UNIT I

OPERATING SYSTEM

3.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF OS

Operating system is a resource allocator
Manages al resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use
Operating system is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer resources.

3.1.1 INTRODUCTIONN
An Operating System is an intermediate program between user and computer hardware. OR Operating system
is software that manages computer hardware. OS provides common services for efficient execution of application
software.
USER

APPLICATION

OPERATING SYSTEM

HARDWARE

Components of Computer System

45
C46 Introducti o T Sy
An operating system is also view as a resource allocator because it allocates different re.
time, Memory sp esourcess S
s p a c e , file, s t o r a g e s p a c e , 1/0. o S perform basie t a s k s s u c h a s r e c e i v i n g i n p u t from
output to the dispia
for screen,
security for exxample: - Password.
controlling peripheral devices such a s disk drivers,
printers. Os Doarpoaré, e
alsc resp
p O S e : The main purpose of operating systerm is to provide environment so user can exee
2cute
Y Goals : The Primar? goal of operating system is to makes computer system ro
program
3.12 NEED OF OS : enient to
Operating System enables the u s e r to design the application without concerning the
internal structure.
User does not need to worry about different resources like CPU,
details of w
the
and mary more. Memory, disk space, omo
/o de
Following need of operating
are
system.
An
operating system also views a s a resource allocator. It allocates different
resources to sso.
Easy interaction between the human & computer hardware. prog
Starting computer operation automatically when power in turned o n .
Controlling input and output devices.
Controlling program execution.
Providing security to user program.
Loading and scheduling u s e r program.
Easy interaction between user and computer hardware.
Managing use of main
nemory
Providing security to users program.
3.1.3 FUNCTIONS OF OS :

The main functions

perform by Operating System are as follow: -

1. Process Management The

: process management module of
and deletion of
processes, scheduling of various
an
Operating System takes care o
them and providing mechanism for system resources to the different
synchronization &
processes
2. Memory Management: communication among proces
The memory
allocation & reallocation management module of
of memory
space to the various
an
Operating System emE
3 File Management programs according to T
Computer use a lot of data &
:

devices. File nmanagement functions of a n programs, which are, stored on

& maintaining the Operating System involves keeping track o ifiere
integrity of data stored in the
files including file directtory
a
Security : The security modules of a n struc
system against destruction & Operating System protect the resources & fa co

unauthorized access. informa

5 Command interpretation : The Command kes

interpreting of user commands & Interpretation module of an Operating

of interaction with the directing the system
resources to
with t"
system, the user is handle the reqth the hardw
of the system. usually does not too concerned w'
6. Input/output or Device
Management levic
dev
important function of the
:
Coordination &
control of various input &
output
Operating System. This involves inpu est
inter

communicating back to the

requesting receiving the reque
for / 0
process.
 Operating System 7
7. Job Control: When the user wants to run an application program, he must communicate With the

Operating System telling it what to do. He does this using Operating System job control language or
JCL. JCL consists of a number of Operating Systems commands, called system commands that control
the functioning of the Operating System.

3.1.4 SERVvICES OF OS
An Operating System provides services to both the users and programs.
Following are a few common services
provided by an operating system
1. Program execution
2. /o operations
3. File System manipulation
4. Communication
5. Error Detection

6. Resource Allocation
7. Protection

1 Program execution:
The purpose of computer systems is to allow the user to execute programs. So the operating system provides
an environment where the user can conveniently run programs. The user does not have to worry about the memory
allocation or multitasking or anything. These things are taken care of by the operating systems.

Running a program involves the allocating and de-allocating memory, CPU scheduling. These functions cannot
be given to the user-level programs. So user-level programs cannot help the user to run programs independently
without the help from operating systems.

Source File Compiler Object File Linker Executable File Processor User Screen
:

Sarple.C Sample 0D1

U Sanple.ee Output

List of Erors

Header Files

Program execution process for C program

2. 1/0 operations

Each program requires an input and produces output. This involves the use of
i/0. The operating systems
hides the user the details of underlying hardware for the iy0. so
operating system makes it convenient for the
users to run
programs.
For efficiency users cannot directly control the iyo devices.
and protection, Therefore, the OS controls these
Vo devices and provides to program as per requirement.
48 Introduction to T
Syate
3.
File-system manipulation
Operating system gives the permission to the program for operation on file. This permission varies from
onl, read-write, denied and so on. The Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/deleteread
and directories. The
Operating System provides an interface to create the backup of file system
4. Communications:

in computer system, One process needs to communicate with other process for exchange of informatir.
Processes executing on same computer system or on different computer systems can communicate using
System support.
operatin
Communication between two processes can be done using shared memory or via message
passing
5.
Error detection
An error may occur in
CPU, in 1/0 devices, in the memory hardware or in the user program. Following an=
the major activities of an operating system with respect to error handling
The OS constantly checks for possible errors.

The OS takes an appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing.

ERROR
error detection

6. Resource Allocation

In computing, resource allocation is necessary for any application to be run on the system. When the us
opens any program this will be counted as a process, and therefore requires the computer to allocate certa
resources for it to be able to run. Resources can be CPU cycles, main memory storage, file storage and 1/0 devic

7. Accounting
Operating system keeps track of all the functions of a computer system. Hence, it makes a record of
the activities taking place on the system. It has an account of all the information about the memory, resourc
errors, etc. Therefore, this information can be used as and when required.

3.2 TYPES OF OPRATING STSTEM

Operating system can be divided into following types
1. Batch Operating System
2. Multitasking/ Time sharing OS.
3. Multiprocessing OS

4. Real Time OS
5. Distributed OS
6. Network OS

7. Mobile Os
Operating System J49
3.2.1 BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM:

A batch is a sequence of user jobs grouped for the purpose of processing.

Batch operating system worked in following manner
Batch OS was very simple and resident in main memory
Programmers were prepared a job & submit it to operator in a device called punch card. Job caonsist
program, data & some control information.
Operator sorts jobs into batches which have similar requirements
Jobs run in batches and after some time output appeared.
&
As shown in below figure 1 memory is divided in two parts. It is shared between the operating system
the job. At a time, one job is selected out of the batch of jobs & is loaded into memory for execution. Once
will
its execution completes, another job will be selected & loaded into memory for execution; this procedure
continue until all the jobs in a batch get executed.

In the Batch OS, Users don't interact with computer directly.

JOB
user) job JoD batch

INPUT User job

opeiilor
(user job
OS
- job
Sobs batch
(User
Batch Operating System Batch Operating System

Advantages
Similar jobs can execute faster without user interaction

Batch system can share with multiple users.

Operator can assign specific time to the batch jobs so, when the computer is idle it starts processing

the batch jobs.

Disadvantages
Low throughput CPU remain idle when l/0 is going n.

Programmers Users do not directly interact with job.

If error is occur in one job then other jobs has to wait for unknown time.

Operation was time consuming.

3.2.2 MULTITASKING OS / TIME SHARING OS:

A time sharing OS in which each program is given some time to execute. User feels that all the system resources
are available to him/her while his/her program is executing. Each process run for specific time is known as time

slice. It is also referred as a multitasking system.

in time sharing system, each program gets a small time slice (time) for running and returning back quickly
so, that he never feels lack of continuity. User can execute more than one program at a time. For example:-MS-
Word for document preparation, vLC player to play songs. Both tasks can perform simultaneously.

Introduction to IT Systems / 20211 7

 S

50 and
r e s o u r t e
utilization.

resources
are
available to him only.
Advantages t h r o u g h p u t

c o m p u t e r

Improvement
in syste that
entire

user
each
illusion to
an
It gives
OS.
special
needs
Disadvantages so,
it
resource
and applications
It
consumes
many

hardware
is requiring there
are
lot of
useers
running
as
specification
tough
High becomes

Switching between pro

programs

system.
may hang up the
one
computer uter sysi
system ther
within
MULTIPROCESSING
OS :
be used processing OS.
can
3.2.3 CPU's used multipr«
one
more
than widely
when most
operating
systems,
one of the among
be divided among muitipe ,
n UNIX is program
can
system.
that a
Multiprocessing
operating other so, collected aand
n o compiled to giw e
with each CPUS are
from all
i n t e r c o n n e c t e d

Multiple CPUs
are
finishes,
results
other system
resources among theng
res

a prog also share

execution. When and they may
for faster main memory

needed to share
time.
same
result. Program at a
programs
run multiple CPU 2
used to
Muitiple CPUs Mn
Menoy
CPU 1

Piocusor

Procusor

o Units

IO Unt

mutiprocessor system
Working of

Advantages:
distributed among
several processors. ins
Processing tasks Program is or
for compeo
Increased reliability: another processor
fails; the task can be given to
reliability as if
one processor tE
can be
done in lesS
of CPUs, m o r e work
more number
Increased throughout: Due to
devices, peripherals
and power su
economy of Scale: This OS share secondary storage
The
are relatively
cheaper than single-processor systems.

Disadvantages or
as it takes care
Operating system of multiprocessingi more complex and sophisticated
time.
at the same

systems
Types of multiprocessing 3.2

Symmetrical multiprocessing operating system

Asymmetric multiprocessing operating system ia

0S
3.24 REAL TIME
An OS which is designed for real time application is known as real time OS. Reai time
to process input data in specie ume duration. Time is key parameter in this type of O
echeduling algorithm in order to provide the real time application.
Operating System
The main objective of real-time operating
systems is their
J51
For example: home automation, air traffic quick and predictable response to events.
control system, industrial robot, air defense
Advantages: system etc...
Best memory allocation
Maximum utilization of resources.
Disadvantages
Limited task
Use heavy system resources
It very expressive

Complex algorithm used to create this

type of OS
3.2.5 DISTRIBUTED OS:
An
operating system that manages a group of
makes them appear to be a
independent computers via single communication channel and
single computer is known as a distributed
networked computers that could be linked and operating system. The development of
communicate with each other. Distributed
processors to serve multiple real-time applications and users. systems use many central
As a result, data
between the processors. processing jobs are distributed
Furthermore, each of these systems has its own
processor and memory. Additionally, these CPUs communicate
high-speed buses or telephone lines. This operating system consists
via
of many computers, nodes, and sites
together via LAN/WAN lines. joined
Types of Distributed Operating System
Client-Server Systems
Peer-to-Peer Systems
Middleware
Three-tier
N-tier
Advantages
It shares all resources
(computers, disk, CPU, network interface and etc..) from one location to another
location that increase data availability across the entire
system.
The entire system operates independently and as a result, if one site crashes, the entire system does
not stop.

Speed of data exchange also increases from one site to another site.
Data processing time is also reduced.

Disadvantages
It is difficult to implement security in DOS.

Database connected in DoS is complicated and hard to manage.

a

These systems aren't widely available because they're thought to be too

expensive.
3.2.6 NETWORK OS
An Operating system, which usesprotocols and software's to communicate with other
via a
network, is called Network computers independent
Operating System. It allowS
devices like a printers,
disk, etc.. shared between
connected computers. Each individual computer that is part of the Network has their
operating system, and the
Network Operating System resides on the top of the individual computer.
 Introd on to T
52 rile and
allow shared file. printer
The basic purpose of the network operating system
is to
and a private
network or to n access among
(LAN),
computers in
Operatinge
a network, typically
>ystem runs on a server
a local
and
area
network

gives the
server the
capabiInty to manage users
networks.o
applications, and other networking functions. Mac OS X, Microsoft
Nindows Serve
LINUX, .
systems
include UNIX,
Examples of network operating
and BSD.

Advantages
and maintain.
A NOS is less expensive to set up

In NOS dedicated hardware is not required.

hardware can do easilv
of new technologies and into he sye
Integration and/or Up gradation

Security is managed by server.

Centralized servers are highly stable.

Disadvantages
decrease.
As network size increase its
performance
on regular basis.
Updates and maintenance require
a server.
High cost of buying and running
maintenance and updates are required.
Regular
whole system.
This failure of any node in a system affects the

3.2.7 MOBILE OS:

mobile devices is called mobile o
application software's on
operating system that helps
to run
An they ars
like Windows and UNIX, but
now
kind of OS as computer operating systems
system. It is the same

and light. dei

Mobile OS that
Mobile and Androidare
Symbian OS, iPhone OS, RIM's BlackBerry, Windows If you DUy
and hand use devices.
Linux and used in
smart phones. It combines the beauty of computer
chooses the OS for that specific device.
the manufacturer company
Mobile OS
platforms
Popular of the
It is a mo"
Android OS : The Android OS is
the most popular operating system today.
1. by GoOg
software. The android os was developed
the Linux Kernel and open-source
in 2008. operating

iPhone Os / ioS: The ioSdeveloped by the Apple

was inc for iPhone.
The i0 o
2 is a very secure operating syste
the mos popular operating system today. It that
was de
window mobile OS is a mobile operating system
stem

3. Windows Mobile oS:The

Microsoft. It was designed for the pocket PCs and smart mobiles.

3.3 MICROSOFT& LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM:

p u l e

Introduction to
Microsoft Window os
on
persona siono t
OS a t runs
Microsoft Corporation developed is called Microsoft Windows that runs

Microsoft windows also called Windows and Windows OS. Approximately 85% of PCS ffere
the first version
of Windows, was simply a GUI (Graphical User Interfac
OS. In 1985,
existing disk operating system, or MS-DOOs
of Microsoft's
Operating System
Windows for the first time allowed DOS users to visually navigate a virtual desktop, opening graphical
windows" displaying the contents of electronic folders and files with the click of a mouse button, rather than
typing commands and directory paths at a text prompt. Subsequent versions introduced greater functionality,
including native Windows File Manager, Program Manager, and Print Manager programs, and a more dynamic
interface.
In 1995 consumer release Windows 95 fully integrated Windows & DOS and offered built-in Internet support,
including the World Wide Web browser called Internet Explorer. The Windows operating system (Windows Os)
refers to a family of operating systems developed by Microsoft Corporation. We look at the history of Windows
os from 1985 to present day.
The Windows operating system (WINDOWs os) for desktop PCs is more formally called Microsoft Windows
and is actually a FAMILY of operating systems for personal computers. Beginning in 20005, Windows dominance
reduced with growth of the Linux and Mac 0s.
Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support
for many peripheral devices. In addition to Windows operating systems for personal computers, Microsoft also

offers operating systems for servers and mobile devices.

3.3.1 HISTORY
MS-DOS Microsoft Disk Operating System (1981):
MS-DOS was developed by Microsoft. MS-DOS was the standard operating system for 1BM-compatible

computers. The initial versions of DOS were very simple. Subsequent have become increasingly sophisticated
as

they incorporated features of minicomputer operating systems.

Windows 1.0 2.0 (1985-1992):
Windows 1.0 was developed by Microsoft in 1985. It named due to the computing boxes or windows that

represented a fundamental aspect of the operating system. Windows 1.0 allowed users to point and click to access

the windows.
In 1987, Windows 2.0 was developed by Microsoft which was designed for the Intel 286 processor. This version

added desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts and improved graphics support.

Windows 3.0 3.1 (1990-1994) :
and advanced
Windows 3.0 developed by Microsoft in May, 1900. It offered better icons, performance
was
version was the first release that provided the
graphics with 16 colors designed for Intel 386 processors. This
File Manager, Print
standard "1look and feel" of Microsoft Windows. Windows 3.0 included Program Manager,
Hearts, Minesweeper, and Solitaire. In 1992 Microsoft released.
Windows 3.1.
Manager and games like

Windows 95 (August 1995)

Windows 95 was developed by Microsoft in 1995. It was a major upgrade to the Windows operating system.
In addition to sporting a new user interface, Windows 95 included a number of important internal improvements
like new user interface, preemptive multitasking and networking. It supported 32-bit applications, which meant
that applications written specificaly for this operating system would run much faster.

Windows 95 was able to run older Windows and DOS applications. It provided ability to automatically detect
and configure installed hardware (Plug-and-Play).
Windows NT 3.1 4.0 (1993 1996)
Windows NT (New Technology) was a 32-bit operating system that supported preemptive multitasking. There
are actualy two versions of Windows NT: Windows NT Server, designed to act as a server in networks, and Window
NT Workstation for stand-alone or client workstations.
 oduction to
Windows 98 (June 1998) Act je Desktop
AGP, UsB, DVD, and ACFI.
technologies- FAT32,
windows 98 were supported new
(Internet Explorer)
with the operating svsto m. Desk
visible feature, which integrated the Web browser t indudet
called new model driver, advertising and many more
Windows ME Millennium Edition (September 2000)
"Windows Me" was
an update to the Windos ge.It i
he Windows Millennium Edition, called
updates, networking made fully NT.c eg,
called windows movie maker, focus on security, automatic
DOS application compatibility was dropped.
ompatible a
Windows 2000 (February 2000)
and laptop systems to run software a n a k .
Windows 2000 was developed for business desktop
and network resources. Microsoft released
ions
to Internet and intranet sites, and access files, printers, fourv
of Windows 2000:

Professional (for business desktop and laptop systems)

Web and an office server)

Server (both a server

Advanced Server (for line-of-business applications)

Datacenter Server (for high-traffic computer networks)

Windows XP (October 2001)

built on the windows 2000 keme
Windows XP was released by Microsoft in 2001. This OS was

stable and reliable environment thans

redesigned look and feel to the user interface, giving the user a more

versions of Windows. It included features

called multiple use management, relative hardware indepe

more networking, bloated kernel,

bloated task manager, product activation and man
increased reliability,
also utilized the
Windows XP came in two versions, Home and Professional. The operating system
one of the best Microsoft's selling products.
wireless security standard. Windows XP was

Requirements and design goal

Run on multiple hardware architectures and platforms
& Server)
Be great distributed computing platform (Client
a

Meet government and industry requirements for operating system security

Goals
Extensibility
Portability
Reliability and Robustness

Performance
Windows system services

Windows Vista (November 2006) m a n a

Windows Vista offered improvement in security, reliability, performance, ease of deploymen s

d, securityfeatures
over Windows XP. It provided facility to detect hardware problems before they occurred,sec
consumption.
latest generation of threats, a faster start-up time, and low p o w e r
against the identid
In many cases, Windows Vista was noticeably more responsive than Window
ows XP on
cost o
the
ed

Windows Vista simplified and centralized desktop configuration management, which reduce
systems updated.
Operating Syatem 55
WIndows 7 (October, 2009)
Windows 7 was released by Microsoft on October 22, 2009. Windows 7 included multi-touch support, Internet
Explorer 8, Improved performance, faster start-up time and support for virtual hard disks, a new and improved
Windows Media Center, and improved security.

Windows 8
Windows 8 was released by Microsoft on August 1, 2012. It was a completely redesigned operating system
that has been developed from the ground up with touch screen use in mind as well as near-instant-on capabilities
that enable a Windows 8 PC to load and start up in a matter of seconds rather than in minutes. Windows 8

supported both x86 PCS and ARM processors.

Windows 10
Windows 10 was released by Microsoft on July 29, 2015. Windows 10 was the successor to Windows 8.
Windows 10 featured fast start-up and resume, built-in security, and the return of the Start Menu in an expanded
form. This version of Windows also featured Microsoft Edge, Microsoft's new browser. Any qualified device (such
as tablets, PCs, smart phones and Xbox consoles) was able to upgrade to Windows 10.

Windows 11:
As of Sept. 2020, Microsoft had no plans for Windows 11 and planned to continue to update and support
Windows 10.

3.3.2 BASIC FEATURES OF WINDOW oS:

Microsoft Windows includes many features to help users. Some of its excellent features are as follows:

Control Panel Windows provides a Control Panel feature that includes many tools to configure and
manage the resources on computer. For example, users can change settings for audio, video, printers,
and time, power saving options, user accounts, installed
mouse, keyboard, network connections, date
applications, etc...

Control Pene
Adjust youi coinputer's sutting

Nutvt .i*i nlvtnet

1.lilicora

Control Panel
 Introd
accept voice commands.
ductlon to n
windows
10
which

it can
c an answers Corta tan
in such
as
E.uest
2. Cortana : This feature
is
available

various
tasks
a p p o i n t m e n t s ,
etc, ons, starg
oemo

ore,tat
perform
and

+ S. It Siri, including
can reminders,

dow key or ne
online
purchases,
set
Assistant,
Alexa, more beneti
mputer,
your comp Google
services
such as
activated

computer.
information on your
the

irsulls, and more

fhes, web
pps.
Serch for

Caranac do
t o ConeS

Cortana

Windows Explorer, which displays your

files and folders thea
on

3. File Explorer : It is also known as

removable disks like
to browse the data on the hard drive and other inserted
It allows users
as delete, rena
according to the requirements such
and CDs, and you can manage the
content

and transfer the data.

Fik Explore

Fie Shure

Quick access

Quid c c s
CNiame Dstmod'ed

requent foBders t8)

Oesktop
a Desktop
Oownloads
Downoads
Documeis
Documents
Pictures
Pictures 21:206 826 P

File explorer
s , o n l i n e shoppin
Internet browser: It is used for web
searching. It uses to view pages,
watch videos,
i n t e r n e t
etc. Windows come
b r o w s e r w h i c h is d e f a u l t

with a pre-installed
b r o w s e r . F u r t h e r m o r e , I n t e r n e t E xwp l
s o
e r
r e
.r W
* i n d o w s .

internet brows W a s t h ed e l a u t

the
Microsoft Windows from the Windows
edition 95 to 8.1 versions.
erating System
57
VDCint com

Vutc es.lao

javaTpoint

Javatpoint- The Best Portal to Learn Technologies

Internet explorer

5. Microsoft Paint: Since November 1985, Microsoft Windows comes with pre-installed Microsoft Paint.
It is simple software to create, view, and edit an image. It offers several tools to draw an image, croP
resize, and save an image with a different file extension.

Untitled Paint

A
Clipboatd l.9e L e hpe

java T point wwedsow

679 ISipx 260 s8] 100

Microsoft Paint

with a taskbar that displays currently opened programs; it also allows users
5. Taskbar Windows comes
shows
Additionally, it includes the notification area on the right side that
to access any specific programs.
and other background running applications.
date and time, battery, network, volume,
1222 PM
15-feb-20

Taskbar

7. Start menu: Microsoft Windows contains a start menu to the left side of the taskbar. It displays programs
the computer. It can be simply opened by clicking on the Start menu
and utilities that are installed on

start key on the keyboard.

button or pressing the

iroduction to IT Systems/2021 /8
 Introd
58 Connect

Cortana

E p
ExcelExcel 2016

S t a r t a search ew

Start menu 2

the task manager feature that provides detait

8. Task Manager: Windows includes
or programs on the computer. You can also check how much of the svster tre
each of the applications.
nning
urces, suthape,
CPU, disk /0, are being used by
nd
Tat Mansger ni
Fule Optcns i
Users Cetails Ser.Kes
Pioceses Pertcmance App histon Start up ert

2% 77 2
10
en

ocgle Chrcme 39 .$ 1,3524 MB

11eps
1.crc:aft 'crd c.1 .6
1Mep:
Paint 1.9 t.18
31lbp:
Tash t.lsnsger 19.1 1.18
1tps

t t S,naptics Pcinting Enhan.. 1.1 1.ep:

Antml.sre Ser.ice Eoecu:abt'e
59.0 P-16 21.1ep:
Task Manager
9. Disk Cleanup: It is used to free
up disk space with the help of essan
It also helps to enhance the deleting temporary or d
performance of the computer, and boost storage spacCe downla

programs and documents. To open Disk

Cleanup, follow the below steps:
Open the File Explorer by pressing Window + E.
Then, right-click on any disk drive and ist.
select Properties option from the dropr
Now, click on the Disk
Cleanup.
Disk Cleanup for iC3

O.sk Clearup

You can se Ds. Cesro:

Space cr
Fles to ceete

in etpaj
Gate S:ases e 517E
Debug Eup Fies 22.2E
Tctal arount cf 222 b
c soace you
gar
3 00 MB
Disk Cleanup
Operating System
59
3.3.3 CURRENT STATE OF OS
On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a live stream. The
new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October

5.2021. Windows 11 will be a free upgrade to all Windows 10 users.

3.4LINUX oS
Introduction to Linux OS

Linux, computer operating system created in the early 1990s by Finnish software engineer Linus iorvaids
and the Free Software Foundation (FSF). He wrote this program especially for his own PC as he wanted to use
Unix 386 Intel computer but couldn't afford it. He did it on MINIX using GNUC compiler. GNU C compiler is
still the main choice to compile Linux code but other compilers are also used like Intel C compiler. The final Linux
Kernel was remarked by continuous development throughout the history since then.
He published the Linux kernel under his own license and was restricted to use as commercially. Linux uses
most of its tools from GNU software and are under GNU copyright. In 1992, he released the kernel under GNU
General Public License.

Linux was proposed by the Finland student Linus Torvalds.

Red Hat Linux was proposed in 1994. Caldera was detected by Ransom love and Bryan Sparks and NetBSD
1.0 version published.

The IRIX 6.5 version, i.e., the fifth SGI UNIX generation, Free BSD 3.0 version, and Sun Solaris 7 OS
was released in 1998.

Linus Torvalds published the Linux version 2.4 source code in 2001.
Microsoft filed the Trademark collection against Lindows.com in 2001.
Lindows name was modified to Linspire in 2004.
The first publication of Ubuntu was published in 2004.

The openSUSE project started a free distribution from the community of Novell In 2005
Oracle published its Red Hat distribution in 2006.

Dell begun laptop distribution with Ubuntu which was pre-installed on it in 2007.

Linux kernel version 3.0 was released in 2011.

Linux-based android of Google insisted 75% of the market share of the Smartphone, based on the number
of phones exported in 2013.

Ubuntu insisted on 20000000+ users in 2014

Linux Today:
Today, supercomputers, smart phones, desktop, web serverS, tablet, laptops and home appliances like washing
dnines, DVD players, routers, modems, cars, refrigerators, etc. use Linux OS.
 Introductloonn to T
SYSTEM:
3.4.1 ARCHITECTURE OF LINUX

Applicatlons

Shell

Kernel

**** --Terminals
Hardware-
Printers
Disk

Unlties
Linux system architecture

of the components
The Linux operating system's
architecture mainly contains
some
Utilities, Shee
and Hardware.
contains a hardware layer that consists of several
everal
1. Hardware layer Linux operating system
devices like CPU, HDD, and RAM.

Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is

Central part of the OS which provides systerm
Kernel
The kernel manages processes, memory, i/0 theT and
toapplication programs and the shell.
of modules and cooperates with underlying hardwan
operating system contains distinct types
are mentioned below
There are some of the important kernel types which

Monolithic Kernel

Micro kernels

Hybrid kernels
e
Shell I t is an interface between the kernel and user. It affords services of kernel. it l
3. of
from the user and runs the functions of the kernel. The shell is available in distinct ype
graphe
are
systems. These operating systems are categorized into two different types, which
and command-line shells.
shel
The graphical line shells facilitate the graphical user interface, while the como
the command line interface.
Operating

4. Utilities: Utilityprograms that provides the user most of the functionalities

3.4.2 COMPONENTS OF UNUX OPERATING SYSTEM:

Linux Opefating System has primarily three components. s y s t e r

Kernel: Kernel
provides

1. is the core
part of Linux. it is the.

Central part of the OS whic

to application programs and the shell. hardwar
The kernel manages processes, memory
operating system contains distinct types of
modules and cooperates witn m p l e m e n t the
h efia underly
t

2. System Libraries: System libraries are

special functions, which are
are used
us to
of the operating system and do not ights.
requires kernel module's s

3. vstem Utility Programs t is

code accei n d i v i d u a la c t i v i t e

responsible for doing specialized and

Operating Systemn

unux Operat1ng Svstem

Systen User User

compilers
softvares Proco5s

System Libraries

Kernei

KernelModules

Hardware CPU RAM

Components of linux operating system

3.4.3 KERNEL MODE VS USER MODE

Kernel mode : The code of kernel runs in a unique privilege mode known as kernel mode. The system starts
loaded, it executes applications in user mode.
in kernel mode when it boots and after the operating system is
There are some privileged instructions that can only be executed in kernel mode. It has complete access to every
it facilitates secured
computer resources. Kernel executes various services of a system for the processes. Also,
access to hardware. Kernel mode is generally reserved for low level trusted functions of the operating system.

User mode The system is in user mode when the operating system is running user application such as

in the user mode.

handling a text editor. The userprograms and other types of system programs are implemented
libraries for
It indudes no access to kernel mode and system hardware. User utilities/programs use the system

accessing kernel functions to obtain low-level tasks of the system.

When the process is executing in user mode and if that process requires hardware resources such as RAM,
These requests are sent through system calls. Then
process should send a request to the kernel.
printer etc, that
is completed, the mode changes back to user
the computer enters Kernel Mode from user mode. When the task
mode from kernel mode. This transition is known as "context switching". It is not possible to run all processes
fail. The mode bit is set to 1
in the kernel mode because if a process fails the entire operating system might
in the user mode. It is changed from 1 to 0 when switching from user mode to kernel mode.

Difference between User mode and Kernel mode

User mode Kernel mode
Characteristics User Mode is a restricted mode, which the | Kernel Mode is the privileged mode, which the
Type of mode
are executing and starts| computer enters when accessing hardware
application programs
resources.
out.
User Mode is considered as the slave mode | Kernel mode is the system mode, master mode
Modes
or the restricted mode. or the privileged mode.
in User mode, a process gets their owri| In kernel Mode, processes get single address
Address Space
address space. space
interrupt only In Kernel Mode, if an interrupt occurs, the
Interruptions In User Mode, if an occurs,

one process fails. whole operating system might fail.

In user mode, there are restrictions to access In kernel mode, both user programs and kernel
Restrictions
kernel programs. Cannot access them directly. programs can be accessed.
 SYSTEM:

O P E R A T I N G
SYSTE lows
follo
as
LINUX are
OF OS
FEATURES Linux
3.4.4 features
of
F e a t u r e s

S y s t e m

Some of the primar Operating

L i n u x

R o r t o b
Hierarchical

01 Flle System
02

Open Source

Security 05

Mult
programming

04 07

Linux OS feature

hardware in sam
different types of
works on platform
means
software can kind of hardware
Portability on any
Portable: installation
1. support their communh
and application
programs
is available freely and it is
code
operating system
source
enhance the capability of liniy.Open
source
Linux collaboration to
2. Open work in
Many teams
development project.
evolving.
system and it is continuously
multiprogramming system. It means morethar
as a
Linux OS can be defined
Multiprogramming:
3. time.
be run at the same
application can
than one user can
use the resources oftheye
means more
is a multiuser system
4. Multi-user Linux time.
or RAM at the same
application programs, memory,
such as
standard file structure in
which system files/ user tiet
file system: Linux provides
a
5. Hierarchical
authentication features
such as encryptionan
user security using
arranged. Security: Linux provides
or controlled access to particular
files.
or password protection Comn
used for executng
6. Shell: Linux operating system provides unique interpreter program which
a
pr
as call appieo
of the operating system. It can be used to perform various types of tasks such
and others.

3.5 PROPRIETARY & OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE:

Open Source Software:
1. a n dprogram

Open source software is computer software whose source code is available openly in interne deveo"

can modify it. Programmer can add new features and capabilities without any cost. This type of sor devel

d
and tested through open colaboration. This software is managed by an open source con c o m m u n i t y

tb
ds can ge
It provides community support well as
commercial support if available for maintenance. We
ve ides
of cost. This software also someies comes with license and sometimes does not. This
rights to users like.
Software can be used for any purpose

Allows to study how software works

Operating Systemn 63
Freedom to modify and improve the programn
No restrictions on redistributions
Some examples of Open source software include Android, Ubuntu, Firefox, Open Office etc.

2. Proprietary Software
Proprietary software is computer software where the source codes are not available publicly. Company which
has created can modity it. This type of software is developed and tested by the individual or organization by
which it is owned not by public. This software is managed bya closed team of individuals or groups that developed
it. We have to pay to get this software and it commercial support if available for maintenance. The company
gives a valid and authenticated license to the users to use this software. But this license put some restrictions

on users
also like.

Number of installations of this software into computers

Restrictions on sharing of software illegally
Time period up to which software will operate

Number of features allowed to use

Some examples of Proprietary software include Windows, Macos, Internet Explorer, Google earth, Microsoft
Office etc.

Difference between Open source Software and Proprietary Software

Open source software Proprietary software
Open source software is computer software whose Proprietary software is computer software where the
source code is available openly in
internet and source. codes are not publicly available only the
programmers can modify it to add new features and | company which has created can modify it.
capabilities without any cost.
Software is developed and tested through open colla- Software is developed and tested by the individual or
boration. organization by which it is owned not by public.
In open source software the source code is public. Inproprietary software the source code is protected.
Open source software can be installed into any | Proprietary software can be installed into any computer
compute without valid license.
Users do not need to have any authenticated licenseUsers need to have a valid and authenticated license
to use this software. to use this software.
Open source software is managed by an open source Proprietary software is managed by a closed team of
community of developers. individuals or groups that developed it.
t is more flexible and provides more freedom whichlt is not much flexible so here is very limited innovation

encourages innovation. scope with the restrictions.

users can get open software for free of charge Users must have to pay to get the
proprietary software.
in open source software faster fixes of bugs and In proprietary software the vendor is completely
better security is availed due to the community. responsible for fixing of malfunctions.
Examples are Android, Linux, Firefox, Open Office, Examples are Windows, Macos, Internet Explorer,
GIMP, VLC Media player etc. Google earth, Microsoft Office, Adobe Flash Player,
Skype etc.
 Introdductlon tT
EXERCISE
1. Define OS. Write need of OS.
2.
Explain Batch Os.
3. Explain Real time OS.
4. Explain features of Linux
Operating System
5. List out types of
Operating System.
6. Define Kernel.
7. Explain Multiprogramming
8.
Operating System.
Explain Operating System services.
9.
Explain architecture of Linux OS.
10.
Explain time sharing OS.
11.
Explain network OS.
12. Explain features of Window
13. Operating System.
Differentiate Kernel mode VS User
14. mode.
Differentiate Window OS VS Linux
OS.
15. Explain components of Linux
operating system.