Routing and Router Basics
Objectives

Module 5 • Identify the stages of the router boot sequence

• Determine how a Cisco device locates and loads the
Cisco IOS
MANAGING CISCO • Use the boot system command
IOS SOFTWARE • Identify the configuration register values
• Briefly describe the parts of the IOS name
• Save and restore configuration files using TFTP and
copy-and-paste
• Load an IOS image using TFTP
• Load an IOS image using XModem
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Table of Content

1 Router boot sequence and verification

2 Managing the Cisco file system

ROUTER BOOT SEQUENCE AND

VERIFICATION
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Router Startup Sequence
The boot process

ROM monitor
initializes

0 What is 1 Boots the image

Stays in ROM
Boot in boot ROM
monitor field?
or boot flash
2 to F

yes Boot no
commands
in NVRAM ?
Executes boot Router’s
commands Fallback sequence
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Executes boot commands in NVRAM
Boot system commands

(config)#
Customize
• boot system flash <IOS_filename>
Fallback • boot system tftp <IOS_filename > <TFTP_addr >
sources
• boot system rom

#
Default • copy running-config startup-config
Fallback
sequence
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Configuration register
Configuration register: Boot field (1)

• The configuration register is a 16-bit register in NVRAM. 16-bit register

16-bit register 0x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bit: 16 3 2 1 0
Boot field
Bit: 16 6 3 2 1 0
0x - - - 0 0 0 0 0
• 0 – 3: Boot field
• 6: Ignore NVRAM contents 1 0 0 0 1
• 8: Break disabled
• 11-12: Console line speed 2 0 0 1 0
• 13: Boot ROM if network boot fails
• 15: Diagnostic and ignore NVRAM F 1 1 1 1
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Configuration Register
Useful Config

Config--register

Configuration Register Value Description 0x2100 : System bootstrap prompt

0xnnn0 Use Rom monitor mode 0x 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0xnnn1 Automatically boot from ROM 0x2101 : Boot system from ROM
Examine NVRAM for boot
0xnnn2 – 0xnnnF
system commands 0x 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Router# Show version 0x2102 : Boot system from flash

Router(config)#configure-register register-value
0x 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
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Troubleshooting IOS Boot Failure

• Configuration file has missing or incorrect boot

system statement
• Incorrect configuration register value MANAGING THE CISCO FILE SYSTEM
• Corrupted flash image
• Hardware failure
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IOS File System Overview
IOS Naming Conventions

Prefix Description
Flash: Flash memory; Platforms that do not
have a device named flash is aliases
to slot0
Flh: Flash load helper log files
ftp: File transfer protocol
Nvram: NVRAM
Rcp: Remote copy protocol network server
Tftp: Tftp network server
System: Contains the system memory
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Managing configuration files using TFTP
Managing Configuration Files Using Copy
• Select Transfer
Router# copy running-config tftp • Select Capture Text
Address or name of remote host[]? 10.10.10.10
Destination filename [Router-config]?
• Specify the name for the text file to capture the
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! configuration
624 bytes copied in 7.05 secs • Select Start to start capturing text
Router#
• Display the configuration to the screen by entering show
Router# copy tftp running-config running-config
Address or name of remote host[]? 10.10.10.10 • Press the space bar when each "-More -" prompt appears
Source filename[] ?router-config
Destination filename [running-config]?
• When the complete configuration has been displayed, stop
Accessing tftp://10.10.10.10/router-config
the capture by:
Loading router-config from 10.10.10.10 (via ethernet 0/0) • Select Transfer
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Select Capture Text
[OK-642 bytes]
• Select Stop
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Managing IOS images using TFTP
Managing IOS images using Xmodem

• Command: xmodem -c image-filename

• copy flash tftp • In HyperTerminal, select Transfer > Send File.
Then in the Send File popup specify the image
• Backup: copy tftp flash name/location,
• Select Xmodem as the protocol, and start the
transfer.
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Environment variables
File System Verification: show flash, show version

• Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
• rommon 10 > IP_ADDRESS=10.10.10.10 • IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-D-L), Version 12.0(10), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
• rommon 11 > IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0 • Copyright (c) 1986-2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.
• Compiled Mon 20-Mar-00 22:33 by phanguye
• rommon 12 > DEFAULT_GATEWAY1=10.10.10.10
• Image text-base: 0x0303882C, data-base: 0x00001000
• rommon 13 > TFTP_SERVER=10.10.10.11
• rommon 14 > TFTP_FILE=C2600-IS-MZ.120-7.T.BIN • ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWARE
• BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE
• rommon 15 > SOFTWARE (fc1)
• rommon 15 > tftpdnld
• SGCTT-HCM uptime is 1 week, 1 day, 1 hour, 9 minutes
• System restarted by power-on
• IP_ADDRESS: 10.10.10.10 • System image file is "flash:c2500-d-l.120-10"

• IP_SUBNET_MASK: 255.255.255.0 • cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision N) with 2048K/2048K bytes of memory.
• DEFAULT_GATEWAY: 133.33.7.5 • Processor board ID 23101339, with hardware revision 00000000
• Bridging software.
• TFTP_SERVER: 10.10.10.11 • X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
• TFTP_FILE: C2600-IS-MZ.120-7.T.BIN • 1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
• Invoke this command for disaster recovery only. • 2 Serial network interface(s)
• 32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
• WARNING: all existing data in all partitions on flash will be lost! • 8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
• Do you wish to continue? y/n: [n]: y
• Configuration register is 0x2102
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Summary

• Identifying stages of the router boot sequence

• Identifying how the Cisco device locates and loads the Cisco IOS
• Using the boot system command
• Identifying the configuration register settings
• Troubleshooting problems
• Identifying the files used by the Cisco IOS and their functions
• Identifying the locations on the router of the different file types
• Identifying the parts of the IOS name
• Managing configuration files using TFTP
• Managing configuration files using copy-and-paste
• Managing IOS images with TFTP
• Managing IOS images with XModem
• Verifying the file system using show commands
•
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