CS 898T Mobile and Wireless Networks - Homework 2 - Name:_________________

Assigned: Wednesday, June 22

Due: Wednesday, July 6 (in class)
Please show all work on a separate sheet attached to this sheet.
For each question write key points.

1. 1) (3 points) Describe the problems when CSMA/CD is applied to

wireless networks.
2) (6 points) Describe how CSMA/CA solve the above problems.
Ans: 1) Two problems occur:
o Hidden and exposed terminals - Carrier sensing may fail to detect
another terminal or dectect a terminal outside the interference
range.
o Near and far terminals - The local signal might drown out the remote
transmission.
2) When a station is ready for transmission, it sends a request to send
(RTS) frame to the receiver and waits to receive a clear to send (CTS)
frame from the receiver. As a result, all stations within the range
will refrain from transmitting a data frame. Once CTS is received, the
sender can send packets. In this way, the CTS frame can be heard by
the hidden terminals and the medium for future use by other sending
terminal is reserved. The exposed terminal won't react to RTS and
doesn't receive CTS because the exposed terminal is not the receiver.
The near and far terminals could be solved in the similar way.

2. 1) (3 points) What is FHSS? Which 802.11 standard uses it?

2) (3 points) What is DSSS? Which 802.11 standard uses it?
3) (3 points) What is OFDM? Which 802.11 standard uses it?

Ans: 1) Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is a transmission technology

used in wireless transmissions where the data signal is modulated with
a narrowband carrier signal that "hops" in a random but predictable
sequence from frequency to frequency as a function of time over a
wide band of frequencies. The signal energy is spread in time domain
rather than chopping each bit into small pieces in the frequency
domain. This technique reduces interference because a signal from a
narrowband system will only affect the spread spectrum signal if both
are transmitting at the same frequency at the same time. If
synchronized properly, a single logical channel is maintained.
In the original 802.11 standard released in 1997, FHSS is used.
2) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is a transmission technology
used in wireless transmissions where a data signal at the sending
station is combined with a higher data rate bit sequence, or chipping
sequence (code), that divides the user data according to a spreading
factor (ratio). The chipping code is a redundant bit pattern for each
bit that is transmitted, which increases the signal's resistance to
interference. If one or more bits in the pattern are damaged during
transmission, the original data can be recovered due to the redundancy
of the transmission.
 The original 802.11 standard released in 1997 and 802.11b use DSSS.
3) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, an FDM modulation
technique for transmitting large amounts of digital data over a radio
wave. OFDM works by splitting the radio signal into multiple smaller
sub-signals that are then transmitted simultaneously at different
frequencies to the receiver
802.11a and 802.11g use OFDM.

3. 1) (3 points) How does freqency reuse enhance celluar network

capacity?
2) (2 points) Besides the number of users, what other major factor
influences the decision on cluster size?
3) (3 points) A celluar system uses frequency spectrum 1800 MHz
to 1840 MHz for uplink channels and 1860 MHz to 1900 MHz for
downlink channels respectively. Each channel takes 200 KHz
and can be shared by 8 users. Each user needs one uplink and
one downlink channel. How many users can be supported without
frequency resue in this celluar system?
Ans: 1) In the cellular model, adjacent cells have different frequencies
and thus frequency reuse is possible without causing interference.
This enables the same frequencies to be reused across different
cells, separated by the resue distance.
2) It is observed that the number of users supported decreased
with increase in cluster size. But the reuse distance is smaller
for lower cluster size, and hence interference is higher. Hence,
interference should also be considered in determining the optimal
cluster size.
3) There are (1840 - 1800)/0.2 = 200 uplink channels and
(1900 - 1860)/0.2 = 200 downlink channels.
200 x 8 = 1600 users

4. 1) (3 points) Consider an area of 3600 square Km covered by a

cellular network. If each user requires 20 KHz for communcation,
and the total available spectrum is 60 MHz, how many users can
be supported without frequency reuse?
2) (4 points) If cells of area 36 square Km are used, how many users
can be supported with cluster sizes of 3 and 7?
Ans: 1) 60 MHz /0.02 MHz = 3000 users
2) Total number of cells is 3600/36 = 100 cells
o In the cluster size of 3 each cell 3000/3 = 1000 users.
The total number of users are 100 x 1000 = 100,000 users.
o In the cluster size of 7 each cell 3000/7 users.
The total number of users are 3000/7 x 1000 = 42857 users.

5. 1) (2 points) What is a good code for CDMA?

2) (6 points) Consider a sender A wants to send the data bit 1 with
key = 100101 and a sender B wants to send the data bit 0 with
key = 010110. Assume we code a binary 0 as -1, a binary 1 as +1.
Both signals are transmitted at the same time. The noise to
the transmitted signal is (0, +1, -1, 0, 0, -1).
a) What signal is received by a receiver?
b) What can the receiver detect for sender A and B respectively?
Ans: 1) A good code for CDMA should have a good autocorrelation and should be
orthogonal to other codes.
2) As = +1 * (+1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1) = (+1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1)
Bs = -1 * (-1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1) = (+1, -1, +1, -1, -1, +1)
S = As + Bs + N = (+2, -2, 0, 0, -2, +2) + (0, +1, -1, 0, 0, -1)
= (+2, -1, -1, 0, -2, +1)
Ar = (+2, -1, -1, 0, -2, +1) * (+1, -1, -1, +1, -1, +1)
= 2 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 7 > 0 => 1
Br = (+2, -1, -1, 0, -2, +1) * (-1, +1, -1, +1, +1, -1)
= -2 - 1 + 1 + 0 - 2 - 1 = -5 < 0 => 0
a) (+2, -1, -1, 0, -2, +1) is received by a receiver.
b) The data sent by A can be recognized as 1.
The data sent by B can be recognized as 0.

6. 1) (3 points) List three different 3G mobile systems and indicate

the service provider and in which countries or areas they are
deployed.
2) (6 points) Survey at least three 3G mobile phones.
a) Find which 3G mobile phone systems they can work with?
b) Find which operating system they are using?
Ans: 1) o W-CDMA (FOMA) is provided by NTT DoCoMo in Japan.
o TD-SCDMA is provided by China Telecom, China Mobile, or China Unicom
in China.
o CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is provided by Verizon Wireless and Sprint PCS
in North America.
CDMA2000 1xEV-DV is provided by Sprint PCS in in North America.
Refer to the pages such as http://www.3gnewsroom.com/.
2) Motorola A1000: W-CDMA, Symbian
Nokia 7600: W-CDMA, Symbian
LG 8120: W-CDMA, Symbian
Refer to the pages such as
http://www.3gnewsroom.com/3g_mobile_phone_review/index.php.