PNTC COLLEGES

Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

ONLINE DISTANCE LEARNING MODULE

COURSE CODE SEA 203C PRE-REQUISITE SEA 101A

COURSE TITLE Cargo Handling and Stowage 2- Dangerous cargoes SEMESTER 2nd
UNITS 5 YEAR LEVEL 2nd
COURSE DESCRIPTION This module covers the requirements in Chapter II of the 1978 STCW Convention, as
amended Table A-II/I of Section A-II/I and Table A-II/2 of Section A-II/2. This course
provides the background to support the following main topics arranged by chapters: safe
handling, stowage and securing, inspect and report defects and damage to cargo spaces,
hatch covers and ballast, International Regulations and Codes and General Knowledge of
Tankers and Tanker Operations, carriage of dangerous, hazardous and harmful cargoes;
precautions during loading and unloading and care during the voyage of dangerous,
hazardous and harmful cargoes.

MODULE 7 (WEEK 7)
Cargo Handling Equipment and Safety
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

The students shall be able to:

 state that the oxygen content should be 21% by volume before entry is permitted
 define TLV, TWA and STEL, and gives examples of their value
 state that a space the atmosphere is known to be unsafe should be entered only in an emergency, after safety
checks have been carried out, and wearing breathing apparatus
 describe a permit-to-enter system using safety checklists to be followed by a responsible officer and the
person(s) entering the space
 state that risk assessment must be carried out before the entry into enclosed spaces, with reference to T32
 list the items appearing on the checklists
 describe the protective clothing and equipment which should be used by or be available to those entering
the space
 state that mechanical ventilation should be maintained throughout the time persons are in an enclosed space
 explain why periodical test of the atmosphere should be made by persons working in an enclosed space
 state that all safety checks should be repeated before re-entering a space after a break
 state that a permit-to-work system should only be for the specific duration of the work for that particular day
and not valid for the following day
 state that after work is completed, the area must be closed and secured
 distinguish between bale capacity and grain capacity
 define stowage factor
 define broken stowage and states how an allowance for it is made
 given the capacity to hold and the stowage factor of the cargo, calculate the weight that the holds will contain
 given the weights and stowage factors of one or more cargoes, calculate the space required
 calculate the number of packages of given dimensions which can be loaded in a stated space, making
allowance for broken stowage
 given the maximum permissible loading of a tween-deck, calculate the maximum height to which cargo of
stated stowage factor can be loaded

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 1 of 19
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Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

 given the maximum permissible loading and height of a tween-deck, and the stowage factors of two
commodities, calculates the depth of each required to fill the space at the maximum permitted deck loading
ENGAGE

It is said that entering this contaminated space is like a gun pointing at

you? Why?

EXPLORE

When you enter this space, what are the threats to your safety that you
should be concerned about?

EXPLAIN AND ELABORATE

Precautions before Entering Enclosed or Contaminated Spaces

The oxygen content should be 21% by volume before entry is permitted

Testing of the atmosphere should be carried out with calibrated equipment by persons trained in the use of the
equipment. Manufacturer’s instructions should always be followed. The space should be tested before any person
enters it and at regular intervals until the work is completed. Ideally, the atmosphere of the space should be tested
at different levels to obtain a representative sample of the atmosphere. Depending on the configuration of the
space, this may be impossible without entering it at some level. The use of flexible hoses or fixed sampling lines may
assist in reaching remote areas within the enclosed space. Due consideration should be given to the duration of the
sampling to ensure the full length of the sampling line has been flushed with the atmosphere gases of the space to
be measured.
Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)
Rev.03 Page 2 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
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When printed, this document is uncontrolled unless properly identified as controlled
 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

For entry purposes, steady readings of all the following should be obtained:
• 21% oxygen by volume by oxygen content meter
• Not more than 1% of Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) on a combustible gas indicator if there is potential for flammable
gases or vapours.

Lower Flammable Limit (LFL)- That concentration of a combustible material in air below which ignition will not occur

• Not more than 50% of the Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) of any toxic vapours and gases.

Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL)- Represents the maximum airborne concentration of a toxic substance to which
a worker can be exposed over a period of time without suffering any harmful consequences.

Additional ventilation should be applied to the space and retesting should be conducted after a suitable interval.
Gas testing should only be carried out with ventilation to the enclosed space stopped.
The preliminary risk assessment should consider the possibility of toxic gases and if it is determined that there is
potential for the presence of toxic gases and vapours, testing should be carried out using appropriate fixed or
portable gas or vapour detection equipment. The readings obtained by this equipment should be below the
Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL) for the toxic gases or vapours given in accepted national or international
standards.

Precautions during entry

The atmosphere should be tested frequently whilst the space is occupied and persons should be instructed to leave
the space should there be deterioration in the conditions.

Persons entering enclosed spaces should be provided with calibrated and tested multi-gas detectors that monitor
the levels of oxygen, carbon monoxide and other gases as appropriate. Ventilation should continue during the period
that the space is occupied and during temporary breaks. Before re-entry after a break, the atmosphere should be
retested. In the event of failure of the ventilation system, personnel in the space should leave immediately.

 TLV, TWA and STEL, and gives examples of their value

Threshold limit value (TLV) - of a chemical substance is believed to be a level to which a worker can be exposed day
after day for a working lifetime without adverse effects.
TLVs issued by the ACGIH( American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ) are the most widely
accepted occupational exposure limits both in the United States and most other countries
Three types of TLVs for chemical substances are defined:
1. Threshold limit value − time-weighted average (TLV-TWA): average exposure on the basis of a 8h/day,
40h/week work schedule
2. Threshold limit value − short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL): A 15-minute TWA exposure that should not be
exceeded at any time during a workday, even if the 8-hour TWA is within the TLV-TWA.
3. Threshold limit value − ceiling limit (TLV-C): absolute exposure limit that should not be exceeded at any time

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 3 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
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When printed, this document is uncontrolled unless properly identified as controlled
 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

Time-weighted average (TWA) represents the time-weighted average concentration of a toxic substance over a
normal 8-h workday and 40-h workweek, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, every day,
without adverse health effects

Short-term exposure limit (STEL) is a 15-min time-weighted average exposure that should not be exceeded during the
workday even if the 8-h TWA is within the TLV.

Exposures at the STEL should not be repeated more than four times per day.
Zone A – irritation
Zone B – coughing
Zone C – breathing difficulty
Zone D – collapse
Zone E – death

 The atmosphere is known to be unsafe should be entered only in an emergency, after safety checks have been
carried out, and wearing breathing apparatus

All enclosed spaces that have not been tested should be considered unsafe. If the atmosphere in an enclosed space
is suspected or known to be unsafe, the space should only be entered when no practical alternative exists.
Entry should only be made for further testing, essential operation, safety of life or safety of ship. The number of
persons entering the space should be the minimum compatible with the work to be performed. Suitable breathing
apparatus (e.g., of the air-line or self-contained type) should always be worn and only personnel trained in its use
should be allowed to enter the space.
Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)
Rev.03 Page 4 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Copyright © 2022 PNTC Colleges, All rights reserved.
When printed, this document is uncontrolled unless properly identified as controlled
 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

Additional risk assessments may be required. In an emergency, an attempt to rescue a collapsed person within an
enclosed space should only be made as part of a rescue team and using a self-contained breathing apparatus.

Persons entering enclosed spaces should be provided with calibrated and tested multi-gas detectors that monitor the
levels of oxygen, carbon monoxide and other gases as appropriate for the ship and expected hazards. Rescue
harnesses should be worn and, unless impractical, lifelines should be used. Appropriate protective clothing should be
worn, particularly where there is any risk of toxic substances or chemicals meeting the skin or eyes. Additional
emergency rescue provisions should be considered.

 A permit-to-enter system using safety checklists to be followed by a responsible officer and the person(s)
entering the space

ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT- This permit relates to entry into any enclosed space and should be completed by
the master or responsible officer and by the person entering the space or authorized team leader.
Location/name of enclosed space Reason for entry
A proper permit to work has to be filled out and checklist to be checked so as to prevent any accident which can
endanger life. A confined space should only be entered with an authorised and issued permit and by a trained and
competent person. The permission to work in an enclosed space specifies:
– The location of the work
– The nature and limitations of the work
– Details of the working team and tools to be used
– Potential hazards
– Precautions are taken
– Protective equipment to be used
– Time of issue and its validity
– Agreed communication methods and intervals
– Signature of the person on issuing the permit and on completion of the work
– Signature of the person who is supposed to enter thus confirming he has been advised on the hazards and the
precautions to be observed

Permit to work is to be valid only for a certain time period. If the time period expires then again new permit is to be
issued and the checklist is to be filled out.

Permit to work has to be checked and permitted by the Master of the ship in order to work in confined space

Proper signs and Men at work signboards should be provided at required places so that person should not start any
equipment, machinery or any operation in the confined space endangering the life of the people working.

 Risk assessment must be carried out before the entry into enclosed spaces, with reference to T32

Risk assessment
The company Safety Management System should ensure that a risk assessment is conducted ‘to identify all enclosed
spaces on board ship’. This assessment should be periodically revisited to ensure its continued validity. IMO
Resolution A.1050(27) recommends that a competent person should always make an initial assessment of any
potential hazards in the space being entered.

There are four main hazards:

1. Hazardous atmosphere
Hazardous atmospheres may include the following:

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 5 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
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 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

• oxygen depleted or oxygen enriched

• presence of toxic gases, vapours or liquids
• flammable atmosphere
• presence of considerable dust
• temperature extremes
• absence of proper ventilation.

2. Physical or configuration hazard

. Physical or configuration hazard The physical configuration of the enclosed space can present hazards which
are determined by the structure of the space, the apparatus and the equipment connected to it. This will include
the pipelines and ventilation trunking running into and through the space, lack of lighting, location of ladders,
absence of railings and the presence of openings in floors. Many of these present trips and fall hazards.
Strengthening frame work and box structures within the space may create areas where air exchange does not
occur effectively when ventilated or sitting water has not been completely pumped out.

Personnel should understand the layout of the enclosed space before entering. A risk assessment should include
the physical configuration of the space and reference to the ship’s plans before entering.

3. Changing and hazardous conditions

Changing conditions within an enclosed space such as water ingress, oxygen-depleting work (burning, welding),
ventilation failure and vapours from paint or cleaning materials must be monitored.

Sometimes working within an enclosed space can coincide with other activities being carried out elsewhere on
board. Potentially hazardous changes to conditions within the enclosed space caused by external factors are
also crucial but less easily managed.
These may be caused by the inadvertent actions of other ship or shore staff, work in adjacent or connected
spaces, cargo work, pumping ballast or fuel transfer and hot work, as well as communications of work being
carried out in the enclosed space, for example, when there are shift or watch changes.

4. Engulfment hazard.
Engulfment can occur when a person entering an enclosed space is drowned, suffocated or trapped by falling
material. Loose, granular material stored in holds or tanks, such as grain, can overcome and suffocate a person.
The loose material can crust or bridge over and crumble under the weight of a person.
Measures must be taken ahead of entering tanks to secure relevant pipelines to prevent fluids (such as cargo,
fuel oil, ballast or sea water) being inadvertently pumped or gravitated into the space or tank whilst people are
inside.

Risk assessments should include good communication with other departments and the use of safety/ lock-out
tags to ensure pumps and valves are not operated. There is a real risk of drowning within a tank from the
accidental operation of a valve or pump system.

 Items appearing on the checklists

Enclosed Space Entry Permit –

This permit relates to entry into any enclosed space and should be completed by the Master or responsible person
and by any persons entering the space, e.g. competent person and attendant.

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 6 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
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When printed, this document is uncontrolled unless properly identified as controlled
 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

PERMIT-TO-WORK FOR ENTRY INTO ENCLOSED/CONFINED SPACE CHECKLIST

Section A –
- Scope of Work Location (designation of space)
- Plant apparatus/identification (designation of machinery/equipment)
- Work to be done (description)
- Permit issued to (name of person carrying out work or in charge of the work party

Section B –
Checklist/Isolation data Has a risk assessment of the proposed work been carried out?

Checklist

1. Space thoroughly ventilated

2. Atmosphere tested and found safe
3. Space secured for entry
4. Rescue and resuscitation entrance
5. Testing equipment available for regular checks
6. Responsible person in attendance at entrance
7. Communication arrangements made between person at entrance and those entering
8. Access and illumination adequate
9. All equipment to be used is of appropriate type
10. Personal protective equipment to be used: Hard hat, safety harness as necessary
11. When breathing apparatus is being used
(i) Familiarity of user with apparatus is confirmed
(ii) Apparatus has been tested and found to be satisfactory
Section C –Certificate of checks:
I am satisfied that all precautions have been taken and that safety arrangements will be maintained for the duration
of the work.

Authorizing person in charge:

Name Signature:
Time /Date:

Section D – Cancellation of certificate:

The work has been completed/cancelled and all persons under my supervision, materials and equipment have been
withdrawn.

Authorizing person in charge:

Name Signature:
Time/date

Delete words not applicable and where appropriate state: The work is complete/incomplete as follows: (description)

 Protective clothing and equipment which should be used by or be available to those entering the space

Required Personal protective equipment (PPE) for working in a confined space

- PPE is traditionally regarded as the last line of protection with the emphasis being place on avoidance and
appropriate managerial control methods.

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 7 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
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When printed, this document is uncontrolled unless properly identified as controlled
 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

- However, the potentially hazardous nature and isolated position of those entering a confined space means that,
for the surveyor, PPE may be the first line of protection.
- Each confined space will present different hazards and degrees of risk to health and safety, the final provision of
PPE should therefore be based on an assessment of risk. As a general rule the following guidance is offered.

Fig: Wearing PPE prior entering Confined space

Basic surveyor PPE should include:

i) Body protection (hard wearing overalls with suitable pockets for notebook etc).
ii) Foot protection (steel toecaps (200 joules), steel midsoles, good grip, oil resistant).
iii) Head protection (hard hat with chinstraps)
iv) Hand protection (hard wearing gloves).
v) Eye protection (protective glasses, goggles).
vi) Ear protection (ear defenders or ear plugs worn subject to communication system).
vii) Lighting (hand held torch with lanyard and appropriate beam width).
viii) Safety harness

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 8 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Copyright © 2022 PNTC Colleges, All rights reserved.
When printed, this document is uncontrolled unless properly identified as controlled
 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

Breathing apparatus – Equipment that enables a person to get a supply of

oxygen in an environment where little or no air exists, e.g. a smoke-filled
compartment. Two types are in use; the smoke helmet and the self-contained
unit using air cylinders. The smoke helmet covers the head and is connected to
an air hose. A hand-operated pump supplies the air. The self-contained unit
consists of one or two cylinders of compressed air kept in a harness, which is
carried on the back. The high-pressure air is fed through a reducing valve and
then to a demand valve fitted into a facemask.

Breathing air cylinder – Each cylinder is to contain not less than 1200 litres of
fresh air. Every set of self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided
with spare cylinders having a total air capacity of 2400 litres.

A safety harness is meant to be worn correctly so that it can fulfil its design requirements, which is to provide security
against falling and allowing the wearer to use both hands to complete tasks, especially when working aloft. By not
using a harness one increases the risk of falling and, in doing so, causing possible injury to others as well. A '5 point'
safety harness fitted with a 'fall arrest' device should always be used. Fall arresters act as shock absorbers and slow
the fall gradually over short distances. The harness webbing and lanyard should be inspected regularly for cuts,
abrasions or damage to stitching.

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 9 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Copyright © 2022 PNTC Colleges, All rights reserved.
When printed, this document is uncontrolled unless properly identified as controlled
 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

 Mechanical ventilation should be maintained throughout the time persons are in an enclosed space
Ventilation
- Before any enclosed space is entered, it should be ventilated by releasing as many openings as possible.
Ventilation should be continuous where possible because in many enclosed spaces the hazardous atmosphere
forms again when the flow of air is stopped.
- A common method of ventilation requires a large-diameter ventilation hose in good condition: one end attached
to a fan and the other lowered into a manhole or opening.
- For example, a manhole would have the ventilating hose run to the bottom (see above) to dilute or displace all
harmful gases and vapours. The air intake should be placed in an area that will draw in fresh air only.

-
 Periodical test of the atmosphere should be made by persons working in an enclosed space
- No decision to enter an enclosed space should be taken until the atmosphere within the space has been
comprehensively tested from outside the space with test equipment that is of an approved type and that has
recently been calibrated and checked for correct operation.
- The appropriate atmosphere checks are:
- • Oxygen content is 21% by volume.
- • Cargo vapour concentration is less than 1% LEL.
- • No measurable amount of toxic or other contaminants is present.
- Care should be taken to obtain measurements from a representative cross-section of the compartment by
sampling at various depths and through as many deck openings as practicable.
- When tests are being carried out from deck level, ventilation should be stopped and a minimum period of about
ten minutes should be allowed to elapse before readings are taken.
- Even when tests have shown a tank or compartment to be safe for entry, pockets of gas should always be
suspected. If extensive work is to be carried out within a large space, such as a cargo tank, it is recommended
that a full assessment of the tank atmosphere is undertaken after the initial tests have been satisfactorily carried
out and recorded.
- On satisfactory completion of the atmosphere test, the results should be recorded as required by the appropriate
safety procedure in the ship’s safety management system.
- While personnel are in a tank or compartment, ventilation should be continuous. Regeneration of cargo vapours
should always be considered possible, even after loose scale or sludge has been removed.
- Continual checks on the atmosphere in the space should be made as specified in the tanker’s safety management
system.

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 10 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
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 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

 All safety checks should be repeated before re-entering a space after a break.

Entry permit Prior to allowing personnel to enter an enclosed space, an entry permit should be issued. An example
of an Enclosed Space Entry Permit is provided.

It is recommended that the permit should be signed by the Master or a designated officer with sufficient knowledge
and experience of the procedures requiring compliance.
The entry permit should contain a clear indication as to its maximum period of validity, which should not exceed 8
hours.

It should also describe the maximum permitted time between testing of the atmosphere and entry of personnel
into the space. A single permit for entry into more than one enclosed space may be issued as defined in the
company's SMS.

However, this should only be applicable for entry to cargo tanks. It is essential to ensure that while personnel are
within an enclosed space the levels of oxygen and any contaminants are regularly checked, and that personnel
entering a space use multi-gas detectors, and that the levels remain within safe limits.
If there is any doubt regarding the oxygen level or the presence of toxic or flammable gases the space should be
immediately evacuated.
A condition of the entry permit should require that if the enclosed space is vacated for any reason, such as for
refreshment or a meal break, ventilation should be continued during the break and the atmosphere of the enclosed
space should be fully retested prior to re-entry.
Entry permits must only remain valid for as long as the permit conditions are met.
The responsible officer supervising enclosed space entry should confirm that:
 If enclosed space entry is in the cargo area, no inerting or purging is taking place;
 The space has been thoroughly ventilated by natural or mechanical means to remove any toxic, hazardous or
flammable gases, and to ensure that there is an adequate level of oxygen throughout the space;
 Adequate illumination is provided;
 All personnel entering the space are properly trained in enclosed space entry procedures, and are familiar with
the company's safety and emergency procedures;
 There is a system in use to record personnel entering and leaving the space;
 The atmosphere of the space has been tested and found safe before any personnel enter the space;
 All personnel entering the space are wearing appropriate PPE and should be provided with calibrated personal
multi-gas detectors to monitor the levels of oxygen, LEL, carbon monoxide and other gases as appropriate;
 All crew members entering the space understand that the space is to be vacated immediately if any personal
multi-gas detector alarm is activated;
 A crew member (attendant) who is familiar with the action to take in the event of an emergency is standing by at
the entrance and is in direct contact with persons within the space and with the navigating bridge or control room
as appropriate;
 A reliable system of communication has been established, tested and is understood, both by those entering the
space, and by the crew member (attendant) standing by at the entrance;
 The duty officer(s) on the bridge or in the cargo control room and in the engine room are aware of the enclosed
space entry operations;
 Rescue procedures are understood and sufficient trained personnel are readily available to form a rescue party;
 Rescue equipment, suitable for the enclosed space, is ready for immediate use. Rescue equipment should be
readily capable of being placed into and recovered from the space and moved to any part of the space in which
personnel may work;

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 11 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
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 PNTC COLLEGES
Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

 Outside contractors involved in enclosed space operations comply with the company's enclosed space entry
procedures. It should be confirmed that any such contractors are aware of the particular dangers involved and the
actions to take in an emergency; and
 PPE used by outside contractors, as a minimum, complies with the ship's equipment standards and procedures
for use.

 Permit-to-work system should only be for the specific duration of the work for that particular day and not valid
for the following day
Permit to work
- Refers to management systems used to ensure that work is done safely and efficiently. These are used in hazardous
industries and involve procedures to request, review, authorize, document and most importantly, de-conflict tasks
to be carried out by front line workers.
- Permit validity is the time period, specified on the Permit to Work, for which the permit is valid. A Permit to
Work cannot be valid for more than 12 hours or for more than the normal work shift; whichever is the least time.

When should a permit be used?

Wherever there is high risk job taking place, a written permit to work procedure should always be used. Jobs
considered to be high risk should include:
- entry into enclosed or confined space
- Working on machineries or equipment which can start automatically or requires isolation.
- Hot work including welding
- Working aloft or overside
- General electrical work(Under 1000Volts)
- Electrical high voltage work(Over 1000 Volts)
- Working on lift machinery
Additional permit to work may be required depending on the trade of the ship and the work carries out.
Permits can be individual or cover a number of work types.
When does a permit to work fail?
Accident investigation generally find that the ship’s permit to work system has been utilized and a permit completed,
butane accident has still happened. The most common but an accident has still happened.
The most common reasons are:

- Wrong type of work permit used, resulting in the hazards and precautions required not being identified
- Incorrect information about work to be carried out and precaution not identified.
- Failure to recognize the hazards where work is carried out (e.g. flammable substances)
- Introduction of ignition source in controlled flameproof area(e.g. welding, non- spark proof tools, non-intrinsically
safe equipment used in intrinsically safe zones)
- Terms of work on the permit not adhered to, despite having been identified (e.g., failure to isolate plant and/or
drain lines of hazardous substances.
- Unauthorized staff performing work permit functions.
- Permit system completed incorrectly or without sufficient thought (a tic-box mentally)
- Insufficient monitoring of the work permit system (e.g., permit out of date/time)
- Permit to work issued for too long a period of time allowing circumstances to change
- Prescribe permit is complicated and not properly understood.

 When work is completed, the area must be closed and secured

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 12 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
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Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

Completion and permit closure

On expiry of the permit-to-work, everyone should leave the space, and openings should be closed or otherwise
secured against entry. At the end of the work, the permit must be closed and signed off. Where work is ongoing but
the permit period expires, an extension can be provided in the form of a new permit.

Where an extension is required, the safety measures originally taken must be reconfirmed and entry must be
reapproved. Before closing the space, the responsible officer should check to confirm that all people and equipment
have been removed.

The entrance to the space should never be left unattended while open, without measures having been taken to
prevent unauthorized access.
This is particularly important where the access is on the deck, as there is a risk that somebody may fall in to the
space.
Closing Procedure: After confirming all is secured, and all persons who had been entered the enclosed space are
evacuated, the master should enter the time of closure of permit and retain onboard for onboard filing purpose.

Cargo Calculations and Cargo Plans

 Bale capacity and grain capacity

Bale capacity - The space available for cargo measured in cubic metres or feet to the inside of the cargo battens, on
the frames, and to the underside of the beams.
- It is a measurement of capacity for cargo in bales or pallets, etc, where the cargo does not conform to the shape
of the ship.
Grain capacity - The maximum space available for cargo measured in cubic metres or feet, the measurement being
taken to the inside of the shell plating of the ship or to the outside of the frames and to the top of the beam or
underside of the deck plating.
It is a measurement of capacity for cargoes such as grain, where the cargo flows to conform to the shape of the ship.

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 13 of 19
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 Stowage factor
Stowage factor - Indicates how many cubic metres of space one metric tonne (or cubic feet of space one long ton)
of a particular type of cargo occupies in a hold of a cargo ship. It is calculated as the ratio of the stowage space
required under normal conditions, including the stowage losses caused by the means of transportation and
packaging, to the weight of the cargo.

Variability of stowage factor of cargo

- For example, iron ore has a stowage factor of 0.40 (m3/mt)
- Woodchips that have a stowage factor of 2.5.
- meaning that the space needed by one tonne of ore is only one sixth of that required to stow one tonne
of woodchips that have a stowage factor of 2.5
This means that if a ship designed to carry woodchips is loaded with iron ore, only a small part of the hold capacity
can be utilized.
Example:
The net capacity cargo hold in 38,000 cubic feet whose total weight in tons to load is 500 tons. Find the Stowage
Factor of the cargo hold.

S.F. =Net Capacity = 38,000

Weight in Tons 500
= 74cu.ft./tons

In this example, cargo hold has a stowage factor of 74.

Example 2.
A cargo of canned stuff is packed in cartons. Each carton is 36 cu.ft. and weighs 340 lbs. The stowage factor of the
cargo is:

S.F = Volume (always in cubic foot)

Mass (always in Long ton)
S.F. = 36
340 lbs./ 2240 (convert lbs. to long ton)
S.F. = 36/0.1518
S.F. = 237.1

The stowage factor can be used in ship design and as a reference to evaluate the efficiency of use of the cargo
space on a ship
 Broken stowage and states how an allowance for it is made
Broken stowage is space lost because of the shape of the cargo and/or particular requirements in regard to stowing
it in the cargo holds.
Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)
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- For example, there may be limitations on how many units or consignments which may be placed on top of each
other.
- For homogeneous bulk commodities, broken stowage is usually small.
- For irregular packages, as often found in typical general cargo lot, it may be substantial.

Broken Stowage

Any break in stowage or broken stowage caused by the presence of pillars, stanchions, brackets, web frames, etc., for
the filling of which certain packages are not available, or space which is unsuitable to receive a package of cargo,
should be packed firmly with suitable dunnage or airbags, in order to prevent movement of cargo in a seaway and to
afford a stable and level platform for the next tier.

The loss of valuable cargo space, where the nature of the cargo justifies economy, is best avoided by:
- Compactness of stowage.
- Selecting packages which, by the nature and value of their contents and their construction, are suitable for filling
broken stowage. Reels of barbed wire, bales of binder twine, coils of small wire, for example, are very useful for
this purpose.
- Always keeping a supply of such packages, or of low freighted goods, ready at hand in the holds, for use when
wanted.
- Stowing casks and drums upright rather than on their sides.
- Nesting and/or stowing pipes "bell and cantline".
- Blocking in spaces left between large cases with smaller packages.
- Care should be taken that these packages cannot become crushed.
- Special selection of cargo suitable for filling beam spaces, i.e. cargo which is not liable to chafe or damage by
sweat, if moist or heated cargo is carried in the same compartment, or refrigerated cargo in the compartment
above. It should be borne in mind that 68% of the hold capacity in `tween decks may be contained between the
deck beams.

The capacity to hold and the stowage factor of the cargo, calculates the weight that the holds will contain
Problem:
1. You must load as much as a large shipment goods as possible into a hold which has 24,000 cu.ft. of space. Each
can measures
2 ft x 2.5 ft x 4ft and weighs 448 lbs. if you allowed for a broken stowage of 15% .
Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)
Rev.03 Page 15 of 19
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How many long tons can be loaded?

Solution:

V1= V x 0.85
= 24,000cu.ft. x 0.85
V1 = 20,400cu.ft.

Weight = V1/S.F.
= 20,4000 cu.ft./100cu.ft./Long ton
= 204 LT(Long Ton)

Finding volume of cargo

V= L x B x H
= 2 x 2.5 x 4
= 20 cu.ft. x 2240 lbs
448 lbs 1 Lt
S.F. = 100 cu.ft./Long ton

 given the weights and stowage factors of one or more cargoes, calculate the space required

Example:
1. 50 tons of general cargo is to be loaded into a space containing 6000 cubic feet with a stowage factor of 40
cubic feet per ton with a broken stowage 5 per cent. Loaded. What is the space remaining?

Solution:
Volume =Weight x Stowage Factor
50 tons x 40 cu.ft
= 2000 cu . ft

Space required = V + 5% S.F. 100cu.ft

= 2000 + 5% S.F. 100cu.ft.
Space required = 2100 cu.ft.

Total space =6000 cu.ft

Space required = 2110 cu.ft
Space remaining = 3900 cu ft.

 Calculate the number of packages of given dimensions which can be loaded in a stated space, making allowance for
broken stowage

Example:
1. You are loading a cargo of cases into a hold which has a bale cubic of 44,000. The cargo consists of cases
measuring 4ft. x 2 ft x 1.5 ft.
Estimated broken stowage is 15%. What is the maximum number of cases which can be stowed in the hold?

Solution:
Start by computing for the volume of each case.
V= L x W x H
V= 4 x 2 x 1.5
V= 12 Cu. Ft.
Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)
Rev.03 Page 16 of 19
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However there is a broken stowage (wastage of space) usable space is only therefore.
Capacity= 44,000 /12 x (100% - 15%)
= 44,000/12 x 85%
Capacity = 3116.67

Capacity = 3116 cases

 given the maximum permissible loading of a tween-deck, calculate the maximum height to which cargo of stated
stowage factor can be loaded

Example:
The dimension of tween deck which gave a bale capacity of 780 cubic meter are 13m x 10m x 6m. this space to filled
with 220Tons of cotton bales(S.F. 2.34 cubic meter/Ton and B.S. 7.5%. Find the height available for loading.

Solution:

S.F of cotton bales corrected for BS = 2.34 + 7.5% of 2.34 = 2.5155 cubic meter/ton

Volume occupied by cotton bales =

S.F. x Weight
2.5155 cu.mtr/Tons. x 220 Tons = 553.41cu.mtr

Height occupied by cotton bale

= volume occupied by cotton bale/Area of cargo hold

553.41
13 x 10
= 4.257m
Total height of Tween deck = 6 meters
Height occupied by cotton bale = 4.257meter
Remaining height for = 1.743meters
loading

 Given the maximum permissible loading and height of a tween-deck, and the stowage factors of two commodities,
calculates the depth of each required to fill the space at the maximum permitted deck loading

Example:
A hold 8m x 6m x 6m is to be filled with steel pipes (S.F. 1.06 cu.mtr./ton) and paint drums (S.F. 1.85 cu.mtr./ton). If
the load density of the tank top is 320 Ton/sq.mtr.
Up to what height should the steel be loaded so that the hold is filled without exceeding the load density.

Solution:
Cargo hold volume – 8m x 6m x 4m
Load density= 3.20 ton/cu.mtr
Cargo hold area = 8m x 6m = 48 cu/mtr.
Max cargo that can be loaded = 3.20 ton/sq.mtr X 48 sq. mtr = 153.6 tons

Let steel pipe weight = x

Let paint drums weight = y
Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)
Rev.03 Page 17 of 19
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x + y = 153.6 tons

x. SF + y. SF = 192cu.mtr
1.06x + 1.85y = 192 cu.mtr.

1.06 x (w+y = 153.6)

1.06x +1.85y = 192 cu.mtr.
1.06x + 1.06y = 162.82 cu.mtr.
0.79y = 29.18
y= 36.9 tons or 37 tons

x + y =153.6
x = 153.6 tons – y
x = 153.6 tons -37 tons
x = 116.6tons or 117 tons
volume occupied by steel pipes
116.6 x 1.06 = 123.60 cu.mtr.

Height up to which steel pipe can be loaded

Volume occupied by steel pipes
= area of cargo hold

123.60
8x6
= 2.57 meters

EVALUATE

1. What is the importance of safety checklist list in entering an enclosed space?

2. What is the purpose of risk assessment prior to entering an enclosed space? Is it necessary?
3. What is the purpose of ventilation of an enclosed space when there is operation?
4. What are the protective equipment? How it protects the wearer?
5. What is broken stowage? What its effect on loading of cargo?

Solve for the following:

1. You must load as much as a large shipment goods as possible into a hold which has 35,000 cu.ft. of space.
Each can measures 2 ft x 2.5 ft x 4ft and weighs 448 lbs. if you allowed for a broken stowage of 15% . How
many long tons can be loaded?
2. Forty tons of general cargo is to be loaded into a space containing 6500 cubic feet with a stowage factor of 40
cubic feet per ton with a broken stowage 5 per cent. Loaded. What is the space remaining?
3. You are loading a cargo of cases into a hold which has a bale cubic of 48,000. The cargo consists of cases
measuring 4ft. x 2 ft x 1.5 ft. Estimated broken stowage is 10%. What is the maximum number of cases which
can be stowed in the hold?
4. The dimension of tween deck which gave a bale capacity of 780 cubic meter are 13m x 10m x 6m. This space
to filled with 200Tons of cotton bales (S.F. 2.34 cubic meter/Ton and B.S. 5%. Find the height available for
loading.

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 18 of 19
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5. A hold 8m x 6m x 6m is to be filled with steel pipes (S.F. 1.03 cu.mtr./ton) and paint drums (S.F. 1.75
cu.mtr./ton). If the load density of the tank top is 450 Ton/sq.mtr. Up to what height should the steel be
loaded so that the hold is filled without exceeding the load density?

EXTEND

1. Why is it necessary for an enclosed space to be repeatedly check even it has already been checked?
2. What do you think is the best preventions to avoid accidents in entering an enclosed space?

Submit or upload your answers in EDMODO

References:

https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/occ_hygiene/occ_exposure_limits.html
https://www.iims.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-Masters-Guide-to-Enclosed-Space-Entry.pdf
https://www.isgintt.org/files/documents/Chapter_10en_isgintt_062010.pdf
https://safety4sea.com/permits-to-work-a-seafarers-friend/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowage_factor
https://knowledgeofsea.com/cargo-calculation-work/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1e6BzM5m-0

Revision Status:

MOD SEA 203C(7)

Rev.: 01-01102022

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 203C(Module 7)

Rev.03 Page 19 of 19
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Copyright © 2022 PNTC Colleges, All rights reserved.
When printed, this document is uncontrolled unless properly identified as controlled