Pushover by MP
Pushover by MP
Meher Prasad
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
email: [email protected]
1
Overview
2
Why Push-Over Analysis?
3
What is Push-Over Analysis?
4
What is Push-Over Analysis?
5
Push-over Curve or Capacity Spectrum
Roof-top Displacement
6
Design Spectra Representation
Co
V/W (Acceleration) V/W (Acceleration) nst
an
tP
er
io
d
Li
ne
s
7
What Tools Can Be Used?
z DRAIN-2DX, DRAIN-3DX
z ANSR
z IDARC-2D, IDARC-3D
z SAP2000NL
8
Establishing the Performance Point
9
The Explicit R-Factor Method
R=FE/FI
e
S d⎡ 1 c ⎤
FE S dI = 1 +
⎢⎣ c µ ( R − 1)⎥⎦
Rµ
T0a b
V/W (Acceleration) c= a +
1 + To T0
capacity spectrum
Roof-top Displacement
10
FEMA-273 Method
δe Roof-top Displacement
11
ATC-40 Method
This is an iterative procedure involving
several analyses.
For each analysis an effective period for
an equivalent elastic system and a
V/W (Acceleration) corresponding elastic displacement are
calculated.
This displacement is then divided by a
T0 damping factor to obtain an estimate of real
displacement at that step of analysis.
β eff = κβ 0 + 0.05
12
ATC-40 Nonlinear Static Procedure
13
ATC-40 Nonlinear Static Procedure
14
ATC-40 Nonlinear Static Procedure
15
ATC-40 Nonlinear Static Procedure
16
ATC-40 Nonlinear Static Procedure
17
Points to be taken care..
18
1. Do not underestimate the importance of
the loading shape function.
¾ It is most common to keep the load shape constant during the push.
19
1. Do not underestimate the importance of
the loading shape function.
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
Uniform
Base Shear Coefficient
Inverted Triangular
0.12
Inverted Triangular with Top Loading
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Displacement (in)
20
Influence of loading function on the
performance of the structure
1400
1200
1000
Base shear(kN)
uniform
800
inverted triangular
Triangular at top=0
600
Parabola
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Displacement(mm)
0.14 Uniform
parabola
0.12
0.1
Vb/W
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
∆ /H(%)
23
3. If it is not designed, it cannot be pushed.
24
4. Do not ignore gravity loads.
Example:
25
5. Do not push beyond failure unless
otherwise you can model failure
Ultimate Capacity
Force or Moment
Lateral Force
Modeled with
failures ignored
Actual
Displacement or Curvature
Displacement
26
6. Pay attention to rebar development and
lap lengths.
27
7. Do not ignore shear failure mechanisms
28
8. P-∆ effects may be more important
than you think.
29
9. Do not confuse the Push-over with the
real earthquake loading.
The push-over load is monotonically increased
30
9. Do not confuse the Push-over with the
real earthquake loading.
0.20
Pushover Envelope
JAMA-IDARC3D
0.15
IDARC4.0
0.10
0.05
Base Shear Coefficient
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
-0.25
-20.0 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Displacement (in)
31
Base shear coefficient Vs Roof displacement
(% of H) for various PGAs
0.2
El-Centro
0.15
0.1
0.05 IDARC
SAP
Vb/W
0.16g
0
0.25g
-0.008 -0.006 -0.004 -0.002 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
0.3g
-0.05 0.35g
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
∆ /H
32
10. Three-dimensional buildings may require
more than a planar push.
33
Analysis Procedure
SAP2000 NL
34
Pushover Analysis Procedure
35
Material Properties
Concrete Properties
36
Material Properties
Frame Elements
Infill (struts)
37
Modeling of Structural elements
38
Modeling of Structural elements
Foundation
Isolated footings Hinged at the bottom of foundation
39
Modeling of Beams and Columns
¾ 3D Frame Elements
T-Beam 0.7 Ig
L-Beam 0.6 Ig
Columns 0.7 Ig
40
Modeling of Beams
41
Modeling of Columns
42
Modeling of Beam Column Joints
43
Modeling of Slab
44
Modeling of Infill
Equivalent Strut Approach
45
Modeling of Shear Wall (Lift Core )
Type I Model - Single Lift Core Column
Equivalent Wide Column Elements connected to the frame
through rigid links
BEAM
y
x
MASTER NODE
L
Beam elements with rigid ends
46
Modeling of Shear Wall (Lift Core )
Type II Model - Single Lift Core Column
¾ The lift core can be treated as a single column with master node
defined at the centroid and the beams connected by rigid links
BEAM
SLAVE NODE
47
Modeling of Shear Wall
(Lift Core Column Properties)
¾ For axial and torsional rigidity, the full cross-sectional area should be
used
BEAM
y
x CORE MASTER NODE
FOR
A, J
SLAVE NODE
48
Modeling of Shear Wall
(Lift Core Column Properties)
¾ For shear along y axis and bending about x-axis (ground motion
along y-axis), the walls in the direction of ground motion should be
considered as two parallel elements
BEAM
y
FOR
Ay, Ixx
SLAVE NODE
49
Modeling of Shear Wall
(Lift Core Column Properties)
¾ For shear along x axis and bending about y-axis (ground motion
along x-axis), the walls in the direction of ground motion should be
considered as three parallel elements
BEAM
y
FOR
Ax, Iyy
SLAVE NODE
50
Beam Hinge Properties - Flexural hinge (M3)
51
Hinge Properties for Beams
b
a
C
Lateral Load
1.0 B
D E
c
A ∆y ∆
Lateral Deformation
Generalized Load
Deformation Relations
* ATC 40 Volume 1
52
Beam Hinge Properties - Shear hinge
53
Beam Hinge Properties - Shear hinge
Shear capacity
Shear strength (V)
d
V sy = f y A sv Vu = 1.05Vy
0 .6 s v Vy
=0
Residual
Total Shear Capacity, Vy = Vc + Vsy 0.2 Vy Shear Strength
∆y 1.5∆y ∆m=15∆y
Shear deformation (∆)
54
Column Hinge Properties- Flexural hinge
(PM2M3)
55
Hinge Properties for Columns
b
a
C
Lateral Load
1.0 B
D E
c
A ∆y ∆
Lateral Deformation
* ATC 40 Volume 1 56
Column Hinge Properties- Shear hinge
57
Column Hinge Properties- Shear hinge
Shear capacity
0.8 f ck ( 1 + 5 β − 1)
τc =
6β
0.116 f ck bd
w h ere β = ≥ 1.0
100 A st
3Pu
δ = 1+ ≤ 1.5 Note:
Ag f ck
For moderate and high ductility of the
Vc = δτ c bd column section
d 3 Pu
V sy = f y A sv δ = ≤ 0 .5
0 .6 s v A g f ck
Total Shear Capacity, Vy= Vc + Vsy is taken in calculation (ATC 40)
58
Column Hinge Properties- Shear hinge
59
Column Hinge Properties- Shear hinge
• The ultimate shear strength (Vu) is taken as 5% more
than yield shear strength (Vy) and residual shear
strength is taken as 20% of the yield shear strength for
modelling of the shear hinges as shown in Figure.
Shear strength
(V)
Vu = 1.05Vy
Vy
Residual Shear
0.2 Vy Strength
∆y 1.5∆ ∆m=15∆y
yShear deformation
(∆)
61
Static Pushover Case Data
(Gravity Pushover – Force Controlled)
62
Lateral Load Pattern
Fundamental 0 . 09 h Q3
Ta =
natural period d
Design Base VB = Ah W
Shear Q2
Design Lateral Wi hi
2
Qi = VB
Force ∑ W j hj
2
Q1
63
Static Pushover Case Data
(Lateral pushover – Displacement controlled)
64
Seismic Evaluation of a
Typical RC Building
65
Building Data
66
Plan- Beam Locations
n Storey number
Beams (only in 1 to 4 floor)
67
Plan - Column and Equivalent Strut
Locations
68
Comments
69
Plan – Frames along X-direction
70
Plan – Frames along Y-direction
71
Elevation along line A-A
72
Typical Beam Section (Ground Floor)
73
Typical Column Sections (Ground Floor)
75
Structural Parameters
Static Design
Center of Mass Center of rigidity Eccentricity, esi Eccentricity, edi
Seismic Lumped (m) (m)
Floor Weight ( m) (m)
Mass
(kN) (Ton) X- Y- X- Y- X- Y- X- Y-
direction direction direction direction direction direction direction direction
5 3550 255 12.55 6.90 12.60 7.23 0.05 0.33 1.34 1.20
4 4175 306 12.55 7.15 12.60 7.23 0.05 0.08 1.34 0.82
3 4175 306 12.55 7.15 12.60 7.23 0.05 0.08 1.34 0.82
2 4175 306 12.55 7.15 12.60 7.23 0.05 0.08 1.34 0.82
1 3200 222 12.55 7.15 12.60 7.23 0.05 0.08 1.34 0.82
76
Location of Centre of Mass
77
Calculation of Base Shear
IS 1893(Part 1):2002
VB = 0.15 × 20270 kN
= 3039 kN
78
Comparison of Base Shear
Without infill
With infill stiffness
stiffness
Analysis methods
Vx (kN) Vy (kN) Vx (kN) Vy (kN)
79
Comparison of Fundamental Periods
Empirical Formulae Computational Model
Time Period (s) Tax= 0.28 Tay= 0.38 0.59 0.73 0.83
80
First five modes and their participation
81
Mode Shapes
82
Mode Shapes
83
Mode Shapes
84
Demand and Capacity for Columns - Moment
(Equivalent static method)
Absolute Demand Absolute Demand
Section Absolute Capacities
(Without Infill stiffness) Max. (With Infill stiffness) Max.
Capacity Capacity
M2 M3 P M2 M3
P M2 M3 P factor Factor
(kNm) (kNm) (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
(kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kN)
1C1 2871 236 207 1744 323 311 2.30 1712 342 338 2.49
1C2 3102 280 218 1534 433 334 2.60 1860 159 354 2.72
1C3 3070 250 242 2266 288 335 1.81 2400 310 354 1.95
1C4 3241 263 277 2614 414 350 1.84 2506 435 368 1.92
1C5 3301 296 253 1422 420 346 2.20 1546 445 365 2.36
2C4 3241 263 277 2355 416 270 1.57 2029 285 220 1.04
85
Demand and Capacity for Columns – Shear
(Equivalent Static Method)
86
Maximum displacement response in
X-direction (Equivalent Static Method)
5 5
4 4
Storey Level
Storey Level
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)
87
Inter-storey Drift in X-direction
Equivalent Static Method
18 18
16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
-2
-2
In te r-store y dri ft ( X 10 %) Inter-store y drift ( X 10 %)
88
Performance Objective
89
Distribution of Lateral Force
at each Storey Level for Lateral Pushover
Q5= 15.22 5
Q4= 11.70 4
Q3= 6.83 3
Q2= 3.25 2
Q1= 1.00 1
90
Moment Rotation Curve for a Typical
Element
Hinge Property
1.2
C B Yield state
1
B
LS
CP IO Immediate Occupancy
0.8 IO
Moment/SF
91
Demand Spectrum
Seismic Coefficient, CA
Zone II Zone III Zone IV Zone V
Soil
(0.10) (0.16) (0.24) (0.36)
Type I 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36
Type II 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36
Type III 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36
Seismic Coefficient, CV
Type I 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36
Type II 0.14 0.22 0.33 0.49
Type III 0.17 0.27 0.40 0.60
92
Capacity Curve – Push X
8000
6000
5000
4000
0.5% 1.0%
3000
2000
1000
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
93
State of the Hinge at every Increase in Lateral load
Step 0 Step 2
94
State of the Hinge at every Increase in Lateral load
95
State of the Hinge at every Increase in Lateral load
Step 15 Step 17
96
State of the Hinge at every Increase in Lateral load
97
Performance Point ( Demand spectrum- Z )
98
State of Hinge at Performance Point
99
Maximum displacement response in
X-direction Pushover Analysis (PUSH X)
5 5
4 4
Storey Height
Storey Height
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
100
What if Performance Point Does Not Exist?
FE ADD STRENGTH OR
STIFFNESS OR BOTH
V/W (Acceleration)
Roof-top Displacement
101
What if Performance Point Does Not Exist?
FE ENHANCE SYSTEM
DUCTILITY
V/W (Acceleration)
FI
Inelastic demand spectrum
capacity spectrum 5% damped elastic spectrum
Roof-top Displacement
102
What if Performance Point Does Not Exist?
FE
REDUCE SEISMIC DEMAND BY:
ADDING DAMPING OR ISOLATION
V/W (Acceleration)
FI
Roof-top Displacement
103