15/04/2022, 16:17 Java - Interfaces

Java - Interfaces

An interface is a reference type in Java. It is similar to class. It is a collection of abstract

methods. A class implements an interface, thereby inheriting the abstract methods of the
interface.
Along with abstract methods, an interface may also contain constants, default methods, static
methods, and nested types. Method bodies exist only for default methods and static methods.
Writing an interface is similar to writing a class. But a class describes the attributes and
behaviors of an object. And an interface contains behaviors that a class implements.

Unless the class that implements the interface is abstract, all the methods of the interface need
to be defined in the class.
An interface is similar to a class in the following ways −
An interface can contain any number of methods.

An interface is written in a file with a .java extension, with the name of the interface
matching the name of the file.
The byte code of an interface appears in a .class file.

Interfaces appear in packages, and their corresponding bytecode file must be in a

directory structure that matches the package name.
However, an interface is different from a class in several ways, including −
You cannot instantiate an interface.

An interface does not contain any constructors.

All of the methods in an interface are abstract.

An interface cannot contain instance fields. The only fields that can appear in an
interface must be declared both static and final.
An interface is not extended by a class; it is implemented by a class.

An interface can extend multiple interfaces.

Declaring Interfaces
The interface keyword is used to declare an interface. Here is a simple example to declare an
interface −

Example

Following is an example of an interface −

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/* File name : NameOfInterface.java */

import java.lang.*;

// Any number of import statements

public interface NameOfInterface {

// Any number of final, static fields

// Any number of abstract method declarations\

Interfaces have the following properties −

An interface is implicitly abstract. You do not need to use the abstract keyword while
declaring an interface.
Each method in an interface is also implicitly abstract, so the abstract keyword is not
needed.

Methods in an interface are implicitly public.

Example

/* File name : Animal.java */

interface Animal {

public void eat();

public void travel();

Implementing Interfaces

When a class implements an interface, you can think of the class as signing a contract, agreeing
to perform the specific behaviors of the interface. If a class does not perform all the behaviors of
the interface, the class must declare itself as abstract.

A class uses the implements keyword to implement an interface. The implements keyword
appears in the class declaration following the extends portion of the declaration.

Example

/* File name : MammalInt.java */

public class MammalInt implements Animal {

public void eat() {

System.out.println("Mammal eats");

public void travel() {

System.out.println("Mammal travels");

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public int noOfLegs() {

return 0;

public static void main(String args[]) {

MammalInt m = new MammalInt();

m.eat();

m.travel();

This will produce the following result −

Output

Mammal eats

Mammal travels

When overriding methods defined in interfaces, there are several rules to be followed −

Checked exceptions should not be declared on implementation methods other than the
ones declared by the interface method or subclasses of those declared by the interface
method.

The signature of the interface method and the same return type or subtype should be
maintained when overriding the methods.
An implementation class itself can be abstract and if so, interface methods need not be
implemented.

When implementation interfaces, there are several rules −

A class can implement more than one interface at a time.

A class can extend only one class, but implement many interfaces.

An interface can extend another interface, in a similar way as a class can extend
another class.

Extending Interfaces

An interface can extend another interface in the same way that a class can extend another
class. The extends keyword is used to extend an interface, and the child interface inherits the
methods of the parent interface.

The following Sports interface is extended by Hockey and Football interfaces.

Example

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// Filename: Sports.java

public interface Sports {

public void setHomeTeam(String name);

public void setVisitingTeam(String name);

// Filename: Football.java

public interface Football extends Sports {

public void homeTeamScored(int points);

public void visitingTeamScored(int points);

public void endOfQuarter(int quarter);

// Filename: Hockey.java

public interface Hockey extends Sports {

public void homeGoalScored();

public void visitingGoalScored();

public void endOfPeriod(int period);

public void overtimePeriod(int ot);

The Hockey interface has four methods, but it inherits two from Sports; thus, a class that
implements Hockey needs to implement all six methods. Similarly, a class that implements
Football needs to define the three methods from Football and the two methods from Sports.

Extending Multiple Interfaces

A Java class can only extend one parent class. Multiple inheritance is not allowed. Interfaces are
not classes, however, and an interface can extend more than one parent interface.

The extends keyword is used once, and the parent interfaces are declared in a comma-
separated list.

For example, if the Hockey interface extended both Sports and Event, it would be declared as −

Example

public interface Hockey extends Sports, Event

Tagging Interfaces

The most common use of extending interfaces occurs when the parent interface does not
contain any methods. For example, the MouseListener interface in the java.awt.event package
extended java.util.EventListener, which is defined as −

Example

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package java.util;

public interface EventListener

{}

An interface with no methods in it is referred to as a tagging interface. There are two basic
design purposes of tagging interfaces −

Creates a common parent − As with the EventListener interface, which is extended by dozens
of other interfaces in the Java API, you can use a tagging interface to create a common parent
among a group of interfaces. For example, when an interface extends EventListener, the JVM
knows that this particular interface is going to be used in an event delegation scenario.

Adds a data type to a class − This situation is where the term, tagging comes from. A class
that implements a tagging interface does not need to define any methods (since the interface
does not have any), but the class becomes an interface type through polymorphism.

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