COMPUTER NETWORK CONCEPTS

A MINI RESEARCH

Presented to

CAMANLANGAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL,

CAMANLANGAN, NEW BATAAN, DAVAO DE ORO

In Partial Fulfillment

On the requirements for

SPECIALIZATION

OLLAMINA, IVAN B.

January 2022

1
 I. INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Computer network concepts

A computer network is a group of devices connected with each other through a transmission
medium such as wires, cables etc. The purpose of having computer network is to send and
receive data stored in other devices over the network. ... These devices are often referred as
nodes.

Acomputer network is a group of devices connected with each other through a transmission
medium such as wires, cables etc. These devices can be computers, printers, scanners, Fax
machines etc.

The purpose of having computer network is to send and receive data stored in other devices
over the network. These devices are often referred as nodes.

There are five basic components of a computer network

Introduction to Computer network

Message: It is the data or information which needs to be transferred from one device to
another device over a computer network.

Sender: Sender is the device that has the data and needs to send the data to other device
connected to the network.

Receiver: A receiver is the device which is expecting the data from other device on the network.

2
 Transmission media: In order to transfer data from one device to another device we need a
transmission media such as wires, cables, radio waves etc.

Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that are agreed by both sender and receiver, without a
protocol two devices can be connected to each other but they cannot communicate. In order to
establish a reliable communication or data sharing between two different devices we need set
of rules that are called protocol. For example, http and https are the two protocols used by web
browsers to get and post the data to internet, similarly smtp protocol is used by email services
connected to the internet.

II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Now let's run through some of the most common network problems that have left many users
and network administrators pulling out their hair!

•High Bandwidth Usage. ...

•High CPU Usage. ...

•Physical Connectivity Issues. ...

•Malfunctioning Devices or Equipment. ...

•DNS Issues. ...

•Interference in the Wireless Network

Summary:

•A computer network is a group of two or more interconnected computer systems.

•Computer networks help you to connect with multiple computers together to se receive
information.

3
 •Switches work as a controller which connects computers, printers, and other hardware
devices. devices.

III. DEFINITION OF TERMS

computer network, two or more computers that are connected with one another for the
purpose of communicating data electronically. Besides physically connecting computer and
communication devices, a network system serves the important function of establishing a
cohesive architecture that allows a variety of equipment types to transfer information in a near-
seamless fashion. Two popular architectures are ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) and
IBM’s Systems Network Architecture (SNA).

Want to know more about computer networking? We lay out the basics for nonprofits,
charities, and libraries.

Individual computers provide opportunities for tremendous productivity gains, but they
become many times more powerful when they're connected to one another in data networks
that give them the ability to share data and processing resources. With a network, five
colleagues can read and edit an evolving document from their own computer with minimal
effort and coordination. Without a network, these colleagues have to share time on the same
computer or work out a process for exchanging removable storage media (for example, floppy
diskette, or USB drive). In a similar fashion, networks let us all realize economies of scale by
running resource-hungry applications on high-power hardware

In this article we'll discuss some of the basic concepts and definitions underlying modern
networks. In this article's companion piece: Networking 101: Evaluating Your Needs and
Options, we'll define and describe the basic hardware components that charities and
organizations need to acquire and install in order to build a network. That article also contains a
list of further resources that you can consult for a more detailed, comprehensive explanation of
networking concepts and technologies.

What Is a Computer Network?

In the broadest sense, a network is any interconnected group of people or things capable of
sharing meaningful information with one another. In a technology context, network is usually

4
 short for "computer network" or "data network" and implies that computers are the things
sharing the meaningful information. At a conceptual level, all data networks consist of nodes,
which refers to any computer or digital device using the network and links, the physical
connections (either wired or wireless) that carry messages between nodes.

Data networks are important to all contemporary organizations because they provide faster,
easier access to any message or data that can be represented and stored in digital format. For
example, when your colleagues and predecessors research an issue relevant to your
organization and share their data and conclusions with you in a data format your computer
recognizes, you can copy key information from their report into your own, saving yourself
significant amounts of time (of course, you're always sure to give credit where it's due). If the
colleague whose work you're relying on works in the same cubicle as you and they remember
where they've stored the relevant report, a network may not offer significant advantages since
you can turn to him or her and ask for the file on a CD or USB flash drive. However, in many
organizations, large distances separate co-workers, and data sharing becomes a significant
logistical problem in the absence of a network.

In addition to data sharing, computer networks also enable resource sharing, an important
consideration in all budget-conscious charities and organizations. Rather than buying one
printer for every employee and replacing them when they wear out, an organization with a
network can buy a single printer, connect it to the network, and configure it in such a way that
every computer user in the organization can print to it. The initial cost of a networked printer is
usually more than the cost of a single desktop printer, but when considering costs on a per-user
basis, the average cost of the networked printer is often much less than the cost of buying a
printer for every employee. While some networked devices such as printers, scanners, and fax
machines have predetermined, specialized functions, you can also network and share generic,
unspecialized computing power in the form of servers. Servers are large, powerful computers
that can handle resource-intensive tasks more efficiently than desktop computers. As with the
networked printer, the initial outlay for a server is more than that for a desktop computer, but
across the organization, it's often cheaper to run the server-based version of a program since
individual users won't need expensive, high-performance desktop and laptop computers.
Servers can also deploy software to other networked machines at a lower cost.

Roles and Responsibilities

5
Networks also vary considerably in terms of the roles and responsibilities of the computers on
that network and the relationships that tie those machines together. A computer totally
disconnected from other devices is typically referred to as a standalone machine.

When several computers are interconnected, but no computer occupies a privileged position,
the network is usually referred to as a peer-to-peer network. In this type of network, every
computer can communicate with all the other machines on the network, but in general each
one stores its own files and runs its own applications.

With a client-server network, one or more servers will perform critical functions on behalf of
the other machines (the clients) on the network. These functions might include user
authentication, data storage, and the running of large, shared, resource-intensive applications
such as databases and client relationship management (CRM) software. Typically, both peer-to-
peer and client-server networks rely on a shared Internet connection for access to external
resources of these basic network structures.

Another type of network that's been rapidly gaining in popularity over the past decade is the
cloud-based network. In this model, an organization pays a third-party vendor to host data,
applications and other resources on servers and manages those resources via a web browser. A
cloud-dependent network can be simpler, cheaper, and greener than a client-server network
since you aren't buying, maintaining and powering your own servers. However, it's not
necessarily the right solution for every organization — particularly those that handle and store
sensitive client data or health records. Learn more about cloud computing for your nonprofit or
library on TechSoup's cloud page.

Standards and Protocols

Protocols, also known as standards, are essential parts of many modern technologies. In
essence, they're consensus-based documents that describe guidelines for vendors,
manufacturers, and other stakeholders in order to ensure quality and interoperability in a
diverse, competitive marketplace. Most networking protocols are fairly obscure and you only
need to worryabout them if something goes wrong. However a few standards are so widely
adopted that every decision maker and accidental techie needs to know their names and basic
functions. Discussing networking without implicit or explicit reference to Ethernet and TCP/IP

6
protocols is like discussing American law and politics without reference to the Constitution and
the Bill of Rights.

Furthermore, adopting widely accepted protocols (also known as de facto standards) has
benefits in all aspects of technology, since it's a form of future-proofing. When you need to
repair, replace, or upgrade networking equipment years from now, you can safely predict that
products and services compatible with today's widely adopted standards will still be available.
Therefore, you can replace a few pieces of outdated equipment without building a new
network from scratch. Also, you'll be able to find technicians and consultants who still
understand these protocols.

After several decades of struggle amongst competing network protocols (each with a different
corporate sponsor), three sets of network protocols emerged as de facto standards for local
networks by the late 1990s. In local area networks, Ethernet over twisted pair (also known as
10 BASE T, twisted-pair Ethernet, or IEEE 802.3) is the accepted standard for wired networking
while 802.11b/g/n (or Wi-Fi) is the accepted standard for wireless networks. The TCP/IP
protocol stack is a standard component of almost all modern networks, especially when those
networks expect to communicate on the Internet where TCP/IP is the lingua franca. In wide
area networking, there still exists a large degree of diversity and competition among
networking protocols. However, at the local network level, any networking technology your
organization adopts should be compatible with the three standards mentioned above.

Further Resources

Cisco provides a number of educational resources about networking online and in print that
range from basic to advanced. For a fairly gentle overview of basic networking topics, read
Networking Basics on Cisco's site or Cisco Networking Simplified. Lantronix's Ethernet Tutorial is
another good introduction-level overview of networking.

For a more in-depth discussion of network design and related topics, check out Cisco's
Internetwork Design Guide. CompTIA Network 2009 In Depth and other exam prep guides for
the Network+ certification also offer thorough yet readable coverage of fundamental
networking topics.

7
 Conclusion

Networking offers a variety of advantages for many nonprofits, charities, and libraries over
standalone machines, but they're not necessarily needed for every office or work scenario.
Continue reading the other parts of our Networks 101 series to better assess your needs and
see what options are out there to fit them.

This work is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0

RELATED CONTENT

IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Important changes to the Microsoft program

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Networking 101: Concepts and Definitions

Want to know more about computer networking? We lay out the basics for nonprofits,
charities, and libraries.

Chris Peters -

8
 March 27, 2012

Want to know more about computer networking? We lay out the basics for nonprofits,
charities, and libraries.

Individual computers provide opportunities for tremendous productivity gains, but they
become many times more powerful when they're connected to one another in data networks
that give them the ability to share data and processing resources. With a network, five
colleagues can read and edit an evolving document from their own computer with minimal
effort and coordination. Without a network, these colleagues have to share time on the same
computer or work out a process for exchanging removable storage media (for example, floppy
diskette, or USB drive). In a similar fashion, networks let us all realize economies of scale by
running resource-hungry applications on high-power hardware

In this article we'll discuss some of the basic concepts and definitions underlying modern
networks. In this article's companion piece: Networking 101: Evaluating Your Needs and
Options, we'll define and describe the basic hardware components that charities and
organizations need to acquire and install in order to build a network. That article also contains a
list of further resources that you can consult for a more detailed, comprehensive explanation of
networking concepts and technologies.

What Is a Computer Network?

In the broadest sense, a network is any interconnected group of people or things capable of
sharing meaningful information with one another. In a technology context, network is usually
short for "computer network" or "data network" and implies that computers are the things
sharing the meaningful information. At a conceptual level, all data networks consist of nodes,
which refers to any computer or digital device using the network and links, the physical
connections (either wired or wireless) that carry messages between nodes.

Data networks are important to all contemporary organizations because they provide faster,
easier access to any message or data that can be represented and stored in digital format. For
example, when your colleagues and predecessors research an issue relevant to your
organization and share their data and conclusions with you in a data format your computer

9
 recognizes, you can copy key information from their report into your own, saving yourself
significant amounts of time (of course, you're always sure to give credit where it's due). If the
colleague whose work you're relying on works in the same cubicle as you and they remember
where they've stored the relevant report, a network may not offer significant advantages since
you can turn to him or her and ask for the file on a CD or USB flash drive. However, in many
organizations, large distances separate co-workers, and data sharing becomes a significant
logistical problem in the absence of a network.

In addition to data sharing, computer networks also enable resource sharing, an important
consideration in all budget-conscious charities and organizations. Rather than buying one
printer for every employee and replacing them when they wear out, an organization with a
network can buy a single printer, connect it to the network, and configure it in such a way that
every computer user in the organization can print to it. The initial cost of a networked printer is
usually more than the cost of a single desktop printer, but when considering costs on a per-user
basis, the average cost of the networked printer is often much less than the cost of buying a
printer for every employee. While some networked devices such as printers, scanners, and fax
machines have predetermined, specialized functions, you can also network and share generic,
unspecialized computing power in the form of servers. Servers are large, powerful computers
that can handle resource-intensive tasks more efficiently than desktop computers. As with the
networked printer, the initial outlay for a server is more than that for a desktop computer, but
across the organization, it's often cheaper to run the server-based version of a program since
individual users won't need expensive, high-performance desktop and laptop computers.
Servers can also deploy software to other networked machines at a lower cost.

Roles and Responsibilities

Networks also vary considerably in terms of the roles and responsibilities of the computers on
that network and the relationships that tie those machines together. A computer totally
disconnected from other devices is typically referred to as a standalone machine.

When several computers are interconnected, but no computer occupies a privileged position,
the network is usually referred to as a peer-to-peer network. In this type of network, every
computer

10
 Introduction to Computer Network Interview Questions and Answers

Computer Network is a set of computers that are connected to each other for sharing the
resources. The major sharing of the resources over the connection is the Internet. Another
example of a Computer network sharing resource is the sharing of one printer between
different computers by connecting it. The best example of a computer network is the Internet.

Below are mentioned the topmost questions asked in the interview

Now, if you are looking for a job which is related to the Computer Network then you need to
prepare for the 2021 Computer Network Interview Questions. It is true that every interview is
different as per the different job profiles. Here, we have prepared the important Computer
Network Interview Questions and Answers which will help you get success in your interview.
These top interview questions are divided into two parts are as follows:

Part 1 – Computer Network Interview Questions (Basic)

This first part covers basic Interview Questions and Answers.

Q1. What do you mean by Network?

Answer:

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 Set of devices connected to each other over the physical medium is known as a computer
network. For example the Internet.

Q2. What do you mean by Node?

Answer:

In the computer network, the node is known as a device.

Q3. What do you mean by Network Topology?

Answer:

A network topology is a physical structure of the network which defines how the computers or
node will be connected to each other.

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Q4. What is Routers?

Answer:

12
 A router is a device which is responsible for sending data from source to destination over the
computer network.

Q5. What is the OSI model?

Answer:

OSI model stands for Open System Interconnection. It’s a reference model which describes that
how different applications will communicate to each other over the computer network.

Q6. Explain the Different layers of the OSI model.

Answer:

The different layers of the OSI model are given below:

Physical Layer Converts data bit into an electrical impulse.

Datalink Layer Data packet will be encoded and decoded into bits.

Network LayerTransfer of datagrams from one to another.

Transport Layer Responsible for Data transfer from one to another.

Session Layer Manage and control signals between computers.

Presentation Layer Transform data into application layer format.

Application Layer An end user will interact with the Application layer.

Q7. Describe Hub, Switch and Router?

Answer:

Hub: Hub will broadcast all data to every port. It has a common connection point for all devices.

Switch: Switch will create the dynamic connection and provide information to the requesting
port.

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 Router: Router is the devices which will be responsible for forwarding data packets.

Let us move to the next Computer Network Interview Questions.

Q8. What do you mean by the TCP/IP Model?

Answer:

TCP/IP stands for Transmission control protocol and Internet protocol. It describes how the
data will get transmitted and routed from end to end communication.

Q9. Explain the different Layers of TCP/IP Model.

Answer:

Application Layer, Transport Layer, Network or Internet Layer, Network interface layer.

Q10. What do you mean by HTTP?

Answer:

HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol and the port for this is 80. This protocol is
responsible for web content.

Q11. What do you mean by TCP and UDP?

Answer:

TCP stands for Transfer control protocol and UDP stands for User Datagrams protocol and TCP
is a connection-oriented protocol and UDP is a Connectionless protocol.

Q12. What do you mean by a Firewall?

Answer:

Firewall is a concept of a security system that will helps computers to protect it with
unauthorized access or any cyber-attack.

14
 Part 2 – Computer Network Interview Questions (Advanced)

Let us now have a look at the advanced Interview Questions.

Q13. What do you mean by DNS?

Answer:

DNS Stands for Domain Name System. It’s an internet address mapping process with the local
name. We can also call it as an internet phonebook.

Q14. What do you mean by Proxy server?

Answer:

Proxy server prevents the external users which are unauthorized to access the network.

Q15. What do you mean by Classes of Network?

Answer:

The Classes of IPV4 are of 5 types:

Class A 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

Class B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

Class C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Class E 240.0.0.0 to 247.255.255.255

Let us move to the next Computer Network Interview Questions.

Q16. What do you mean by NIC?

15
 Answer:

NIC stands for Network interface card. It is an adapter that will be installed on the computer
and because of that NIC, only that computer will interact with the network.

Q17. What do you mean by ASCII?

Answer:

ASCII is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

Q18. What are the types of mode available in Network?

Answer:

Data transferring mode in a computer network will be of three types:

Simplex, Half-Duplex and Full Duplex.

Q19. What do you mean by SLIP protocol?

Answer:

SLIP stands for Serial Line Interface Protocol. It is used for sending IP datagram over a network
in a single line.

Let us move to the next Computer Network Interview Questions.

Q20. What are the key elements of the protocol?

Answer:

There are three key elements of the protocol:

Syntax: Describe the format of the data.

16
 Semantics: Describes the meaning of each section.

Timings: Explain the timing that how fast the data can be sent.

Q21. What do you mean by Decoder?

Answer:

A decoder is a program which converts the encrypted data into its actual format.

Q22. What is the role of IEEE in the world of computer network?

Answer:

IEEE full form is the Institute of Electrical and electronic Engineer which is used to define and
develop the standards which will be used over the network.

Q23. What is the maximum segment length of a 100Base-FX network?

Answer:

The maximum segment length will be 412 meters.

Conclusion

These are the above important questions related to Computer network. The key topics which
you have to cover are OSI model, All layers functionality, Classful Network and classes of the
IPv4, Topologies and configuring VPN and VPC.

Recommended Articles

This has been a guide to the list of Computer Network Interview Questions and Answers so that
the candidate can crackdown these Computer Network Interview Questions easily. Here in this
post, we have studied top Computer Network Interview Questions which are often asked in
interviews. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –

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