Simulation of Faults in Long Transmission line
using MATLAB Simulink
EE- 499: Major Project - 2
Under the Guidance of K.Rajagopala, Associate Professor, NITK
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
by
Chandan G Krishna (17EE113)
Shashwath Bhandary (17EE139)
Tarun Varma K (17EE247)
Kondeti Chaitanya (17EE122)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY KARNATAKA,
SURATHKAL, SRINIVASNAGAR-575025, INDIA.
April, 2021
CONTENTS
Title Page Number
Declaration 3
4
Acknowledgement
Abstract 5
Introduction 6
Importance of fault detection 8 to 10
Theoretical Background 10 to 14
About MATLAB simulink 15
Methodology 16-21
Simulation 21-24
Results 25-29
Conclusion and Bibliography 30 -31
2
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the Minor Project Report entitled Simulation of
fault in Transmission line using MATLAB Simulink which is being
submitted to the National Institute of Technology Karnataka,
Surathkal in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, in
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering is a
bonafide report of the project work carried out by us. The material
contained in this report has not been submitted to any University or
Institution for the award of any degree.
Names:
Chandan G Krishna-(17EE113)
Shashwath Bhandary-(17EE139)
Tarun Varma k-(17EE247)
Kondeti Chaitanya-(17EE122)
Date: 20/04/2021
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Mr. K Rajagopala, Associate
Professor, Electrical and Electronics Engineering for the
project and providing us with an opportunity to research and
gain extensive knowledge in our project topic. This project
gave us a platform to hone our research skills, to gain vast
scientific knowledge in the field and to contribute useful
research to the scientific community and the society in
general. It helped us exercise and master all the skills that
we learnt in our journey towards becoming an able and
skilled electrical engineer. We would also like to thank the
ancillary staff of our department and the PhD students for
their help, assistance and constant support. We would also
like to thank the department and the institute for providing
us with the facilities and opportunities for conducting our
research.
4
ABSTRACT
Now-a-days the demand of electricity or power are
increases day by day this results to transmits more power by
increasing the transmission line capacity from one place to
the other place. But during the transmission some faults are
occurred in the system, such as L-L fault (line to line), 1L-G
fault (single line to ground) and 2L- G fault (double line to
ground). These faults affect the power system equipments
which are connected to it. The main aim of this paper is to
study or analysis of various faults and also identifies the
effect of the fault in transmission line along with bus system
which is connected to transmission line. This paper
approaches to the MATLAB software in which transmission
line model is designed and various faults will be occurred by
using fault tool box which has discussed above. After that,
various effects on bus system due to different faults are
shown such as voltage, current, power along with the
positive, negative and zero sequence components of voltage
and current output in terms of waveforms.
5
INTRODUCTION
When different types of fault occurs in power system then in the
process of transmission line fault analysis, determination of bus
voltage and the rms line current are possible. While consulting with
the power system the terms bus voltage and rms current of line are
very important. In case of three phase power system mainly two
faults occurs, three phase balance fault and unbalance fault on
transmission line of power system, such as line to ground fault,
double line to ground fault and double line fault. The transmission
line fault analysis helps to select and develop a better for protection
purpose. For the protection of transmission line we place the circuit
breakers and its rating is depends on triple line fault. The reason
behind is that the triple line fault current is very high as compare to
other fault current. Hence by using MATLAB simulation in computer,
the analysis of transmission line fault can be easily carried out. The
main purpose of this paper is to study the general fault types which
are balance and unbalance faults of transmission line in the power
system. Also to perform the analysis and obtain the result of various
parameters (voltage, current, power etc) from simulation on those
types of fault using MATLAB [6].
A new modeling framework for analysis and simulation of unbalance
fault in power system is procedure includes the frequency
information in dynamical models and produces approximate non-
linear models that are well adopted for analysis and simulation [4].
The transformer model includes saturation. The parameters have
been obtained from practical or experimental measurements. From
the study it is seen that sags can produce transformer saturation
when voltage recovers. This leads to produce an inrush current that
is similar to inrush current produced during the transformer
energizing. The study point out that the voltage recovery instant can
take only discrete value, since the fault-clearing is produced in case
of natural current zeroes[1]. The instant of voltage recovery
6
corresponds to the instant of fault clearing. For phase to phase fault
and single phase fault, a single point-on-wave of voltage recovery
can be defined. On the other hand for two-phase- to-ground and
three-phase fault, the recovery takes place in two or three steps[2].
In petrochemical industry, the grounding and ground fault
protection are very important factors. For that first it is important to
have the proper system grounding for the particular system
application, and along with this it is equally important to have the
proper protection against the ground-fault [3].
7
IMPORTANCE OF FAULT DETECTION
The fault reduces the insulation strength between phase conductors and
earth or any earthed screen surrounding the conductors. It also reduces the
impedance (property of circuit to oppose the flow of current) between the
conductors and earth due to which the heavy short circuit current flows
through the system and damage the power system equipment.
The probability of the failure or occurrence of abnormal faults is more on the
transmission lines. About one-half of the fault occurs on the power system is
the transmission line fault. Because transmission lines are broadly branched,
have a greater length, operate under variable weather conditions and are
subjected to the action of atmospheric disturbances of an electrical nature.
According to the causes of incidence, the causes of failures may be classified,
as mentioned below;
• Breakdown due to insulation may occur at normal voltage due to the
decline or ageing of the insulation, and the damages are caused by
the unpredictable happening such as blowing of heavy winds, tree
falling across the line, vehicles colliding with the towers or poles,
bird shorting out lines, aircraft colliding with the line, line breaks
etc.,
• The breakdown may occur due to abnormal voltages caused by
switching surges or lightning strokes which may be either direct or
induced.
The line and insulation apparatus may also be damaged due to the transient
overvoltage which is generated in the switching operation. During the
switching operation, the voltage rises at a rapid rate and may achieve a peak
value approaching three-time phase to neutral voltage. Hence the higher
insulation level is provided for protecting the equipment from damage.
The fault can be minimised by improving the system design, better quality of
the equipment and maintenance. But the fault cannot be eliminated
completely
8
TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT
A fault in an electric power system can be defined as , any
abnormal condition of the system that involves the electrical
failure of the equipment, such as , transformers, generators,
busbars, etc.
The fault inception also involves in insulation failures and
conducting path failures which results short circuit and open
circuit of conductors.
Under normal or safe operating conditions, the electric
equipments in a power system network operate at normal
voltage and current ratings. Once the fault takes place in a
circuit or device, voltage and current values deviates from
their nominal ranges.
The faults in power system causes over current, under
voltage, unbalance of the phases, reversed power and high
voltage surges. This results in the interruption of the normal
operation of the network, failure of equipments, electrical
fires, etc.
Usually power system networks are protected with switchgear
protection equipments such as circuit breakers and relays in
order to limit the loss of service due to the electrical failures.
The fault in the power system is mainly categorised into
two types:
1. Open Circuit Fault
2. Short Circuit Fault.
9
1. Open Circuit Fault
The open circuit fault mainly occurs because of the failure of one or
two conductors. The open circuit fault takes place in series with the
line, and because of this, it is also called the series fault. Such types of
faults affect the reliability of the system. The open circuit fault is
categorised as
• Open Conductor Fault
• Two conductors Open Fault
• Three conductors Open Fault.
The open circuit fault is shown in the figure below.
10
Symmetrical Fault
The faults which involve all the three phases is known as the
symmetrical fault. Such types of fault remain balanced even after the
fault. The symmetrical faults mainly occur at the terminal of the
generators. The fault on the system may arise on account of the
resistance of the arc between the conductors or due to the lower
footing resistance. The symmetrical fault is sub-categorized into line-
to-line-to-line fault and three-phase line-to-ground-fault
a. Line – Line – Line Fault (L-L-L)
Such types of faults are balanced, i.e., the system remains
symmetrical even after the fault. The L – L – L fault occurs
rarely, but it is the most severe type of fault which involves the
largest current. This large current is used for determining the
rating of the circuit breaker.
b. L – L – L – G (Three-phase line to the ground fault)
The three-phase line to ground fault includes all the three
phase of the system. The L – L – L – G fault occurs between the
three phases and the ground of the system. The probability of
occurrence of such type of fault is nearly 2 to 3 percent.
11
Unsymmetrical Fault
The fault gives rise to unsymmetrical current, i.e., current differing in
magnitude and phases in the three phases of the power system are
known as the unsymmetrical fault. It is also defined as the fault
which involves the one or two phases such as L- G, L – L, L – L – G
fault. The unsymmetrical makes the system unbalanced. It is mainly
classified into three types. They are
1. Single Line-to-ground (L – G) Fault
2. Line-to-Line Fault (L – L)
3. Double Line-to-ground (L – L – G) Fault
The unsymmetrical fault is the most common types of fault occur in
the power system.
1. Single Line-to-Line Ground (L-G)
The single line of ground fault occurs when one conductor falls
to the ground or contact the neutral conductor. The 70 – 80
percent of the fault in the power system is the single line-to-
ground fault.
12
2. Line – to – Line Fault (L-L)
A line-to-line fault occurs when two conductors are short
circuited. The major cause of this type of fault is the heavy
wind. The heavy wind swinging the line conductors which may
touch together and hence cause short-circuit. The percentage of
such type of faults is approximately 15 – 20%.
13
3. Double Line – to – line Ground Fault (L-L-G)
In double line-to-ground fault, the two lines come in contact
with each other along with the ground. The probability of such
types of faults is nearly 10 %.
The symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault mainly occurs in the
terminal of the generator, and the open circuit and short circuit fault
occur on the transmission line.
The frequency of occurrence of the single line to ground fault is more
in the three phase system followed by the L-L fault, 2L-G fault and
three phase fault. During electrical storms these types of fault are
occurs which may results to insulator flashover and ultimately affect
the power system[4].To study and analyze the unsymmetrical fault in
MATLAB there is a need of develop a network of positive, negative
and zero sequence. In this paper us analysis positive, negative and
zero sequence voltage and current of buses at different fault
situation. In addition to this we analyze the active and reactive power
and rms bus current and voltage of the system at various fault
condition.
14
MATLAB SIMULINK
Simulink, an add-on product to MATLAB, provides an interactive,
graphical environment for modeling, simulating, and analyzing of
dynamic systems. It enables rapid construction of virtual
prototypes to explore design concepts at any level of detail with
minimal effort. For modeling, Simulink provides a graphical user
interface (GUI) for building models as block diagrams. It includes
a comprehensive library of predefined blocks to be used to
construct graphical models of systems using drag-and-drop mouse
operations. The user is able to produce an “up-and-running” model
that would otherwise require hours to build in the laboratory
environment. It supports linear and nonlinear systems, modeled in
continuous-time, sampled time, or hybrid of the two. Since
students learn efficiently with frequent feedback, the interactive
nature of Simulink encourages you to try things out, you can
change parameters “on the fly” and immediately see what happens,
for “what if” exploration. Lastly, and not the least, Simulink is
integrated with MATLAB and data can be easily shared between
the programs.
15
METHODOLOGY
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical
computing environment and fourth-generation programming
language developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix
manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of
algorithms, certain of user interfaces and interfacing with programs
written in other languages. Although MATLAB is intended primarily
for numerical computing an optional tool box uses the MuPAD
symbolic computing capabilities. An additional package, simulink,
adds graphical multi-domain simulation and model-based design for
dynamic and embedded system. MATLAB users come from various
backgrounds of engineering, science and economics. MATLAB is
widely used in academic and research institutions as well as
industrial enterprises. Also MATLAB gives an attractive environment
with hundreds of reliable and accurate built-in functions. MATLAB
family work together with simulink software to model electrical,
mechanical and control systems[1]. In order to study and analyze the
transmission line fault following circuit arrangement are used which
is shown in figure (a). In figure (a) two three phase sources of rating
100MVA, 13.8KV, 50Hz are connected. These two sources are
connected to two transformers of rating 1000MVA, 13.8/500KV and
1000MVA, 500/13.8KV as
shown in figure (a). In between the two transformer bus system are
connected. Also the resistive load is connected between bus 2 and
bus 3, and fault is created near bus 2. The period for creation of fault
is of 0.1 to 0.4 second. Also, three transmission lines are used in
which one is of 100Km long and another two transmission lines
having distance 50Km.
When we created 1L-G fault near bus 2 then voltage of phase across
bus 2 becomes zero as shown in figure (b) and positive sequence
voltage of bus 2 becomes low at 10KV and negative sequence of
voltage become high to 5*104 Volt as shown in figure (c). Active and
reactive power across bus 2 becomes varies between 0.7 to 1.7MW
16
and - 1.3 to 1.3VAR as shown in figure (d).
When 2L-G fault is created near bus 2 then the phase A and phase B
voltage across bus 2 becomes zero as shown in figure (e) and positive
and negative sequence component of voltage across this bus
becomes decreases and increases to 5KV respectively. Active and
reactive power of bus 2 become varies from 0 to 1MW and from -1.5
to 1 VAR respectively as shown in figure (f).
Similarly, 2L fault is created then two phase namely A and B voltage
varies near zero and positive sequence component of voltage across
bus 2 becomes constant at 1.5MV as shown in figure (g) and power
across bus 2 is lies at 17MW as shown in figure (h).
CIRCUIT MODEL
Figure (a) :- Model For Transmission Line Fault Analysis.
17
FAULT ANYLASIS METHOD
Figure (b):- When L-G fault Figure (e):- When 2L-G Fault Is Created,
created, three phase Three Phase
Voltage and current Voltage And Current
waveforms across bus 2. Waveforms Across Bus 2.
Figure (b):- When L-G fault created, three phase
18
Voltage and current waveforms across bus 2.
Figure (f):- When 2L-G Fault Is Created, Three Phase Sequence
Component Of Voltage Waveform Across Bus 2.
Figure (c):- Three Phase Sequence Component of Voltage Wave Form
19
Figure (g):- When 2L-G Fault Is Created,
Instantaneous Active And Reactive Power Waveforms Across Bus 2.
Figure (d):- When L-G Fault Is Created, Instantaneous
20
Active and Reactive Power Waveforms Across Bus 2.
A MATLAB/GUI based simulation tool for fault calculations has been
developed. The flowchart of the developed interface is shown below.
21
SIMULATION OF EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT
A faulted EHV transmission line in electrical power system as shown in
figure below. A 440 KV extra high voltage transmission line system has
been modelling and simulated to detection.
The long transmission line system consist of one generators
of 440Kv is located on long transmission line are three phase simulator
used to simulate faults at mid position on extra
high-voltage transmission line. The faulted on EHV transmission line is
represented by distributed parameters. As an application of 300 Km
EHV transmission line with the parameter of the transmission line
simulation diagram shown below.
In the below figure, three phases (V-I) measurement blocks is used to
measure V & I sample at source end.
22
23
THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS ON TRANSMISSION LINE USING
SIMULINK
24
SIMULATION RESULTS :
1. Without any faults
Voltage and Current waveform of healthy network in P.U.
2. L-G Fault
Output voltage and current waveform Single line to ground in P.U.
25
3. L-L-G
Output voltage and current waveform Double line to ground
4. L-L-L-G
Output voltage and current waveform Triple line to ground in P.U.
26
5. Single line to Ground fault at input side
L-G Fault waveform of current at input side in P.U.
6. Double Line to Ground Fault at Input side
LL-G Fault waveform of current at input side in P.U.
27
7. Triple Line to Ground Fault at Input side
LLL-G Fault waveform of current at input side in P.U.
8. L-G Fault Location
Fault Current waveform of L-G fault location
28
9. 2L-G Fault Location
Fault Current waveform of 2L-G fault Location
10. 3L-G Fault Location
29
CONCLUSION
The simulation and analysis of three phase fault to achieve results of
the transmission line parameter is convenient by using MATLAB
software. In this paper simulation of three phase transmission line
fault analysis system is proposed. Single Line to Ground fault, Double
Line fault etc in transmission line is simulated in this paper. This
system opens the way to redesign the bus system of the power
system according to its results.
30
REFERENCES
[1] Joaquin Pedra,Luis Sainz, Felipe Corcoles and Luis Guasch, “Symmetical
and Unsymmetrical voltage sag effect on three phase transformer”, IEEE
trans. Power delivery, vol.20,p.p. 1683- 1691, April 2005.
[2] Math H.J. Bollen,”Voltage recovery after unbalanced and balanced
voltage dips in three phase system”, IEEE tans. Power delivery, vol.18, p.p.
1376-1381, Oct.2003.
[3] Jhon P. Nelson, fellow,”System grounding and ground fault protection in
the petrochemical industry: A need for a better understanding”, IEEE
transaction on industry applications, vol.38, p.p.1633-1640, Nov. /Dec.
2002.
[4] M. Stankovic and Timur Aydin,”Analysis of asymmetrical fault in power
system using dynamic phasor”, IEEE transactions on power system,
vol.15, p.p. 1062-1068, August 2000.
[5] Gerard us C.Paap,”Symmetrical component in the time domain and their
application to power network calculation,” IEEE Transaction on Power
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[6] Manju, Sooraj Maharana, Chandrakant Sharma,” Fault Analysis of
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