Q1) Identify the Data type for the Following:

Activity Data Type

Number of beatings from Wife Discrete
Results of rolling a dice Discrete
Weight of a person Continuous
Weight of Gold Continuous
Distance between two places Continuous
Length of a leaf Continuous
Dog's weight Continuous
Blue Color Discrete
Number of kids Discrete
Number of tickets in Indian railways Discrete
Number of times married Discrete
Gender (Male or Female) Discrete

Q2) Identify the Data types, which were among the following
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.
Data Data Type
Gender Nominal
High School Class Ranking Interval
Celsius Temperature Interval
Weight Ratio
Hair Color Nominal
Socioeconomic Status Ordinal
Fahrenheit Temperature Interval
Height Ratio
Type of living accommodation Ordinal
Level of Agreement Ordinal
IQ(Intelligence Scale) Ratio
Sales Figures Ratio
Blood Group Nominal
Time Of Day Interval
Time on a Clock with Hands Interval
Number of Children Nominal
Religious Preference Nominal
Barometer Pressure Interval
SAT Scores Interval
Years of Education Interval

Q3) Three Coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads and one tail are obtained?
Ans> The Sample Space for above Problem is
S = (HHH,HHT,HTH,THH,HTT,THT,TTH,HHH)
Interested event = (HHT,HTH,THH)
Therefore, Reqd. Probability = 3/8

Q4) Two Dice are rolled, find the probability that sum is
a) Equal to 1
b) Less than or equal to 4
c) Sum is divisible by 2and 3

Ans> Sample Space =

11 12 13 14 15 16
21 22 23 24 25 26
31 32 33 34 35 36
41 42 43 44 45 46
51 52 53 54 55 56
61 62 63 64 65 66

a> Zero
b> Interested Event=(11,12,13,21,22,31)
Therefore Reqd. Probability = 6/36
c> Interested Event = (15,24,33,42,51,66)
Therefore Reqd. Probability = 6/36

Q5) A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is
the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?

Ans> Total no of events: ncr7c2=21

None of the balls is blue=5c2=10
Solution : Probability of none of the balls drawn is blue=10/21~0.47

Q6) Calculate the Expected number of candies for a randomly selected child
Below are the probabilities of count of candies for children(ignoring the nature of the child-
Generalized view)
CHILD Candies count Probability
A 1 0.015
B 4 0.20
C 3 0.65
D 5 0.005
E 6 0.01
F 2 0.120
Child A – probability of having 1 candy = 0.015.
Child B – probability of having 4 candies = 0.20
Expected Value = ∑xP(x) = 1*0.015+ 4*0.20 +3*0.65 +5*0.005 + 6*0.01 + 2*0.120
= 3.09

Q7) Calculate Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, Range & comment
about the values / draw inferences, for the given dataset
- For Points,Score,Weigh>
Find Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range and also
Comment about the values/ Draw some inferences.
 Points Score Weigh
Mean 3.59 3.22 17.85
Median 3.69 3.33 17.71
Variance 0.29 0.96 3.19
Standard 0.53 0.98 1.79
Deviation
Range 2.76 - 4.93 1.513 - 5.424 14.5 - 22.9

Inference Drawn:

 The mean is useful for spotting trends in the data because we can compare
means over a time period to spot trends. The mean is the most common
measure of central tendency.
  The median divides a sample of data in half; it is the middle score. The median
is a useful statistic if we think our data have some extreme cases. The median is
not impacted by extreme cases, but the mean is.

Q8) Calculate Expected Value for the problem below

a) The weights (X) of patients at a clinic (in pounds), are
108, 110, 123, 134, 135, 145, 167, 187, 199
Assume one of the patients is chosen at random. What is the Expected Value of the
Weight of that patient?
Ans>EV = ∑X/n = 1308/9 = 145.33

Q9) Calculate Skewness, Kurtosis & draw inferences on the following data
Cars speed and distance
For Speed Column
> attach(a)
> skewness(speed)
[1] -0.1139548 ## left skewness
> kurtosis(speed)
[1] 2.422853 ## negative Kurtosis

Skewness is negative, that tells us that the distribution is skewed towards left. Mean of
distribution is less than the Median. Kurtosis Value is less than 3, that tells us that the
distribution has broad peak and thin tails as evident from the histogram.

For dist column

> attach(a)
> skewness(dist)
[1] 0.7824835 ## positive/Right skewness
> kurtosis(dist)
[1] 3.248019 ##positive Kurtosis
Skewness is positive, that tells us that the distribution is skewed towards right. Mean of
distribution is more than the Median. Kurtosis Value is more than 3, that tells us that the
distribution has sharp peak and wide tails as evident from the histogram.

For
SP and Weight(WT
For SP:
Skewness is positive, that tells us that the distribution is skewed towards right. Mean of
distribution is more than the Median. Kurtosis Value is more than 3, that tells us that the
distribution has sharp peak and wide tails as evident from the histogram.
For WT:

Skewness is negative, that tells us that the distribution is skewed towards left. Mean of
distribution is less than the Median.Kurtosis Value is more than 3, that tells us that the
distribution has sharp peak and wide tails as evident from the histogram.
Q10) Draw inferences about the following boxplot & histogram

The Distribution is Right Skewed. Mean > Median.

The above boxplot suggests that the distribution has lots of outliers towards upper extreme.

Q11) Suppose we want to estimate the average weight of an adult male in Mexico.
We draw a random sample of 2,000 men from a population of 3,000,000 men and
weigh them. We find that the average person in our sample weighs 200 pounds, and
the standard deviation of the sample is 30 pounds. Calculate 94%,98%,96%
confidence interval ?

ANS>94% Confidence:

X-bar = 200

Sd = 30

n = 2000

Interval Estimate = X-bar ± Z*Sd/sqrt(n)

=200 ± 1.88*30/sqrt(2000)

=198.74 – 201.26

>98% Confidence:

X-bar = 200

Sd = 30

n = 2000

Interval Estimate = X-bar ± Z*Sd/sqrt(n)

=200 ± 2.33*30/sqrt (2000)

=198.44-201.56

>96% Confidence:

X-bar = 200

Sd = 30

n = 2000

Interval Estimate = X-bar ± Z*Sd/sqrt(n)

=200 ± 2.05*30/sqrt (2000)

=198.62-201.38

Q12) Below are the scores obtained by a student in tests

34,36,36,38,38,39,39,40,40,41,41,41,41,42,42,45,49,56
1) Find mean, median, variance, standard deviation.
2) What can we say about the student marks?
Mean = 41
Median = 40.5
Variance = 25.53
Standard Deviation = 5.05

2. Mean > Median, This implies that the distribution is slightly skewed towards right. No
outliers are present.

Q13) What is the nature of skewness when mean, median of data are equal?
Skewness = 0, Symmetric
Q14) What is the nature of skewness when mean >median ?
Right Skewed
Q15) What is the nature of skewness when median > mean?
Left Skewed
Q16) What does positive kurtosis value indicates for adata ?
Sharp Peak, Thick Tails
Q17) What does negative kurtosis value indicates for a data?
Broad Peak, Thin Tails
Q18) Answer the below questions using the below boxplot visualization.

What can we say about the distribution of the data?

Not a Normal Distribution
What is nature of skewness of the data?
Left Skewed

What will be the IQR of the data (approximately)?

18-10=8
Q19) Comment on the below Boxplot visualizations?

Draw an Inference from the distribution of data for Boxplot 1 with respect Boxplot 2.
Both are Normally Distributed
Q 20) Calculate probability from the given dataset for the below cases

Data _set: Cars.csv

Calculate the probability of MPG of Cars for the below cases.

MPG<- Cars $MPG

a. (MPG>38)

P(MPG>38) = 0.35
b. (MPG<40)

P(MPG<40) = 0.73

c. (20<MPG<50)
 P(20<MPG<50) = 0.898

Q 21) Check whether the data follows normal distribution

a) Check whether the MPG of Cars follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: Cars.csv

Follows Normal Distribution as indicated by the qqplot.

b) Check Whether the Adipose Tissue (AT) and Waist Circumference(Waist) fromwc-
at data set follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: wc-at.csv
Wc-at $waist follows Normal Distribution

Wc-at$AT follows Normal Distribution

Q 22) Calculate the Z scoresof 90% confidence interval,94% confidence interval, 60%
confidence interval
90% Confidence:

94% Confidence:

60% Confidence:
 Q 23) Calculate the t scores of 95% confidence interval, 96% confidence interval, 99%
confidence interval for sample size of 25
95% Confidence:

96% Confidence:

99% Confidence:

Q 24) A Government company claims that an average light bulb lasts 270 days. A
researcher randomly selects 18 bulbs for testing. The sampled bulbs last an average
of 260 days, with a standard deviation of 90 days. If the CEO's claim were true, what
is the probability that 18 randomly selected bulbs would have an average life of no
more than 260 days

Hint:

rcodept(tscore,df)

df degrees of freedom

µ = 270, n= 18, x bar = 260, s = 90

t score = (x bar - µ)/(s/sqrt(n))

=(260 – 270)/(90/sqrt(18))

=-10/21.23

=-0.47

Required Probability = 0.32