K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter

1. Substance has a definite or fixed composition that does not vary from one sample to another.
2. Mixture has no fixed composition and may vary over a broad range. It is a combination of
two or more substances in which substance retains its individual chemical properties.
They can be separated by physical means.
a. A homogeneous mixture has a uniform appearance also known as solutions
b. A heterogeneous mixture has non-uniform appearance and the individual substance
remain distinct.
c. Mixtures are also classified according to the size of particles and ability to exhibit
scattering of light or Tyndall effect.

Types of Mixtures According to

Particle Size
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3. Element is a substance composed only one kind of atom which

is defined by its atomic number whether it is isolated or
combined
4. Compound is a substance made up of atoms of two or more
elements, with the different kinds of atoms combined in fixed
proportions. They can be separated by chemical means.
a. For example, oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water are
separated through electrolysis.

A. Test Your Skills

Classify the following as pure substance or mixture:

sugar blood gasoline hydrogen baking soda milk

B. Test your Understanding

1. Among the pure substances, which is/are considered as an element? Substance?

Why?
2. Among the mixtures, which is/are considered as homogeneous mixture?
Heterogeneous mixture? Why?

Answers

A. sugar, hydrogen, baking soda are pure substances; blood, gasoline, milk are mixtures

B. 1. Sugar is composed atoms of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in fixed proportions; while baking
soda has sodium, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen are present in fixed proportions, making them a pure
substance.
2. Gasoline is homogeneous because it is uniform in appearance, while milk and blood are
colloidal mixtures due to its observable characterics specied in Figure 2.

5. Homogenous mixtures or solutions are composed of solute and solvent which amount may
vary.
a. However, there is only a certain amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given
amount of solvent. This refers to solubility.
b. Temperature and the amount of solvent are primary factors that affect solubility.
Polarity, stirring and size of particles of substances also affects their solubility.
 K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

c. A solution is dilute if it has small amount of dissolved solute in comparison to the

amount of solvent. Otherwise, if a large amount of dissolved solute for a certain
amount of solvent, it is concentrated.

Test your skills

Refer to the diagram below.

1. What is the evidence that a solution is unsaturated? saturated?

2. Which solution contains the maximum amount of salt dissolved in the given amount of
water?
3. Which of the sample is dilute? Concentrated?

Test your understanding

1. Compare the solubility of sugar in cold and hot water.

2. Why is oil and water insoluble to one another making it hard to form a solution? How
does polarity affect their solubility to one another?

Answers

A
1.Unsaturated solution is uniform in appearance, while saturated solution has solute particles that have been
settled. || 2. Saturated || 3. The first one is dilute and the other one is concentrated.

B
1. Sugar us more soluble in hot water than in cold water. || 2. The two have different polarities. Water is polar,
while oil is non-polar making them insoluble or immiscible to one another.
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6. Concentration of solutions are quantitatively expressed in:

a. Percent by volume = [volume of solute (mL) / volume of solute (mL) + volume of
solvent (mL)] x 100%
Percent by mass = [mass of solute (g) / mass of solute + mass of solvent] x 100%

Test your skills

How much solute and solvent are present in the following?

5% vinegar 40% salt solution 70% isopropyl alcohol

Test your understanding

1. Calculate the percent by mass of the solute in 31.0 g of KCl in 150 g of water.
2. Calculate the amount of water (in grams) that must be added to
(a) 5.00 g of urea [(NH2)2CO] in the preparation of a 16.2 percent by mass solution and
(b) 26.2 g of MgCl2 in the preparation of a 1.5 percent by mass solution

Answers

A. 5mL of acetic acid mixed with 95mL of water, 40g of NaCl dissolved in 60mL of water, 70mL mixed with 30mL of water

B. 1. 17.13% || 2. (a) 25.9 g. (b) 1.72x103 g.

7. The following shows the different ways of separating mixtures

Decantation Separation of liquids from

solids that have settled
Evaporation Heating the solution until
the solvent evaporates
Filtration Separates the solid from
the liquid parts of a mixture
Distillation Separation of components
based on their boiling points.
Evaporated component is
allowed to cool and condense
Centrifugation Separate substances of
different densities. The denser
component is collected at the
bottom of the tube after the
rapid spinning of centrifuge
Chromatography Separates components
based on how quickly
molecules dissolved in a
mobile phase solvent move
along a solid phase
 K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Test your skills

Sofia leaves an uncapped watercolor marker on an open notebook. Later, she discovers the
leaking marker has produced a rainbow of colors on the top page. Is the ink a pure substance
or mixture? Why?

Test your understanding

Four liquid samples have the following boiling temperatures:

Sample Boiling Temperatures

W 65-95
X 68-69
Y 90-91
Z 75-98

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT

A. Sample Y is a mixture B. Sample Z is a substance
C. Sample X and Y are compounds D. Sample W and Z are NOT compounds

Answers

A. Ink is a mixture. It was separated through chromatography in which the paper serves as the stationary phase and ink as the mobile
phase. Components of ink have different solubilities in the stationary phase.
B. Answer is B. It is a mixture because it has a high range of boiling temperature
K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Properties of Acids and Bases

The table below contrasts between acids and bases:

Acids Bases
Taste Sour Bitter
Feel concentrated acids can cause skin burn; concentrated bases can cause skin
care should be taken when handling burn; care should be taken when
acids handling bases;
bases often feel slippery or soapy;
Reaction turn blue litmus paper red turn red litmus paper blue
to Litmus
Paper
Reactions  React with bases to form salt  React with acids to form salt
and water and water
 React with metals such as
magnesium, zinc, iron to roduce
hydrogen gas, H2 (g).

Examples  car battery (sulfuric acid)  drain cleaner, oven cleaner

 stomach acid (hydrochloric acid) (sodium hydroxide)
 carbonate water (carbonic acid)  cleaning products (ammonia
solution)

pH  pH<7  pH > 7

Test your Knowledge

Complete the statements by referring to the word bank: Word Bank: H+, OH-, 7, H+, acidic, OH-, basic, H+, OH-

1. The higher the number is, the more ___________ the solution.
2. The lower the number is, the more ____________ the solution.
3. A pH of _____________ is neutral.
4. A neutral solution has equal amounts of ________ and ________ ions.
5. An acidic solution has more ________ ions than _________ ions.
6. A basic solution has more ________ ions than _________ ions.

Test your Skills

1. The hydronium ion concentration of a urine sample is 2.0 x 10-6M. What is the pH?
2. Calculate the pH of lye whose [OH-] = 2.5 x 10-7 M
K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Atoms and Periodic Classification of

Elements
Sub- Proponents Experimental Design Observations and Conclusions
atomic
Particle
Cathode Ray Tube Cathode Ray Tube Experiment
Experiment
Electrons 1. Applying electric field in the path
He constructed a glass tube of cathode ray deflects the ray
which was partially towards positively charged plate.
evacuated. Hence cathode ray consists of
negatively charged particles.
Then he applied a high 2. Electrons are negatively charged
electrical voltage between particles with charge-to-mass
two electrodes at either end of ratio −1.76×108 C/gm
J. J. Thomson the tube. 3. Charge of an electron
is −1.60×10−19 C
Millikan Oil drop
experiment
Millikan Oil drop experiment
Millikan put a charge on a
tiny drop of oil and measured
By varying the charge on different
how strong an applied electric
drops, he noticed that the charge was
field had to be in order to stop
always a multiple of -1.6 x 10-19C, the
the oil drop from falling. charge on a single electron

In 1909, Ernst 1. Most of the atom’s mass and its

Rutherford
discovered In his gold foil experiment, entire positive charge are
Protons proton in his confined in a small core, called
Rutherford bombarded a
famous gold foil nucleus.
experiment. beam of alpha particles on an
2. The positively charged particle
ultra thin gold foil and then
is called proton.
detected the scattered alpha 3. Most of the volume of an atom
particles in zinc sulfide (ZnS) is empty space.
screen.

In 1932, James 1. Like gamma rays, these rays

Chadwick
He used Beryllium, that when were extremely penetrating
Neutrons performed the
same experiment bombarded by alpha particles, and since they were not
as Irène and emitted a very energetic deflected upon passing
K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Frédéric Joliot- stream of radiation. through a magnetic field

Curie but he
because the particles, which
used many
different target Irene Curie and her husband he called neutrons, are neutral.
of bombardment discovered that when a beam
besides paraffin. of this radiation hit a 2. Beryllium undergoes the
substance rich in protons, for following reaction when it is
example paraffin, protons bombarded with alpha
were knocked loose which particle.
could be easily detected by a
94Be+42α⟶[136C]⟶[126C]+10n
Geiger counter.

Atomic Structure Through the Years

K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Nuclear Notation

Standard nuclear notation shows the chemical symbol, the mass number and the atomic number of the
isotope.

Example: the isotopes of carbon. The

element is determined by the atomic number
6. Carbon-12 is the common isotope, with
carbon-13 as another stable isotope which
makes up about 1%. Carbon 14 is
radioactive and the basis for carbon dating.

8. Metals and nonmetals: The dividing line begins between boron and aluminum and stair-
steps down and to the right, one square at a time. Metals are left of the line, nonmetals are to
the right.

9. Families of elements: Families contain elements with similar characteristics, usually

determined by the number of electrons in the outer electron energy level.
a. Families on the periodic table are in vertical columns called "groups".

Group # Family Name & Notes Elements in the Family

1 Alkali Metals H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
2 Alkaline Earth Metals Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
3 - 12 Transition Metals See this periodic table
Including the Lanthanoid and Actinoid Series
(Rare Earth Metals)
13 Boron Group B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
14 Carbon Group C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
15 Nitrogen Group N, P, As, Sb, Bi
16 Oxygen Group O, S, Se, Te, Po
17 Halogens F, Cl, Br, I, At
18 Noble Gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

10. Oxidation number: The table below shows the elements and oxidation numbers that can be
read from the periodic table.

Column # Elements Oxidation #

1 All +1
2 All +2
3 - 12 Silver +1
13 Aluminum +3
14 Carbon & Silicon + or – 4
15 Nitrogen & Phosphorus - 3
16 Oxygen & Sulfur -2
17 All -1
18 All 0

An element's oxidation number, sometimes called valence, is the number

of electrons gained or lost by an atom when forming compounds.

Elements with a positive oxidation number (usually metals) lose electrons

when forming compounds. Elements with a negative oxidation number
(usually nonmetals) gain electrons when forming compounds.

11. Electron energy levels: The number of electron energy levels in an atom is indicated by the
horizontal row on which the element is found on the periodic table. The horizontal rows are
numbered 1 to 7 at the extreme left of the table.
a. The further the shell is from the nucleus, the higher the energy level.
b. Each shell can hold a limited number of electrons.
c. First shell can hold up to 2 electrons Second shell can hold up to 8 electrons
d. The third shell can also hold up to 8 electrons

12. Electron energy sublevels:

K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Figure . Position of the blocks in the periodic table that corresponds to

the electron energy sublevels

a. s sublevel - the two tall columns on the left.

i. Helium is at the far right because it is inert.
b. p sublevel - the six tall columns on the right, without helium.
c. d sublevel - the ten short columns in the middle of the table.
d. f sublevel - the fourteen columns of two below the body of the table.

13. Orbitals within sublevels: An orbital can hold two electrons. Within an electron energy
sublevel on the periodic table, each orbital is represented by two element squares.

Quantum Numbers and the Electron Configuration

First Quantum Number, n; Principal Energy

Levels
The first quantum number, given the symbol n, Second Quantum Number, l ; Sublevels or
determines the energy and distance from the subshells (s, p, d, f)
nucleus of an electron. Each principal energy level includes one or more
sublevels. The sublevels or subshells are denoted
by the quantum number l. It can take on any
values starting with zero and going up to the
maximum of n-1.

Third Quantum Number, ml ; orientation of Fourth Quantum Number, ms; Electron Spin
orbitals
This quantum number determines the direction in The fourth quantum number ms is associated with
space of the electron cloud surrounding the electron spin. This is not related to the previous
nucleus. Maximum of two electrons can be found quantum numbers and it can have two possible
in each orbital. For a given value of l, ml can have values
the following values: from l to –l including zero.
ms= +1/2 or ms= -1/2
Electron Configuration

A form of notation which shows how

the electrons are distributed among the
various atomic orbital and energy
levels. Take the electron configuration
of Hydrogen at the right:
K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Rules in Writing Electron Configurations

1. Pauli Exclusion principle: Every orbital can only hold 2 electrons with opposite spins
2. Aufbau principle: As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements,
electrons are similarly added to the atomic orbitals.
3. Hund’s rule: Within a sublevel, place one e- per orbital before pairing them.

Test your Knowledge:

1. Give the numerical values of n and l corresponding to each of the following orbital designations: (a)
3p, (b) 2s, (c) 4f, (d) 5d.
2. If an atom has 15 protons, how many electrons does it have?
3. Write the electron configuration for the following elements

Test your skills

1. Indicate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in 157N.

2. Write all the six possible sets of four quantum numbers for an electron in a 3p orbital.
3. Complete the table below:

Element Electron Valence Number of Group number in

Configuration Electron valence the periodic table
Configuration electrons
H
Li
Na
K
Rb

Test your understanding

1. Why was the observation of large-angle scattering/deflection of alpha particles surprising? How
did it change the idea of Thomson’s “Plum pudding model”? (5 points)
2. Using the concept of quantum numbers, explain why the 4th energy level can handle the
maximum of 32 electrons? (5 points)
3. Describe the shapes of s, p, and d orbitals. How are these orbitals related to the quantum
numbers n and ml? (5 points)
K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Stoichiometry and Chemical Reactions

Atomic Mass Unit and Moles

1. Atomic Mass Unit (amu):

 the Mass of one atom of the carbon isotope 12C is exactly 12.00000 amu
 1 AMU is 1/12th the mass of one 12C atom

1 amu x constant = 1 gram

1 amu x No = 1 gram
where No is Avogadro’s number 6.022137 x 1023

2. Avogadro’s number of 12C atoms would have a mass of exactly 12.0000g, i.e.- 1 mole of 12C
has a mass of 12.0000 grams, its molar mass
 Note: relative atomic mass and molar mass for a given element are numerically
equivalent, former dimensionless, latter in g mol-1

32.066 g of sulfur = 1 mol

6.00 g of sodium = 6.00 g/ 22.99 g mol-1= 0.261 mol

Percent Composition calculations:

eg. two substances: Fe2O3 (ferric oxide, rust), C3H8 (propane)

(note: these are not the only ratios by which the particular atoms may combine)

 formula mass = 2 x 55.847 + 3 x 15.999 = 159.691 g mol-1

 hence, composition:

2 x 55.847
x 100  69.943% Fe
159.691

3 x 15.999
x 100  30.056% O
159.691

3. Fe2O3 is the Empirical Formula, the ratio of smallest whole integers amongst atoms.
4. Molecules can be represented by a Molecular Formula, which expresses not only the ratio of
the atoms, but also defines the exact number of each atom in the molecule.
a. Molecular formula is a multiple of empirical formula:
K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Empirical Formula Molecular Formula

CH C2H2 C6H6
Acetylene Benzene
CH2 C2H4 C3H6
Ethylene Propylene

5. To determine molecular formula from empirical formula need some information on molar
mass of molecule
a. Example: a compound is found to be composed of 85.6% carbon and 14.4%
hydrogen. What is the formula of this compound?

a. Assume any mass, say 100 g in a 100 g sample, 85.6 g are carbon, 14.4 g are
hydrogen.
b. Thus, in this sample there are: 85.6 g/12.01 g mol-1 = 7.13 mol of carbon and
14.4 g/1.01 g mol-1 = 14.26 mol of hydrogen
c. Thus, the C :H mole ratio is: 7.13 : 14.26 = 1 : 2
d. The empirical formula is CH2

Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

6. Consider the combustion reaction of propane:

C3H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O

(note: this is a balanced equation; balancing by inspection, for now)

 Various stoichiometric ratios:

C3H8 : O2 = 1 : 5; CO2 : H2O = 3 : 4; etc.

 Thus, for every mole of propane that reacts, 5 moles of oxygen are consumed, 3 moles of
carbon dioxide and 4 moles of water are produced.

 Three cases when reactants combined:

a. An exactly stoichiometric mixture
b. A stoichiometric excess of oxygen
c. A stoichiometric excess of propane

7. Note, in any case: the maximum amount of product which can be formed is determined
solely by the reactant (or, reagent) which is in the stoichiometric limiting amount, the
limiting reactant
K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Sample Problems:
1. 1.00 g of propane is completely combusted in oxygen. What mass of water is
produced?
2. 1.00 g of propane reacts with 1.00 g of oxygen. What mass of water is produced?
3. 1.00 g of propane reacts with 5.00 g of oxygen. What mass of water is produced?

Solutions:
a) A mass of 1.00 g of propane is b) 1.00 g of oxygen is

1.00 g/44.10 g mol-1 = 0.0227 mol 1.00/31.98 = 0.0313 mol

Stoichiometry requires propane : water = But 0.0227 mol of propane would require
1 : 4. Thus,
0.0227 x 5 = 0.114 mol of oxygen!
0.0227 x 4 = 0.0908 mol of water are
produced  oxygen is the limiting reagent and
0.0908 mol x 18.02 g mol-1 = 1.636 g water is produced in the ratio, oxygen :
water = 5 : 4

Mol of water = (4 x 0.0313)/5 =

0.0250 mol

Mass of water = 0.0250 mol x 18.02

g mol-1 = 0.451 g

c) 5.00 g of oxygen is

5.00 g/31.98 g mol-1 = 0.156 mol

which is a stoichiometric excess; therefore, propane is the limiting reagent and the result
is the same as #1
K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

Overview of Chemical Bonding

 Based on Electronegativity differences between atoms; two considerations:
 Ease of formation of cations, based on ionization energy or potential
Eg. Na  Na+ + e- , with energy required of 496 kJ mol-1 = IP
 Ease of formation of anions, based on electron affinity
Eg. Cl + e-  Cl- , with energy released of 349 kJ mol-1 = EA
Electronegativity increases across a row (to right)
Electronegativity increases up a period (column)
 Ionic “bonding”: electrostatic attraction  Covalent bonding: electrons shared
between oppositely-charged ions (a between atoms, either equally (non-
result of electron transfer) polar) or unequally (polar)
 Form an ion easily at the two extremes
(large electronegativity differences):  e- not transferred between partners (to
Na  Na+ + e- give oppositely-charged ions), but
e + Cl  Cl
- - shared, especially when
then, Na + Cl  NaCl (a salt)
+ - electronegativity differences not great
similarly, Ca  Ca + 2e , hence
2+ -

CaCl2

The Gaseous State

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

 back to the microscopic – attempt to explain generalizations of ideal gas law from particle
dynamics; connect temp to distribution of molecular speeds
 assumptions:
 distances between molecules large compared to size
 gas molecules in constant random motion with distribution of speeds
 molecules exert no forces on each other between collisions, when they move in straight
lines at constant velocities
 collisions with walls are elastic

Pressure

 early work with Torricelli’s barometer, height of liquid in a sealed, inverted tube varies with
atmospheric pressure (Fig. 4.2)
 pressure is defined as force per unit area: P = F/A
 for units, recall (Newton’s Second Law): F = ma
K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

 m is mass in kg
 a is acceleration in m s-2
 hence, units of force: kg m s-2 = Newton = N

 units of pressure:
F kg m s -2
P   2
 N m -2  Pa  pascal
A m
 this is the SI unit of pressure (note: weather report in kPa)

 based on atmospheric pressure, taking a standard atmosphere as that supporting a

column of mercury (Torricelli barometer) of 760 mm at 0oC
 1 atm = 101,325 Pa
 derived unit: 1 bar = 100,000 Pa, defined as Standard Pressure

Boyle’s Law, Variation of Volume with Charles’ Law, Variation of Volume with
Pressure Temperature
 volume is directly proportional to the
Volume of fixed amount of gas in moles is absolute temperature, provided that the
inversely proportional to pressure held at the amount of gas in moles and
constant temperature pressure are held constant
 P  1/V, or PV = k, (a constant)
Boyle’s Law V  T, or V/T = k, (a constant)
Charles’ Law
useful relationship: P1V1 = P2V2 useful relationship: V1/T1 = V2/T2

Avogadro’s Law, Variation of Volume and Gay-Lusaac’s Law

Amount The pressure of a fixed amount of gas in moles
Volume of gas with a constant temperature is is directly proportional to the temperature (in
directly proportional to the number of gas K) provided that the volume is held constant.
particles in moles  P  T, or P/T = k, (a constant)
Avogadro’s Law
 V  n, or V/n = k, (a constant) useful relationship: P1/T1 = P2/T2
Avogadro’s Law
useful relationship: V1/n1 = V2/n2

The Ideal Gas Law

 Proportionality constant, R: PV =
nRT Ideal Gas Law
R = universal gas constant =
= 0.082058 L atm mol-1 K-1
(when P in atm, V in L)
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 Useful relationship:
P1 V1 PV
 2 2
n 1T1 n 2 T2

A. Test Your Skills

Write TRUE if the statement is true, otherwise, write FALSE.
1. Volume is inversely proportional to pressure.
2. Volume is inversely proportional to temperature.
3. In Boyle’s Law, temperature and number of particles are constant.
4. When an empty can of soda is heated and as the temperature on the gas trapped within the can increases, the
pressure increases also.

B. Test your Skills

1. Calculate the number of molecules in a deep breath of air whose volume is 2.25 L at body temperature, and a
pressure of 735 torr.
2. A gas occupying a volume of 725 mL at a pressure of 0.970 atm is allowed to expand at constant temperature until
its pressure reaches 0.541 atm. What is its fi nal volume?
3. At 46°C a sample of ammonia gas exerts a pressure of 5.3 atm. What is the pressure when the volume of the gas is
reduced to one-tenth.
You have a sample of gas in a container with a movable piston, such as the one in the drawing below. First, draw
the same drawing on your answer sheet, then edraw the container to show what it might look like if the
temperature of the gas is increased from 300 K to 500 K while the pressure is kept constant.

.
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1. What will happen to the temperature if the pressure of a confined gas sample is doubled,
while the volume is held constant?
A. It doubled.
B. It went up by a factor of four.
C. It reduced by 1/2.
D. Cannot be determined with information given.

2. Which observation demonstrates Charles Law?

A. Popping of popcorn due to release of steam inside it.
B. A flat tire takes up less space than an inflated tire.
C. Pushing in the plunger of a plugged-up syringe decreases the volume of air trapped
under the plunger.
D. A balloon filled with helium weighs much less than an identical balloon filled with air.

3. Which completes the following statement: Avogadro stated that equal volumes of gases
under the same conditions of temperature and pressure have equal ____.
A. numbers of molecules
B. numbers of grams
C. molar masses
D. none of these

4. Which of the following are not STP conditions for 1 mole of ideal gas?
A. 760 torr C. 22.4 L
B. 0°C D. 273°C

5. Which of the following represents the largest gas pressure?

A. 1.0 atm C. 1.0 Pa
B. 1.0 mm Hg D. 1.0 KPa

6. If the temperature of a confined gas sample is doubled, while the volume is held
constant, what will happen to the pressure?
A. It will double.
B. It will be four times as larger
C. It will be half as large
D. Cannot be determined with information here

7. For numbers 9-10, consider the following reaction:

2H2O  2H2 + O2
8. What type of reaction is shown above?
a. Combination
b. Decomposition
c. Single-replacement
d. Double-replacement
9. How many moles of oxygen gas will be produced from 2 moles of water?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
K-to-12-Based UPCAT Learning Modules

d. 4
10. Which of these gases would diffuse the fastest?
a. O2 (at. wt. O = 16)
b. N2 (at. wt. N = 14)
c. Ne (at. wt. = 20)
d. Ar (at. wt. = 40)
11. How many moles of water are produced in the complete combustion of butane,
2C4H10 + 13 O2  8CO2 + 10H2O
a. 10
b. 18
c. 20
d. 33
12. How many grams of hydrogen (H2) would combine with 12.0g of oxygen (O2) to form
water? (atomic mass O=16, H=1)
a. 0.750g
b. 1.00g
c. 1.50g
d. 1.75g
13. Which of the following is a solution?
a. Wood
b. Diamond
c. Sea water
d. Halo-halo
14. A compound contains 92.3% C and 7.74% H. If the compound has a molecular weight of
78 g/mol, what is the molecular formula of the compound? (atomic mass C=12, H=1)
a. C3H3
b. C5H5
c. C6H6
d. C10H11
15. Caffeine (molar mass of 194 g/mole) has composition by mass of 49.5% C, 5.2% H,
28.8% N, and 16.5% O. Determine its molecular formula. (atomic mass C=12, H=1,
N=14, O=16)
a. C4H5N2O2
b. C8H10N4O2
c. C6H8N2O2
d. C6H7N2O2
16. Consider the reaction of ethylene with oxygen: C2H4+ ½ O2  C2H4O. If a yield of 60g of
C2H4O is obtained from 42g of C2H4, then the percent yield is ______. (atomic mass
C=12, H=1, O=16)
a. 70%
b. 81%
c. 91%
d. 100%
17. What is the percent yield when 53.6 g of H2 produced 159g NH3 in the reaction,
3H2 + N2  2NH3 ? (atomic mass C=12, H=1, N=14)
a. 78.8%
b. 80.1%
c. 83.3%
d. 84.3%
18. How many moles are there in 38.4g of C4H6O4? (atomic mass C=12, H=1, O=16)
a. 0.325 mol
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b. 38.4 mol
c. 3.08 mol
d. 3.22 mol
19. What is the molar mass of ascorbic acid, C6H8O6? (atomic mass C=12, H=1, O=16)
a. 29 g/mol
b. 176 g/mol
c. 230 g/mol
d. 20 g/mol
20. Cyanogen gas C2N2 can react with fluorine to form carbon tetrachloride and nitrogen
trifluoride. ___ C2N2 (g) + ___ F2 (g)  ___ CF4 (g) + ___NF3 (g)
21. Which of the following is the most correct set of stoichiometric coefficients to balance
this equation?
a. 2, 14, 4, 2
b. 1, 7, 2, 2
c. 3, 5, 1, 1
d. 5, 3, 1 ,1
22. Nitrogen oxide is oxidized in air to give brown nitrogen dioxide.
2 NO(g) + O2(g)  2 NO2(g)
23. How many moles nitrogen oxide is needed to produce 6 moles of Nitrogen dioxide?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
24. Consider the reaction between aluminum and bromine:
25. 2Al (s) + 3Br2 (l)  Al2Br6 (s)
26. How many grams of Br2 are required for a complete reaction if 2.56g of Al is used?
(atomic mass: Al= 26.98, Br=79.90)
27. 3.84g
28. 15.1g
29. 10.1g
30. 22.7g
31. The rate of diffusion of gas A is two times that of gas B. What can be said about the
molecular mass of A to B? Mass of A is _______ times that of gas B.
32. ¼
33. ½
34. ¾
35. 2
36. Consider the reaction: 2Sb (s) + 3I2 (s)  2SbI3 (s). If 1.20g of Sb and 240g of I2 are
mixed, what mass of the excess reactant is left when the reaction is complete? (atomic
mass: Sb=121.8, I= 126.9)
37. 0.768g
38. 0.43g
39. 4.95g
40. 3.17g
41. Which represents greater mass of chlorine? (atomic mass: Cl= 36)
42. 1 mole of chlorine
43. 1 atom of chlorine
44. 1 gram of chlorine
45. 1 molecule of chlorine
46. Which of the following is a nonelectrolyte when dissolved in water?
47. Iron sulfate
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48. Potassium chloride

49. Calcium chloride
50. Sugar
51. Which of the following compounds is soluble in water?
52. Calcium chloride
53. Iron (III) hydroxide
54. Magnesium hydroxide
55. Silver chloride
56. What is the molarity of sodium carbonate Na2CO3 when 6.78g of Na2CO3 is dissolved
in enough water to make 250 mL of solution? (Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106 g/mol)
57. 26.9M
58. 0.254M
59. 0.0635M
60. 0.762M
61. How many grams of solute are there in 250mL of a 0.0125M of KMnO4 ? (molar mass =
158.03 g/mol)
62. 0.223g
63. 0.494g
64. 1.23g
65. 3.24g
66. How many moles of barium ions are present in 0.12M solution of BaCl2?
67. 0.6 M
68. 0.12 M
69. 0.24 M
70. 0.06M
71. Which of the following gas pressures is the largest?
72. 1.0 atm
73. 1.0 Pa
74. 1.0 mmHg
75. 1.0 kPa
76. A certain gas has a pressure of 0.32 atm. What is the gas pressure in mmHg?
77. 0.240 mmHg
78. 240 mmHg
79. 0.0240 mmHg
80. 24.0 mmHg
81. Under 760 mmHg and 273K, 1.00 mole of any gas occupies a volume of ___.
82. 22.4 mL
83. 22.4L
84. 224 mL
85. 224 L
86. What will happen to the pressure of a confined gas if its temperature is doubled, while
the pressure is held constant?
87. It will half as large as the original
88. It will double
89. It will be four times as large as the original
90. Nothing will change
91. What is the volume of 2.500 moles of nitrogen gas at STP?
92. 22.40 L
93. 56.00 L
94. 8.960 L
95. 1 L
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96.
97.
98.
99. Which of the following increases the solubility of a gas in a liquid?
100. Increasing the temperature
101. Constant stirring
102. Addition of more solvent
103. Increasing the pressure
104. Which compound contains the least percent of oxygen by mass? (atomic mass:
H=1, C=12, O=16, S=32)
105. H2O
106. CO2
107. SO2
108. CO
109. How many moles of hydrogen are there in 2 moles of (NH4)2Cr2O7? (atomic
mass: H=1, Cr=52, O=16, N=14)
110. 4
111. 6
112. 12
113. 14
114. The total pressure of two gases is 4.0 atm. If one gas has a pressure of 1.5 atm,
what is the pressure of the second gas?
115. 1.5 atm
116. 2.5 atm
117. 3.0 atm
118. 5.5 atm
119. The example above demonstrates what gas law?
120. Boyle’s Law
121. Charles’ Law
122. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
123. Combined Gas Law
124. What is the best reason of using iron fillings instead of an iron nail in a chemical
reaction?
125. To decrease the formation of products
126. To increase the rate of reaction
127. To decrease repulsion between the reactants
128. To decrease the surface area of the reaction
129. In the following redox reaction: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) --> ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
130. Which shows the oxidation half-reaction?
131. Zn -> Zn2+ + 2e-
132. Zn + 2e- --> Zn2+
133. 2H+ -->H2 + 2e-
134. 2H+ + 2e- --> H2
135. Calculate the mole fraction of solvent in a sugar solution containing 1 mole
sucrose and 19 moles water.
136. 0.05
137. 0.95
138. 0.10
139. 0.90
140.
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141. Distilled beverages are often described by “proof”, defined as twice the percent of
ethanol in solution. What volume of ethanol is present in 2.5 L of a “80 proof” beverage?
142. 0.50L
143. 0.750L
144. 1.00L
145. 10.00L
146. If 3.45 mol of argon gas occupies a volume of 99.0 L, what volume will 3.10 mol
of argon occupy under the same conditions of temperature and pressure?
147. 154.3L
148. 125.3L
149. 121.3L
150. 112.3L
151. Which of the following graphs shows the relationship of pressure and volume
according to Boyle’s Law?
152. Which atomic orbital contains the highest energy level?
153. 1s
154. 2s
155. 2p
156. 3s
157. What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom that can have the following
set of quantum numbers? n = 3 l = 0 ml = 0 ms = -1/2
158. 0
159. 1
160. 2
161. 3
162. An element has the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5. Determine this
element’s group and period number.
163. Grp 6A period 3
164. Grp 8A period 2
165. Grp 3A period 8
166. Grp 7A period 3
167. The ion, Ca2+ (Z=20, A=40) consists of how many protons, neutrons, and
electrons?
168. 20 p, 20n, 18 e
169. 20 p, 20 n, 20 e
170. 40 p, 20 n, 22 e
171. 20 p, 40 n, 18 e
172. Which is the right symbol for the element Molybdenum?
173. Md
174. Mo
175. My
176. Mn
177. The cation (13957La3+) has ____ total number of neutrons.
178. 57
179. 82
180. 54
181. 60
182. The two isotopes of hydrogen namely, deuterium and tritium, differ only in _____.
183. Atomic mass
184. Atomic number
185. Number of protons
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186. Number of electrons

187. What is the charge on the monatomic ion that an element in period 3 group 2A in
its compounds?
188. +2
189. +1
190. -1
191. -2
192.
193. How many protons and electrons are present in one Br- ion? (A = 80, Z= 35)
194. 35 p, 35 e
195. 80 p, 81 e
196. 35 p, 34 e
197. 35 p, 36 e
198. A concentrated HCl solution has a molarity of 15.0 M. What volume of this
concentrated HCl solution should be used to prepare 500 mL of 3.5 M HCl solution?
199. 116 mL
200. 106 mL
201. 126 mL
202. 136 mL
203. How many hydrogen atoms are there in 2 moles of NH4NO3? (atomic mas:
N=14, H=1, O=16)
204. 6.02 x 1023
205. 4.82 x 1024
206. 1.20 x 1024
207. 1.51 x 1023
208. Which of the following molecules contain the most number of atoms?
209. Carbon monoxide, CO
210. Ammonia, NH3
211. Ethanol, C2H5OH
212. Formaldehyde, CH2O
213. Which of the following substances exist as diatomic molecule?
214. Ozone
215. Oxygen
216. Sulfide
217. Helium
218. What conclusion did JJ Thomson prove from his cathode ray tube experiment?
219. Sub-atomic particles are joined by gluons.
220. Atoms contain negative particle called electrons.
221. Atoms are mostly empty space.
222. Atoms have different isotopes.
223. What is the oxidation number of carbon in sodium oxalate, Na2C2O4?
224. 1
225. 3
226. 5
227. 7
228.
229.
230.
231.
232. What is the oxidation number of phosphorus in the dihydrogen phosphate ion,
H2PO4-?
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233. 1
234. 3
235. 5
236. 7
237. How many unpaired electrons are there in a carbon-6 atom?
238. 2
239. 3
240. 4
241. 5
242. Suppose an orbital can handle a maximum of three electrons instead of two.
Which of the following sets of atomic number would belong to noble gases?
243. 2, 10, 18
244. 3, 12, 27
245. 3, 15, 18
246. 5, 17, 21
247. Which of the following shows the correct electron configuration for sulfide ion
(S2-)?
248. 1s22s22p63s23p6
249. 1s22s22p63s23p4
250. 1s22s22p63s23p2
251. 1s22s22p63s03p6
252. Which of the following is a characteristic of a base?
253. pH > 7 and releases H+
254. ph > 7 and releases OH-
255. pH < 7 and releases H+
256. pH < 7 and releases OH-
257. Which of the following statements regarding ions is INCORRECT?
258. Group 1A and 2A elements tend to form cations.
259. Ions are formed by adding electrons to a neutral atom.
260. Adding and losing neutrons in an atom’s nucleus produce ions.
261. An ion has a positive and negative charge.
262. Which shows the correct ground state orbital diagram for Nitrogen (Z=7)?
263.

264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269. Which of the following elements are incorrectly paired with its group name?
270. K, alkali metal
271. Sr, alkaline earth metal
272. Sn, Lanthanide
273. Ar, Noble Gas
274. Which of the following is incorrect about water molecule?
275. It can form hydrogen bonds with other water molecule.
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276. Oxygen has a partial negative charge.

277. Hydrogen and oxygen forms a single bond.
278. All atoms in the molecule have eight electrons in the valence shell.
279. Which is the correct name for HNO2?
280. Hydronitric acid
281. Nitrous acid
282. Nitric acid
283. Pernitrous acid
284. Which compound is an acid in aqueous solution?
285. CH3COOH
286. NaOH
287. K2CO3
288. NH3
289. Which of the following is a p-block element?
290. Na
291. Fe
292. C
293. U
294. Which element has properties most similar to Fluorine?
295. Bromine
296. Potassium
297. Carbon
298. Iron
299. According to Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, which of the following
acts as the base for the forward reaction
300. NH3 (g) + H2O (l) ↔ NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
301. NH3
302. H2O
303. NH4+
304. OH-
305.
306. A neutral atom has an outer shell electron configuration of 2s22p5. To which of
the following groups of elements does it belong?
307. Halogens
308. Noble gases
309. Lanthanides
310. Alkali Earth Metals
311. Which of the following is an exothermic reaction?
312. Boiling
313. Melting
314. vaporization
315. Condensation
316. Use the diagram below for items 33-35
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Electronegativity
4

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Atomic Number
317.
318.
319.
320. Electronegativity is the ability of an element to attract electrons to form chemical
bonds. Based from the graph, what happens as you move across a period in the periodic
table?
321. Atomic number increases and the electronegativity decreases
322. Atomic number decreases and the electronegativity decreases
323. Atomic number increases and the electronegativity increases
324. Atomic number decreases and the electronegativity increases
325. Based on the table, which of these elements has the highest electronegativity?
326. Magnesium (atomic number = 12)
327. Oxygen (atomic number = 8)
328. Sulfur (atomic number = 16)
329. Beryllium (atomic number = 5)