Scribd
Upload
50 views

1) Outer Joins Example

The document discusses different types of joins in Oracle including outer joins, natural joins, and equi joins. It provides an example of an outer join query to return sales data for all stores by joining the Store_Information and Geography tables and handling null values. Keywords like EXECUTE IMMEDIATE and prefixes like V$ and GV$ that Oracle uses are also covered. The document also discusses differences between CASE and SEARCHED CASE statements and rules around using GOTO in PL/SQL.

Uploaded by

Satamanyu Mishra
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
50 views

1) Outer Joins Example

The document discusses different types of joins in Oracle including outer joins, natural joins, and equi joins. It provides an example of an outer join query to return sales data for all stores by joining the Store_Information and Geography tables and handling null values. Keywords like EXECUTE IMMEDIATE and prefixes like V$ and GV$ that Oracle uses are also covered. The document also discusses differences between CASE and SEARCHED CASE statements and rules around using GOTO in PL/SQL.

Uploaded by

Satamanyu Mishra
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

1) OUTER JOINS EXAMPLE:-

2) Table Store_Information

store_name Sales Date


Los Angeles $1500 Jan-05-1999
San Diego $250 Jan-07-1999
Los Angeles $300 Jan-08-1999
Boston $700 Jan-08-1999

3) Table Geography

region_name store_name
East Boston
East New York
West Los Angeles
West San Diego

4) and we want to find out the sales amount for all of the stores. If we do a regular join, we
will not be able to get what we want because we will have missed "New York," since it
does not appear in the Store_Information table. Therefore, we need to perform an outer
join on the two tables above:
5) SELECT A1.store_name, SUM(A2.Sales) SALES
FROM Geography A1, Store_Information A2
WHERE A1.store_name = A2.store_name (+)
GROUP BY A1.store_name
6) Note that in this case, we are using the Oracle syntax for outer join.
7) Result:

store_name SALES
Boston $700
New York
Los Angeles $1800
San Diego $250

8) Note: NULL is returned when there is no match on the second table. In this case, "New
York" does not appear in the table Store_Information, thus its corresponding "SALES"
column is NULL.

2) NATURAL JOIN:- SELECT dname, ename FROM dept NATURAL JOIN emp

EQUI JOIN :- on (emp.deptno = dept.deptno)


3) CODE TO OPEN/CLOSE CURSOR:-

OPEN [CURSOR NAME]

LOOP

FETCH [CURSOR NAME] INTO [VARAIABLE NAMES]

EXIT WHEN [CURSOR NAME]%NOTFOUND

PL/SQL CODE

END LOOP;

CLOSE [CURSOR NAME]

4) A TIME WE CAN ONLY RUN ONE QUERY USING EXECUTE IMMEDIATE.

5) v$ prefix in oracle:- They are just normal characters. But Oracle (and other vendors) will frequently
use characters like $ that normal developers don't normally use in order to create conventions around
table names.

For example, Oracle provides a number of data dictionary tables that use x$, v$, and gv$ as prefixes.
There is nothing inherently special about those prefixes. But they convey meaningful information to the
users of those systems (x$ views are undocumented views, v$ views provide information about activity
on the local instance, gv$ views provide information about activity on all the instances of a RAC cluster).
And using those sorts of prefixes prevents confusion between application tables and Oracle tables. Lots
of applications, for example, have a SESSION table. Having the V$ prefix for the Oracle-delivered
V$SESSION table makes it easy to avoid confusion from having two identically named tables.
6) tns names ora

7) to see errors after procedure compilation:- SHOW ERRORS.

8) query to see procedure text:-

SELECT line||' '||text PROCEDURE


FROM user_source

WHERE name = 'COMPILE_ERROR';

9)
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('HELLO');
DECLARE
V_NAME VARCHAR2(30) := 'NESTED';
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(V_NAME );
END;
END;

IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE DECLARE IN MAIN PL/SQL BLOCK.

10 )
IF VARIABLE IN OUTER AS WELL AS INNER BLOCK HAVE SAME NAME THEN NAME IN INNER BLOCK
REFERES TO INNER BLOCK VARIABLE.

11)

ACCESS OUTER BLOCK VARIALBE IN INNER BLOCK

<<OUTER>>
DECLARE
V_NAME VARCHAR2(30) := 'NESTEDO';
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('HELLO');
DECLARE
V_NAME VARCHAR2(30) := 'NESTEDI';
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(V_NAME );
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(OUTER.V_NAME );
END;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(V_NAME );
END;

12 INNER BLOCK VARIABLES CANNOT BE ACCESSED BY OUTER BLOCKS.

13 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CASE AND SERCHED CASE:-

NO EXPRESSION GIVEN IN SEARCHED CASE AS GIVEN BELOW:-


CASE:-

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
v_category books.category%TYPE;
v_discount NUMBER(10,2);
v_isbn books.isbn%TYPE := '72230665';
BEGIN
SELECT category
INTO v_category
FROM books
WHERE isbn = v_isbn;
-- Determine discount based on category
CASE v_category
WHEN 'Oracle Basics'
THEN v_discount := .15;
WHEN 'Oracle Server'
THEN v_discount := .10;
END CASE;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The discount is '
||v_discount*100
||' percent');
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS
THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM);
END;
/

SERCHED CASE:-

CASE -- Notice that there is no expression here...


WHEN v_price < 40 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('This book is already discounted');
108 Oracle Database 10g PL/SQL Programming
Chapter 3: PL/SQL Basics 109
WHEN v_price BETWEEN 40 AND 50 THEN
v_price := v_price - (v_price * .10);
UPDATE books
SET price = v_price
WHERE isbn = v_isbn;
WHEN v_price > 50 THEN
v_price := v_price - (v_price * .10);
UPDATE books
SET price = v_price
WHERE isbn = v_isbn;
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Price not found');
END CASE;

14) GOT O RULES:-

GOTO cannot reference a label in a nested block.


■ GOTO cannot be executed outside an IF clause to a label inside the IF clause.
■ GOTO cannot be executed from inside an IF clause to a label inside
another IF clause.
■ GOTO cannot navigate from the EXCEPTION section to any other section

of the block

15) THE BEGINNING OF A TRANSACTION:-

Instead, a transaction begins whenever a DML command

locks an object.

16)IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE * IN CURSOR EXAMPLE:-

DECLARE
V_REC MASTER_USER%ROWTYPE;
CURSOR CUR IS
SELECT *
FROM MASTER_USER;
BEGIN
FOR REC IN CUR
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(REC.USERNAME||' D ' ||REC.C_PASSWORD) ;
END LOOP;
END;

17) WHILE RUNNING A SCRIPT LIKE:-

INSERT INTO MASTER_COURSE VALUES('1','ORACLE/PLSQL');


INSERT INTO MASTER_COURSE VALUES('1','ORACLE FORMS');
INSERT INTO MASTER_COURSE VALUES('1','ORACLE REPORTS');

INSERT INTO MASTER_COURSE VALUES('1','JAVA');

With primary key on the first value it will still give error even though the script is not committed.

You might also like