Insert this Record

Note: - To checking CHECK constraint insert this record in the table
then you will find error because in this record you are inserting age
17 which is less than 18.

INSERT INTO checkExample (EmpName, Age) VALUES ('Raju', 17);

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UNIQUE CONSTRAINT - The UNIQUE constraint ensures that all
values in a column are different.
Example of UNIQUE CONSTRAINT
Step 1 Create Table
CREATE TABLE uniqueExample (
EmpName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Mobile varchar(10) NOT NULL UNIQUE
);

Step 2 Insert Record

INSERT INTO uniqueExample (EmpName, Mobile) VALUES ('Raju',
'0123456789');
Step 3 Insert this Record
Note: - To checking UNIQUE Constraint insert this record in table
then you will find error because in this record mobile number
should be different and you are again inserting same mobile
number.
INSERT INTO uniqueExample (EmpName, Mobile) VALUES ('Sunil',
'0123456789');

PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT - Primary keys column must contain

UNIQUE values, and cannot contain NULL values.

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SQL FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT -
Step 1 Create table

CREATE TABLE Department

(
Dept_Id int primary key,Dept_Name varchar(50)
);

Step 2 Insert Records

INSERT INTO Department VALUES (1,'Account');

INSERT INTO Department VALUES (2,'HR');
INSERT INTO Department VALUES (3,'IT');

Step 3 Create IInd table

CREATE TABLE Employee_Details

(
Emp_ID int primary key,
Emp_Name varchar(50) Not null,
Dept_Id int,
FOREIGN KEY (Dept_Id) REFERENCES Department(Dept_Id)
);

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Step 4 Insert Records

INSERT INTO Employee_Details VALUES (1,'Raj',1);

INSERT INTO Employee_Details VALUES (2,'Rahul',2);
INSERT INTO Employee_Details VALUES (3,'Kunal',3);

SELECT * FROM Employee_Details;

Note: - To checking FOREIGN KEY Constraint insert this record in

table then you will find error because Dept_Id will not match.

Step 5 Insert this Records

INSERT INTO Employee_Details VALUES (4, 'sohan', 4);

The End

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