By Mukesh Gupta(M.

Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

Rate of Change of Quantities

1. The radius of a circular plate is increasing at the rate of 0.2m / s . At what rate is
the area increasing, when the radius of the plate is 25cm ? ( Ans :10π cm 2 / s )
2. Find the rate of change of volume of sphere with respect to its radius.
( Ans : 4π r 2 )
 9
3. A cubical box which always remains cubical has a variable side  5 x + 
 4
  9 
2

determine the rate of change of volume with respect to x  Ans :15  5 x +  

  4  

4. A stone is dropped into quite lake and waves are moving in circles at the speed
of 3.5cm / s. At the instant when the radius of circular waves is 7.5cm , how fast is
the enclosed area increasing? ( Ans : 52.5π cm 2 / s )
5. The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.2cm / s . Find the rate of increase
of perimeter of the square ( Ans : 0.8cm / s ) .
6. The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7cm / s . What is the rate of
increasing of its circumference? ( Ans :1.4π cm / s )
7. If the volume of the air bubble is increasing at the rate of 10cm3 / s , find the rate
of change of its surface area when radius is1cm ( Ans : 20cm 2 / s )
8. The bottom of rectangular swimming tank is 25m × 40m . Water is pumped into
the tank at the rate of 500m3 / hr . Find the rate at which the level of water in the
 1 
tank is rising.  Ans : m / hr 
 2 
9. At what points of the ellipse 16 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 400 does the ordinate decreases at the
  16   −16  
same rate at which the abscissa increases?  Ans :  3,  &  −3, 
  3  3  
10. A particle moves along the curve 6 y = x3 + 2 .Find points on the curve at which
y co-ordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x co-
  −31  
ordinate.  ( 4,11) &  −4, 
  3  
11. A man, whose height is 2m , walks at a uniform speed of 6m / minute away from a
lamp post 5m high. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow increases.
( Ans : 4m / min )

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

12. A ladder 5m in length is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled
away from the wall at the rate of 2cm / s. How fast is its height on the wall
decreasing, when the foot of the ladder is 4m away from the
 −0.08 
ground?  Ans : m/s
 3 
13. A boy is flying a kite at a height of 40 meter. A boy is carrying it horizontally at
the rate of 3m / s . At what rate is the string being pulled out, when the length of
the string is 50m ? (Assume that the height of kite remains the same and the string
 9
is straight)  Ans : 
 5
14. A ladder 20 ft long has one end on the ground and the other in contact with a
vertical wall. The lower end slips along the ground. Show that when the lower end
4
of the ladder is 16 ft away from the wall, upper end is moving times as fast as
3
the lower end.
15. The base radius of cylindrical vessel full of oil is 3 cm. Oil is drawn at the rate
of 27000cm3 / min . Find the rate at which the level of oil is falling in the
 30 
vessel  Ans : min 
 π 
16. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12cm3 / s . The falling sand forms a cone
on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the
radius of the base. How fast is the height of cone increases when it is 4cm high.
 1 
 Ans : 
 48π 
17. Water is dripping out at the steady rate of 1cc/s through tiny hole at the vertex of
a conical vessel whose axis is vertical. When the slant height of the water in the
filter is 4cm, find the rate of increase of
 −1 
(a) slant height of water  Ans : cm / s 
 2 3π 
 −1 2 
(b) the area of the water surface  Ans : cm / s 
 3 
18. An aeroplane is ascending vertically at the rate of100km / hr . If the radius of the
earth is rkm , how fast does the area of the earth visible from the plane increases 3
 2π r 2 h   200π r 3 
minute after it started ascending?  where A =   Ans : km 2 / h 
 r+h   ( r + 5) 

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

19. If y = 7 x − x3 & x increases at the rate of 4 units per second. How fast is the slope
of the curve changing when x = 2 . ( Ans : −48)
20. The volume of the cube is increases at the constant rate. Prove that increase in
surface area varies inversely as the length of edge of cube.
21. A ladder 13m long leans against a wall. The foot of the ladder is pulled along the
ground in away from the wall, at the rate of1.5m / sec . How fast is the
angle α between the ladder and the ground changing when the foot of the ladder is
12m away from the wall? ( Ans : −0.3radian / sec )
22. The diameter of the expanding smoke ring at time t is proportional to t 3 . If
diameter is 8cm after 2 seconds, at what rate is the diameter changing? ( Ans : 3t 2 )

Tangents and Normals

1. Find the slope of the curve y 2 = 4 x at the point (1, 2)

2. Find the slope of the curve y = ( x + 2)( x − 3) at those points of the curve where it
meets x-axis. Also find the angles that the tangents to the curve at these points
make with the x-axis.
3. Prove that the tangent lines to the curve y 2 = 4ax at points where x = a are at
right angles to each other.
4. Find the angle between tangents to the curve x 2 = 8 y + 6 at the points
 3  5
 0, −  &  4,  .
 4  4
5. If the slope of the curve y = ax 2 + bx at the point (1,2) be 3, find the values of
a&b.
6. Show that the tangents to the curve y = 2 x 3 − 3 at the points where
x = 2 & x = −2 are parallel.
7. Find the points on the curve y = x3 − 2 x 2 + x − 2 where the gradient is zero.
8. Find the coordinates of the points on the curve 2 x 2 + 3 xy + 4 y 2 = 9 at which slope
7
is − .
11
9. Find the coordinates of the points on the curve x + y = 4 at which tangent is
equally inclined to coordinate axes.
10. Find the points on the curve x 2 + y 2 = 25 at which the tangent is parallel to the
line 3 x − 4 y + 7 = 0 .
11. Find the points on the curve:

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

a) 2 y = 3 − x 2 at which the tangent is parallel to the line x + y = 0 .

b) y = x 2 , where the slope of the tangent is equal to the abscissa of the point.
c) y = x 2 , where the tangent makes an angle of 45° with the x-axis.
12. Find the points on the curve:
d) y = 5 x 2 − 2 x3 at which the tangent is parallel to the line y − 4 x = 5
e) y = x 2 − 4 x − 32 at which the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
f) y = x3 − 2 x 2 − x at which the tangent lines are parallel to the line y = 3 x − 2 .
g) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4 y + 1 = 0 at which the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
13. Find the point on the curve y = x3 − 11x + 5 at which the tangent has the equation.
14. Prove that the curves x 2 − y 2 = 16 & xy = 25 cut each other at right angles.
15. Find the angle of intersection of the curves y = x 2 & y = x 3 .
16. Do the curves x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2 & 2 y 2 − x 2 = a 2 cut each other at right angles at any
point?
π
17. Show that the curves y = 2sin 2 x & y = cos 2 x intersect at x = . Find the angle
6
of intersection.
18. Prove that the curves x = y 2 and xy = k cut at right angles if 8k 2 = 1 .
x2 y2 x2 y2
19. Show that the curves + = 1and + = 1 cut each other
a 2 + λ1 b 2 + λ1 a 2 + λ 2 b 2 λ2
orthogonally.
20. Find the equation of the normal to the curve 3 xy 2 − 2 x 2 y = 1 at the point (1,1).
21. Find the equation of the tangent and normal at (at 2 , 2at ) to the curve y 2 = 4ax
 a2 a2 
22. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x + y = a at the point  , 
 4 4 
π 3 
23. Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = sin 2 x at the point  , 
 3 4
π
24. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = cot 2 x − 2 cot x + 2 at x =
4
25. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve
y = x 4 − 6 x 3 + 13 x 2 − 10 x + 5 at (1,3)
26. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
π
x = θ + sin θ , y = 1 + cos θ at θ =
4

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

π
27. Find the equation of the tangent at t = to the curve x = sin 3t , y = cos 2t
4
x y
28. Prove that for all values of n the line + = 2 touches the curve
a b
n n
x  y
  +   = 2 at point (a,b).
a b
29. Show that the curves y 2 = 4 x and x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 1 = 0 touch each other at the
point (1,2). Also find the equation of the common tangent and normal.
30. Prove that the curves y = 6 + x − x 2 and y ( x − 1) = x + 2 touch each other at (2,4).
Also find the equation of the common tangent.
31. Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola y 2 = 8 x which is parallel to the
line 4 x − y + 3 = 0.
32. Find the equation of the normal lines to the curve 3 x 2 − y 2 = 8 which are parallel
to the line x + 3 y = 4.

Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the following functions in the indicated intervals
1. f ( x) = x 2 − 4 x + 3in interval [1,3]. ( Ans : c = 2 )
 5
2. f ( x) = x( x − 5)2 in [0,5]  Ans : c = 
 3
 6± 3
3. f ( x) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 in [1,3].  Ans : c = 
 3 
 9+ 3
4. f ( x) = ( x − 2)( x − 4) in [2, 4].  Ans : c = 
 3 
 π  π
5. f ( x) = sin 2 x in 0,   Ans : c = 
 2  4
 π π
6. f ( x) = cos 2 x in  − ,  ( Ans : c = 0 )
 4 4
 π  π
7. f ( x) = sin x + cos x − 1 in 0,   Ans : c = 
 2  4
 π 5π 
8. f ( x) = cos x + sin x in [ 0, 2π ]  Ans : c = , 
 4 4 
 π
9. f ( x) = sin x & 0 < c < π .  Ans : 
 2

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

10. f ( x) = 2 x3 + x 2 − 4 x & − 2 < c < 2. ( Ans : − 1, 4 )

sin x  π
11. f ( x) = x
in interval [ 0,π ]  Ans : c = 
e  4
 π 5π 
12. f ( x) = e x (sin x − cos x) in interval  ,  ( Ans : c = π )
4 4 
 na + mb 
13. f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3), in interval [1,3]  Ans : 
 m+n 
14. x 2 − 4 on [−1,1] ( Ans : c = 0 )

15. 16 − x 2 on [ −4, 4] ( Ans : c = 0 )

x2 − 3x − 4
16.
x−5
(
on [ −1, 4] Ans : c = 5 − 6 )
x
−
17. x( x + 3)e 2 on [ −3, 0] ( Ans : c = −2 )
Examine the applicability of Rolle’s theorm for the following functions:
1. f ( x) = x on [1, 2] (Ans: Not applicable).
2. f ( x) = tan x on [ 0, π ] (Ans: not applicable).
2
3. f ( x) = x on [ −1,1] (Ans: not applicable).
3

x2 + 5
4. f ( x) = on [ 0, 4] (Ans: not applicable).
x−2
5. f ( x) = x 3 on [ −1,1] (Ans: not applicable).
6. f ( x) = x on [ −2, 2] (Ans: not applicable).
2
7. f ( x) = ( x − 1) 5 on [ 0, 3] (Ans: not applicable).

8. {2
f ( x) = 2 x + 6, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 on [1, 4] (Ans: not applicable)
5 x + 4, 2 < x ≤ 7

Verify LMV Theorem for the following functions in the indicated intervals:
 1
1. f ( x) = x 3 − 2 x 2 − x + 3;[01]  Ans : c = 
 2
2. f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3);[1, 4] ( Ans : c = 3)
3. f ( x) = log x;[1, e] ( Ans:c = e − 1)
4. x
f ( x) = e ;[0,1] ( Ans : c = log(e − 1) )

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

1 1 
5. f ( x) = x + ;  , 2  ( Ans : c = 1)
x 2 
1
6. f ( x) = ;[1, 4] ( Ans : c = 1.93)
4x − 1
2
 35 
7. f ( x) = ( x − 1) 3 ;[1, 2]  Ans : c = 
 27 
 4 −π 3 
8. f ( x) = tan −1 x;[0,1]  Ans : c = = = .52 
 π π 
 
π 5π  3π 
9. f ( x) = sin;[ , ]  Ans : c = 
2 2  2 
 π 5π 
10. f ( x) = cos x;  ,  ( Ans : c = π )
3 3 
 π  π
11. f ( x) = sin x + cos x; 0,   Ans : c = 
 2  4
  1 + 33  
12. f ( x) = sin x − sin 2 x; [ 0, π ]  Ans : c = cos −1   
 8
  
 π
13. f ( x) = x − 2sin x; [π , π ]  Ans : c = ± 
 2
  5 
{ 3
14. f ( x) = 2 + x ; x ≤ 1 Ans : c = ± 
3 x; x > 1 
  3
 

Discuss the applicability of LMV Theorem for the following functions in the
indicated intervals.
1
1. on [−1, 2] ( Ans:Not applicable )
2x + 1
2. | x + 2 | on [-3,4] ( Ans:Not applicable )
1
3. x on [−1,1] ( Ans:Not applicable )
3

4. x 2 + x + 1 on [0,3] ( Ans: Applicable )

5. f ( x) = {
1 + 3 x; x ≤ 1
2 x 2 + 7; x > 1
( Ans:Not applicable )

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

Based on finding the intervals in which function is strictly increasing or decreasing:

Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly increasing or decreasing:-
Q.No. Function Increasing Decreasing
1. 10 − 6 x − 2 x 2
 3  3 
 −∞, −  − ,∞
 2  2 
2. 2 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 18 x + 15 ( −∞,1) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) (1,3)
3. 8 + 36 x + 3 x 2 − 2 x3 ( −2,3) ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
4. x3 − 6 x 2 − 36 x + 2 ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ (6, ∞) ( −2, 6 )
5 2 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 12 x − 1 ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ (−1, ∞) (-2,-1)
6 6 + 12 x + 3 x 2 − 2 x3 (-1,2) (−∞, −1) ∪ (2, ∞)
7 ( x − 1)( x − 2) 2  4 4 
 −∞,  ∪ (2, ∞)  ,2
 3 3 
8 x4 − 2x2 (−1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞) (−∞, −1) ∪ (0,1)
9 x3 1   1
x4 −  ,∞  −∞, 
3 4   4
10 x 2 (−∞, −2) ∪ (2, ∞) (−2, 2)
+ ,x ≠ 0
2 x
11 x (−1,1) (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞)
2
x +1
12 x−2 (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, ∞) ∅
' x ≠ −1
x +1

Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly increasing or
decreasing:-
  1  1 
1. f ( x) = 2 x 2 − log e x  Ans :decreasing in  0,  & increasing in  , ∞  
  2  2 
2. f ( x) = x + cos x ( Ans : increasing )
3. (
f ( x) = log x + 1 + x 2 ) ( Ans : increasing )
4. f ( x) = ( x − 2)5 (2 x + 1) 4
  1   11   1 11  
 Ans : increasing in  -∞,-  ∪  , ∞  & decreasing in − , 
  2  8   2 18  

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5. f ( x) = x − 2sin x(0 ≤ x ≤ 2π )
  π   5π   π 5π 
 Ans : decreasing in  0;  ∪  , 2π  , increasing in  , 
  3  3  3 3 
6. f ( x) = 2sin x + cos 2 x(0 ≤ x ≤ 2π )
  π   π 5π   3π   π π   5π 3π  
 Ans : increasing in  0,  ∪  ,  ∪  , 2π  ; decreasing in  ,  ∪  , 
  6 2 6   2   6 2   6 2 

  3  3 
7. f ( x) = x ax − x 2 , (a > 0)  Ans :increasing in  0, a  ; decreasing in  a, a  
  4  4 
4 2
8. f ( x) = x − 2 x − 5
( Ans : increasing in ( −1, 0 ) ∪ (1, ∞ ) ; decreasing in ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 0,1) )
π
9. f ( x) = cos
x
  1 1   1 1  
 Ans : increasing in  ,  n ∈ I decreasing in  , ,n ∈ I 
  2n+1 2n   2n + 2 2n + 1  
10. x e ( Ans : decreasing in ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ) & increasing in ( 0, 2 ) )
2 −x

  π   5π   π 5π  
11. sin x + cos x in[0, 2 x]  Ans :increasing in  0,  ∪  , 2π  ; decreasing in  , 
  4  4   4 4 

Proving the functions to be strictly increasing or decreasing in given intervals

1. Prove that log x is strictly increasing whenever defined.
2. Prove that e x is strictly increasing for all real values of x .
3. Prove that tan x is strictly increasing for all points of its domain.
4. Prove that cot x is strictly decreasing for all points of its domain.
5. Prove that 1 − cos x is strictly increasing for all real values of x .
6. Prove that f ( x) = x 3 − 3 x 2 + 3 x − 100 is increasing on R.
1
7. Prove that x + is strictly increasing in any interval disjoint from (−1,1)
x
 π
8. Prove that tan −1 (sin x + cos x) is strictly increasing function on the interval  0,  .
 4
4 sin x  π
9. Prove that f ( x) = − x is strictly increasing function of x in 0,  .
2 + cos x  2
1
10. Prove that x − , x ≠ 0 is strictly increasing function in its domain.
x

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

Problems on Local Maxima and Minima

Find all the points of local maxima and minima and the corresponding local maximum
or minimum values of the following functions, if any
1. f ( x) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x + 15 ( Ans : max at x = 1, value = 19, min at x = 3, value=15)
2. f ( x) = 2 x3 − 21x 2 + 36 x − 20
( Ans : max at x = 1, value = −3, min at x = 6, value=-128)
3 45 2
3. f ( x) = − x 4 − 8 x 3 − x + 105
4 2
 231 295 
 Ans : max at x = 0, value = 105, min at x = −3, value= ,max at x = −5, value = 
 4 4 

4. f ( x) = x 4 − 62 x 2 + 120 x + 9
( Ans : max at x = 1, value = 68, min at x = 5, −6, values=-1647,-316)
5. f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x + 2) 2
( Ans : max at x = −2, value = 0, min at x = 0, value=-4)
6. f ( x) = − x3 + 12 x 2 − 5
( Ans : max at x = 8, value = 251, min at x = 0, value=-5)
2 2
7. f ( x) = − 2 , x > 0
x x
1
( Ans : max at x = 2, value = )
2
3 2
8. f ( x) = ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
1 -3456
( Ans : max at x = −1, value = 0, min at x = − , value= )
5 3125
Find the points of local maxima and minima for the following functions:
π  π
1. f ( x) = sin x + cos x, 0 < x <  Local Max at x = 
2 4
π  π
2. f ( x) = sin 4 x + cos 4 x, 0 < x <  Ans : local min at x = 
2 4
 3π 
3. f ( x) = sin x − cos x, 0 < x < 2π  x = , point of local max. 
 4 
 π 3π 
4. f ( x) = sin 2 x, 0 < x < π  x = , point of locla max,x = , point of local minima 
 4 4 

5. f ( x) cos x, 0 < x < π ( Ans : None in the interval(0,π ) )

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

π π
6. f ( x) = sin 2 x − x, − ≤x≤
2 2
 π π 
 x = is point of local max &x = − is point of local min 
 6 6 
π π
7. f ( x) = 2sin x − x, − ≤x≤
2 2
 π -π 
 Ans : x = , pointof local max.,x= , pointof local min. 
 3 3 
1 π
8. f ( x) = sin x + cos 2 x, 0 ≤ x ≤
2 2
 π π
 Ans : Local max at x = &local min at x = 
 6 2
9. f ( x) = xe ( Ans : Local min. at x = −1)
x

10. f ( x) = x 32 − x 2 , −5 ≤ x ≤ 5 ( Ans :local max. at x = 4; local min. at x = −4 )

a2
11. f ( x) = x + , a > 0, x ≠ 0 ( Ans :local max. atx = − a, local min. at x = a )
x
12. f ( x) = x 2 − x 2 − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 ( Ans : local max. at x = 1, local min. at x = −1)
 3
13. f ( x) = x + 1 − x , x ≤ 1 Ans : local max. at x = 
 4
Absolute Maximum & Minimum
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the following functions in the
indicated intervals. Also find the points of absolute max and minima.
1. f ( x) = ( x − 1)2 + 3 in [−3,1] ( Ans:Max 19 at x = −3 & min 3 at x = 1)
 1 6 1 
2. f ( x) = x 2 1 + x ,  −1,   Ans:Max at x = , Min is 0 at x = −1, 0 
 2 8 2 
x +1
3. f ( x) =
x2 + 1
(
[0, 2] Ans: Max is 2 at x = 1, Min is 1 at x = 0 )
4. f ( x) = x + sin x [0, 2π ] ( Ans:Max 2π at x = 2π , Min is 0 at x = 0 )
 π 
5. f ( x) = sin x + cos x [0, π ]  Ans:Max value is 2 at x = , min is -1 at x = π 
 4 
6. f ( x) = 3 + x + 1 in [ −2,3] ( Ans:Max is 7 at x = 3,Min is 3 at x = −1)

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

Word Problem
1. Amongst all pairs of positive numbers with product 64, find those whose sum is
the least. (Ans: 8,8)
2. Amongst all pairs of positive numbers with sum 24, find those whose product is
maximum. (Ans: 12,12)

3. Determine two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and the sum of those whose
15 15
squares is minimum. (Ans: , )
2 2

4. Divide 15 into two parts such that the square of one multiplied with the cube of
the other is minimum.(Ans: 6,9)
5. Find two positive numbers x & y such that x + y = 60 & xy 3 is maximum.(Ans:
15,45)
6. Prove that if product of 2 numbers is constant, their sum will be minimum when
the 2 numbers are equal.
7. Divide 50 into two parts such that their product is maximum.(Ans:25,25)
 2 2 4 
5

8. If x + y = 4, find the maximum value of x y .  2 × 3 ×   

2 3
  5  

9. If θ + ψ = α (constant), show that sin θ .sinψ has maximum value when θ = ψ .
10. Show that among all rectangles with given area square has least perimeter.
11. Prove that the height and diameter of the base of a right circular cylinder of
maximum volume are equal when the total surface area is given.
12. Prove that the area of the right angled triangle drawn on a given side as
hypotenuse is maximum when the triangle is isosceles.
13. The sum of the perimeter of a square and a circle is constant. If the sum of their
areas is minimum, find the ratio of the side of the square and the radius of the
circle.(Ans: 2:1)
14. Show that a right circular conical tent of given volume will require the least
amount of canvas if its height is 2 times the radius of its base.
15. A square piece of tin of side 24cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting
a square from each corner and folding up the flaps to form a box. What should be
the side of the square to be cut off so that the volume of the box is minimum?
Also find this maximum volume.(Ans:4cm,1024cm 3 )
16. Show that the surface area of a closed cuboid with square base and given volume
is minimum, when it is a cube.

For Students of S.B.D.A.V Public School Only

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

17. An open box with a square base is to be made out of a given quantity of card
board of area c 2 square units. How that the maximum volume of the box
c3
is cube units.
6 3
18. Show that rectangle of maximum perimeter which can be inscribed in circle of
radius a is a square of side a 2 .
19. Prove that the area of a right-angled triangle of a given hypotenuse is maximum
when the triangle is isosceles.
20. A rectangle is inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r with one of it’s so that its area
 r 
is maximum. Find also the area.  Ans : , 2r , area = r 2 
 2 
21. Find the volume of the largest cylinder that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius
 4π r 3 
r cm.  Ans : 
 3 3 
22. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in
2a
a sphere of radius a is .
3
23. Show that a cylinder of a given volume which is open at the top, has minimum
volume, is equal to the diameter of its base.
24. Show that the height of the closed cylinder of given surface and maximum
volume, is equal to the diameter of its base.
25. Show that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of
8
radius R is of the volume of the sphere.
27
26. Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in a cone of
4
height h and semi-vertical angle α is rh3 tan 2 α .
27
27. A figure consists of a semi-circle with a rectangle on its diameter. Given the
perimeter k of the figure, Find its dimensions in order that the area may be
 k 2k k 
maximum.  Ans:radius = ,length = ,breadth =
 π +4 π +4 π + 4 
28. A beam of length l is supported at one end. If W is the uniform load per unit
length, the bending moment M at distance x from the end is given
1 1
by M = lx − Wx 2 . Find the point on the beam at which the bending moment
2 2
1
has the maximum value. (at a distance of units from the supporting end).

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

29. A manufacturer can sell x items at a price of Rs(250-x)each. The cost of

producing x items is Rs (2 x 2 − 50 x + 12) . Determine the number of items to be
sold so that he can maximum profit.(Ans:50)
30. The cost of fuel for running a bus is proportional to the square of the speed
generated in km / hr . It costs Rs48/hr when the bus is moving with a speed of
20km/hr. What is the most economical speed if the fixed charges are Rs108 for
one hour over and above the running charges? ( Ans : 30km / hr )
31. A wire of length of 25m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the wires is to be
made into a square and the other into a circle. What should be the length of the
two pieces so that the combined area of the square and the circle is
 100 25π 
minimum?  Ans : m, m
 4+π π + 4 
32. Find the point on the curve y 2 = 4 x which is nearest to the point (2,-8).
( Ans : (4, −4))
33. Find the point on the curve y 2 = 4 x which is nearest to the point (2,1)?(Ans:(1,2))
34. A jet of an enemy is flying along the curve y = x 2 + 2 . A soldier is placed at the
point (3,2). What is the nearest distance between the soldier and the
jet?(Ans: 5 units)
35. Show that of all the rectangles that can be inscribed in a given circle, the square
has the maximum area.
36. If the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and side of a right triangle is given,
π
show that the area of the triangle is maximum when the angle between them is .
3
37. Show that the triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a given circle is
an equilateral triangle.
38. Show that the height of a cylinder, which is open at the top, having a given
surface area and greatest volume, is equal to the radius of the base.
39. Show that the semi-vertical angle of a cone of maximum volume and given slant
height is tan −1 2 .
40. Show that the semi-vertical angle of a cone of given surface area and maximum
1
volume is sin −1  
3
41. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area
which can be inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone.

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

42. The combined resistance R of two resistors R1 & R2 ( R1 , R2 > 0) is given

1 1 1
by = + . If R1 + R2 = C (a constant), show that the maximum resistance R
R R1 R2
is obtained by choosing R1 = R2 .
43. An open tank with a square base and vertical sides is to be constructed from a
metal sheet so as to hold a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of the
material will be least when the depth of the tank is half of its width.
44. A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semi-circular opening.
The total perimeter of the window is 10m. Find the dimensions of the rectangular
window to admit the maximum light through the whole
 20 10 
opening.  lenght = , 
 4 +π 4 +π 
Approximation
3
1. If y = x − 4 x & x changes from 2 to1.99, find the approximate change in the
value of y. ( Ans: -0.08)
2. If the radius of a circle increases from 5cm to5,1cm, find the increase in
area.(Ans: = π cm 2 ).
3. Find the value of log10 (10.1) , given that log10 e = 0.4343. (Ans: =1.004343)
4. Given sin 30° = 0.5 & cos 30° = 0.866, find an approximate value of
sin 31° .(Take π = 3.1416) (Ans: 0.5151).

5. In the following problems, use differentials to find the approximate values:

1
4
(i) 401 (ii) 25.2 (iii) (255) (iv) 0.0037 (v) Cube root of .009 (vi) Fourth
root of 15 (vii) Fourth root of 80. (Ans: 20.025, 5.02, 3.9961, .0608, 0.208,
1.968,2.9907)
π 22
6. If y = sin x & x changes from to , what is the approximate change in
2 14
y ?(Ans: No change)
7. A circular metal plate expands under heating so that its radius increases by 2%.
Find the approximate increase in the area of the pate if the radius of the plate
before heating is 10cm. ( Ans : 4π cm 2 )
8. If the error in measuring the radius of the circle is 0.01%, find the corresponding
error in computing the area of the circle.(Ans:0.02%)
9. If the side of the cube is increased by 0.1%, find the corresponding increase in the
volume of the cube. (Ans: 0.3%)

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 By Mukesh Gupta(M.Sc-Maths-IIT Delhi)

10. In a ∆ABC , the side c and the angle C are constants. Show that
da db
+ = 0.
cos A cos B
11. The time T of a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum of length l is given by
l
the equation T = 2π where g is a constant. What is the percentage error in T
g
when l is increased by 1%? (Ans:0.5%)
12. Using differentials find the approximate value of tan 46∂ , if it si given that
1° = 0.01745 radians.
13. If a triangle ABC, inscribed in a fixed circle, be slightly varied in such a way as to
da db dc
have its vertices always on the circle, then show that + + =0
cos A cos B cos C
14. Find the percentage error in calculating the surface area of a cubical box if an
error of 1% is made in measuring the lengths of the edges of the cube. (Ans:2%)
15. If there is an error of 0.1% in the measurement of the radius of the sphere, find
approximately the percentage error in the calculation of the volume. (Ans:0.3%)
1
16. The pressure p & volume v of a gas are connected by the relation pv 4 = constant
Find the percentage error in p corresponding to a decrease of ½% in v .(Ans:0.7%)
17. The height of a cone increases by k%, its semi-vertical angle remaining the same.
What is the approximate % increase in (i) total surface area and (ii) the volume,
assuming that k is constant. (Ans:2k%,3k%)
18. Show that relative error in computing the volume of a sphere, due to an error in
measuring the radius, is approximately equal to three times the relative error in
the radius.
19. By how much (approximately) does the side of a square change if its area
increases from 9cm 2 to 9.1cm 2 ?(0.016m)
20. Without use of tables and any standard value of logarithm, find the value of
log e 7 (Ans:1.95 approximately)

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