DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

AND PHILOSOPHY
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor
2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
ISO 9001: 2015
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
458 0021 Local 211 E-Mail Address: [email protected]
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph

ART APPRECIATION
MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO ART APPRECIATION

Do you agree with the assumption that our generation today is called the “anxious generation”?
When you talk to those who were born during the age of “baby-boomers”, most of them would probably describe a life formed out of
simple choices to make: go to school, study, work, and get married.
However, the times today pose a stark contrast to such simplicity.
We have never been so detached from the primary values of our humanity: we are often distracted by illusions and “ideal lives” that
the internet age suggests.

Hence, in this lesson, you will learn and relearn the value of art in our lives. Even if you are not an artist, hopefully you will
understand that the arts are actually meant to aid some human limitations that we have often ignored or set aside because of so many
distractions in our generation today.

CHAPTER 1:
ART APPRECIATION: IT’S FORMS AND IT’S DEFINITION
Michael Angelo C. Liwanag, RPm
Art Appreciation is a three-unit course that develops students’
ability to appreciate, analyze, and critique works of art. Through interdisciplinary and multimodal approaches.

What Is Art?
 The word “art” is from a Latin “arti”, which means craftsmanship, inventiveness, mastery of form, skill.
 It includes literature, music, paintings, photography, sculpture, etc. It serves as an original record of human
needs and achievements.
 It usually refers to the so-called “fine arts” (e.g., graphics, plastic, and building) and to the so-called “minor arts”
(everyday, useful, applied, and decorative arts).
 There has been a confusion and concrete definition of art since it is, per se, purely subjective.
 It is an old and ultimate form of human expression in terms of thoughts, feelings, and emotion with the use of
different medium and form.

 It is the holistic experience of human perspective with the use of personalized style and motivations in creating
it.
 It is universal, cultural, involves creativity, imagination, and inspiration.
 Art’ is where we make meaning beyond language.
 Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as
painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.

What are Humanities?

Generally speaking, Humanities is a branch of knowledge that investigates human constructs.

 It refers to the learning of arts such as architecture, dance, literature, music, painting, theatre, and sculpture
(Sanches, 2011).
 They are branches of knowledge that focuses on the human opinions, and
relationships (Machlis, 2003)
Humanities is more concerned on how a person expresses his/her feelings. These
feelings can be in facial manifestations or body movements. Laughing, crying, clenching

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND PHILOSOPHY
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor
2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
ISO 9001: 2015
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
458 0021 Local 211 E-Mail Address: [email protected]
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph

our fists, curling our toes, stretching out our fingers, and crossing our arms are representations of humanities (Menoy ,
2009).

What is Appreciation?
Is appreciation the same as 'like' or 'love’.
Recognition, Respect, Esteem, comprehension
It is the full and sensitive awareness or approval of something.
It is the action of understanding of a particular thing or person.

THE TRIUMPH OF
DEATH
BY PIETER BRUEGEL

What is Art Appreciation?

According to (Gargaro & Jilg, 2016 and Sanger, 2012), Art Appreciation is a way to motivate ideas and allows individuals to illustrate
their feelings when they viewed an artwork.
It helps develops critical thinking skills and teaches essential qualities in listening, observing, and responding to multiple viewpoints
It also requires an ability to differentiate what is apparent and what is not.
It is the act of understanding, connecting, and relating on a work of art.

Features of an Artworks / Features of Art

 AESTHETIC

A work of art must exude beauty and must be pleasing to the eyes of the observer.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND PHILOSOPHY
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor
2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
ISO 9001: 2015
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
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 MEANINGFUL

A work of art, whether implicit or explicit, must present a meaning or significance.

 TIMELESS

A work of art is eternal and should touch each generations to come.

 IMPACTFUL

A work of art should be iconic and representative of the human natures and
thoughts.

Functions of an Artworks

 INDIVIDUAL FUNCTION
The artists perform arts because of the passion of their respective art forms. A singer presents a concert for free
because of his advocacy and the love of singing.

 SOCIAL FUNCTION
Man associates with others through his art performance that arouses social consciousness.

Art by Pawell Kuczynski

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
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Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor
2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
ISO 9001: 2015
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
458 0021 Local 211 E-Mail Address: [email protected]
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 POLITICAL FUNCTION
Art provides a forum for ideas that will lead to employment, prestige, status, and power. During election period,
the candidates created their artworks which expresses their agendas and political views about making a stable
society.

 HISTORICAL FUNCTION
Art is information to be recorded and preserved. It serves to document historical figure and events. Most arts that
are in Museums, are filled with amazing stories about the world most excellent and most creative people who
brought us the treasures.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND PHILOSOPHY
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor
2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
ISO 9001: 2015
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
458 0021 Local 211 E-Mail Address: [email protected]
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THE BLOOD COMPACT BY JUAN LUNA

 PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS
Buildings are artistically designed and constructed to protect their occupants and make their life inside more
meaningful. Architects, Industrial and Graphic Designers, and Interior Decorators share responsibility in
building environment that balance forms and functions.

Importance of Arts

1. PERSONAL
A work of art must help the individual to find who they are and help them for self- expression.

VISIONS BY JEFFERSON MUNCY

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2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
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2. SOCIAL
 It must generalize the current happenstance of the society as well as public display.
 A work of art must become the “announcer” of the current events of the society.

Buzzards and Dove

3. PHYSICAL
Any work of art must have a use for the betterment of mankind.

Levels of Meaning Arts

 THIRD LEVEL: SUBJECTIVE

The meaning stems out form the personal opinion or viewpoint of the observer.

PAINTING BY RANNEL NGUMUYA

 SECOND LEVEL: CONVENTIONAL

It pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of an artwork with the use of signs, symbols, and motifs.

 FIRST LEVEL: FUCTUAL

It is the most rudimentary meaning of art as it only focuses on the actual presentation as it is.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND PHILOSOPHY
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor
2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
ISO 9001: 2015
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
458 0021 Local 211 E-Mail Address: [email protected]
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph

Purpose of Arts
 Creativity or imagination is the primary basis of art.
 The artwork is the visual expression of an idea or experience of an artist, through the use of a medium (Frank,
2011). It allows expression of the individuality of the artist.

1. CREATE BEAUTY
- Art is an expression of our thoughts, emotions, and intuitions. It is the communication of concepts that cannot
be faithfully portrayed by words alone.

- The Artist has considered nature as the standard of beauty. The example of beauty can be in a snowy
mountain scene, and the art is the photograph of it shown to the family.

2. PROVIDE DECORATION
- Artworks are used to create a pleasing environment. It is intended to beautify things to please and amuse
the viewers through its colors and patterns.

3. REVEAL TRUTH
- Artwork helped to pursue truth and attempted to reveal about how the world works.
- It is a kind of language that allows artists to send a message to the souls of the recipients that help change
their attitudes, their sensibility, and their ethics.

4. EXPRESS VALUES
- Artwork helped to pursue truth and attempted to reveal about how the world works.
- It is a kind of language that allows artists to send a message to the souls of the recipients that help change
their attitudes, their sensibility, and their ethics.

5. COMMEMORATE EXPERIENCE
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2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
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Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
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- Art serves to convey the personal experiences of an artist and record his impression in his work.

6. HAPPINESS AND HOPE

- There is something about art that mirrors the soul of those willing to confront it. In a societal tone,
artworks tend to echo the hopes and anxieties of an age.
- When painting are placed in a daunting environment such as hospitals;

ART APPRECIATION
MODULE 2

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND PHILOSOPHY
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor
2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
ISO 9001: 2015
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
458 0021 Local 211 E-Mail Address: [email protected]
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph

LESSON 2: THE MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF

ART
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

Describe the different classifications of art.

Identify the features of each classifications of art and their processes in creating/performing them.
Determine technical terms used in the respective classifications of art.
Explain the relevance of each art classification into a person’s way of living.
Appreciate the importance of each art classification according to their taste, preferences, and personal
reasons.

Lesson description:

This lesson shall highlight the major classifications of art namely: visual arts, plastic arts, applied arts, Furthermore,
this lesson shall explicate the subtypes of each classification and bring out their characteristics and forms in actual
artistic process. Alongside with that, the values and importance behind each art classifications will be presented for
further appreciation to the part of the students.

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 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND PHILOSOPHY
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor
2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
ISO 9001: 2015
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
458 0021 Local 211 E-Mail Address: [email protected]
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph

The Difference between Aesthetic Arts and Crafts

philosophy devoted to the study of art and beauty used during the 18th century by esthetics is from the Greek word

A
eisthesis which means “perception.” It is a branch of
Alexander Baumgarten, a German philosopher. This term also refers to the principles governing the nature and
appreciation of beauty, especially in visual
art (Rader, 1979).

On the other hand, the term “craft” comes from a German word Kraft which
means “power” or “ability.” It usually employed in branches of the decorative arts or associated artistic practice. It also
implies the application of human skills through the use of a hand. It tends to produce things for various human purposes,
and tend to exhibit their prettiness around a goal external to the object itself (Dutton, 1990).

Arts and Crafts started during the 19th century in Europe as a design reform and as a social movement motivated by the
William Morris. It involves activities related to making things which require a combination of skill, speed, and patience.

William Morris who was born on March 24, 1834, in Walthamstow, England was known for his pattern designs,
particularly on fabrics, and wallpapers. As a proponent of socialist ideals, Morris believed that a designer should have the
skill of any media in producing designs that intricate intertwining fruit, flower, and foliage pattern. He died on October 3,
1896, at the age of 62 years old in London, England.

Types of Arts and Crafts

Artists may have unique skills and perceptive abilities, but they are also people with needs and the motivation to meet
those needs.
Creating different works of art that are accepted by one’s audience can lead to an
artist’s social acceptance and recognition. Their works of art have been used to create
pleasing environments. Arts and crafts have different types, namely: textile wood,
metal, paper or canvass, and plant crafts.
Textile Crafts. The word textile is from a Latin phrase texere which means “to braid" or "to construct." These also refer to
any craft where you work with fabric, yarn or surface design. It uses plant or any synthetic fibers in creating practical or
decorative objects. These include the following:
Figure 1. William Morris (1834-1896)
Cross-stitch- Stitching can also be a form of natural pain relief. It is a popular form of counted-thread
embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in a tiled, raster- like pattern are used to form a picture.
Crocket- It is a process of creating fabric from yarn, thread, or other material strands using a crochet
hook.

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AND PHILOSOPHY
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor
2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
ISO 9001: 2015
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
458 0021 Local 211 E-Mail Address: [email protected]
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph

Sewing- It is the crafts of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with a needle and thread.
Shoemaking- It is the process of making footwear.
Macramé- It is a form of textile-making which requires very few tools and just some pure knowledge of
basic knotting.
Millinery- It is the designing and manufacture of hats.
String art- It is an arrangement of colored thread strung between points to form an abstract geometric
design.
Wood Crafts. These refer to a skill that pertains to the woods, especially in making one's way through the woods or in
hunting, trapping, etc. It also relates to subsistence lifestyles with implications of hunting-gathering (Horace, 1906).
These include the following:

Carpentry-It is a skilled trade in the cutting, shaping, and installation of building materials during the
construction of buildings.
Marquetry- It is the art and craft of applying pieces of veneer (thin slices of wood) to a structure to
form decorative designs.
Wood carving- It is a form of woodworking to form a wooden figure or objects by using a knife or a
chisel.
Cabinetry- It is a skill in making a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and drawers for keeping
various objects.
Upholstery- It is the work of building cushion and cover furniture.
Metal Crafts. These refer to the art of executing artistic designs in metal for both practical and aesthetic purposes. These
arts are designed for decorative items or functional objects that are beneficial and useful to us all. These works are of
bronze, silver, gold, tin, copper, lead, brass, and iron. These include the following:

Jewelry- It is a form of personal adornments, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets.
Metal Casting- It is a process by which a liquid material (bronze, copper, glass, aluminum, and iron) is
poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify.
Welded sculpture- It is an art form in which statue is made using welding techniques.
Paper or Canvas Crafts. It refers to an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making backpacks, tents,
marquees, and other sustainable items. These include the following:

Bookbinding- It is the process of physically assembling a book from some folded or unfolded sheets of
paper or other material.
Card making- It is a hand-made technique for producing greeting cards.
Collage- It is a technique where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus
creating a new whole.
Origami- It is a Japanese cultural art of paper folding.

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Paper-Mache- It is a composite material consisting of paper pieces or pulp, sometimes reinforced with
textiles, bound with an adhesive.
Scrapbooking- It refers to a method of arranging, preserving, and presenting personal and family
history in a book form.
Rubber Stamping- It is a craft in which some type of ink made of dye or pigment applied to an image or
pattern that carved, molded, laser engraved or vulcanized, onto a sheet of rubber.
Plants Crafts- These refer to skills using plant parts as the medium. These include the following:

Corn dolly making- It relates to the making of shapes and figures (known as ‘dollies’) from straw
(such as barley, oats, and wheat).
Floral Design- It is the art of using plant materials and flowers to create a pleasing and balanced
composition.
Pressed flower craft- consists of drying flower petals and leaves in a flower press to flatten and exclude
light and moisture.

THE MAJOR CLASSIFICATION

OF ARTS
The Visual Arts What is it?
These arts are those forms that create works which are primarily visual (forms perceived by the eyes).
The man can take the beauty of nature through a piece of paper so that other people may take time
appreciating the captured image.
It is an art form that is used for visualization preferably more on paintings, drawings, and sculptures.

Forms of Visual arts

The visual arts are further subdivided to forms, according to their manner of creation and medium-usage namely:

A) Painting

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2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
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It is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding agent (a glue)
to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas or a wall.
This form of visual art aims to evoke an emotion from the viewers. It is practice by applying colors or
other media to a surface with a brush or other objects.
Painting is the expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of certain aesthetic qualities, in a
two-dimensional visual language. The elements of this language—its shapes, lines, colors, tones, and
textures—are used in various ways to produce sensations of volume, space, movement, and light on a
flat surface. These elements are combined into expressive patterns in order to represent real or
supernatural phenomena, to interpret a narrative theme, or to create wholly abstract visual relationships.
(Owen, 2019)

B) Drawing
Refers to the means of making an image, using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques.
It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool
across a surface using dry media such as graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color
pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers.
This form of art enhances the way we see the world around and conditions us to capture its details in a
two-dimensional medium. This has been a critical element of art throughout history and in the
contemporary art world.
Drawing as formal artistic creation might be defined as the primarily linear rendition of objects in the
visible world, as well as of concepts, thoughts, attitudes,
emotions, and fantasies given visual form, of symbols and even of abstract forms. (Hutter, 2020)

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C) Photography
It is the process of making pictures by means of the action of light.
The process is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into
chemical processing or digitizing devices known as cameras.
This form of art is a process of creating portraits by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive
medium, such as electronic image sensors or photographic films.

1. The Plastic Arts

What is it?
It refers to a term for art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic/wood/rock medium by
molding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics.
The term has also been applied to all the visual (non-literary, non- musical) arts.

Sculpture
This form of plastic arts characterized as the art of representing an imagined or observed objects in hard
materials such as glass, metals, or wood in three dimensions.
It is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard or plastic material, sound,
or text and or light, commonly stone (either rock or marble), clay, metal, glass, or wood

3) The Applied

Arts What is it?

This category of art encompasses the application of aesthetic designs to everyday functional objects.

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2001, Pampanga, Philippines DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de
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They are the application of design and decoration to everyday objects to make them aesthetically
pleasing.

Forms of Applied arts

Some of them include:

A) Architecture
It refers to the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other
structures.

B) Fashion
It is a popular aesthetic expression in a certain time and context, especially in clothing, footwear,
lifestyle, accessories, makeup, hairstyle and body.

Note: These examples are under the classification of applied arts because they are widely used by people for their
everyday lives.

4) Music
What is it?
It is the art of combining and regulating sounds to produce or express emotions.
This form of art helps to express our mood and feel the way through our emotions and ideas. Based on a
study, different types of music may be suitable to different moods though
classical music is still recommended as the most calming music option.
5) Dance
What is it?
An ancient way of art that uses the human body as the medium of expression.
It involves movements and gestures
to express something.
This form of art is expressed through body movement which entails social

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interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting.

The Performing Arts What is it?

It refers to forms of art in which artists use their voices, bodies or inanimate objects to convey artistic
expression. It may include a range of disciplines which are performed in front of a live audience, inducing
theatre, music, and dance.
They include numerous cultural expressions that reflect human creativity and that are also found, to
some extent, in many other intangible cultural heritage domains.

Drama
It is the art of portraying or enacting events and experiences of every people.
Drama is a play that is acted out. It is a reflection of the everyday lives of people. It shows how people
seriously or humorously experience some eventful period in their lives. It combines the arts of the actor,
author, director, designer, and others (Bain et al., 1973).

ART APPRECIATION
MODULE 3

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Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
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LESSON 3: Subjects, Media, and Principles of Art

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

Define what a subject of an artwork is by giving examples and illustrations.

Identify and enumerate the list of medium used in creating artworks.
Discuss the artistic process of some artist in making artworks.
Differentiate Aesthetic art and Crafts through various presentations of artworks.
Demonstrate an understanding regarding the principles of designs in art through application in various
exercises.

Lesson description:

This lesson shall emphasize the term “subject” when it comes in observing an artwork. It will give various
examples of what are the kinds of subject for the sake of the learners’ understanding. Furthermore, this lesson
will highlight the various mediums used by an artist in order to create various artworks. The said mediums will
be classified per each forms of art all while identifying their usage for the artist’s artwork. Finally, this lesson
shall also explain the different principles surrounding the creation for every artwork and highlight their
importance in making the artworks pleasing to the senses of the observer.

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ISO 9001: 2015
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) QMS-Certified Bacolor, Pampanga
458 0021 Local 211 E-Mail Address: [email protected]
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The Subject
What is it?
It refers to the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from examining the artwork.
The subject of art refers to any person, object, scene or event described or represented in a work of art.
It basically answers the question “what” in the artwork.

Types of Subjects in an artwork

Representational
These are the kinds of art that have subjects that refer to objects that presents objects or events recurring
in the real world.
They may be also called as “figurative art”.

Examples:

(The contents of the three paintings are exact representations from the real world. The images of the fruits, the natural scenery,
and the tree are actual from real life therefore, they are representational subjects.)

1) Non-Representational
They are art forms that do not make a reference to the real world, whether it is a place, person, thing, or
even a particular event.
It is only stripped down to visual elements such as line, shapes, and colors to transmute a particular
emotion or feeling.

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Examples:

Inspired by Jackson Pollock World of Chaos by Serg Wiaderny

Kind of Subjects
Each subjects can be inspired from something. Each of them are listed as follows:
 History Seascape
Still life Cityscape
 Animals Mythology/Myth
Figures Dreams
 Nature Fantasies
Landscape

Medium used in an
Artwork What is medium?
It came from Latin word “medius.”
They are the materials used for a work of art.
They refer to the art materials or artist supplies used to create a work of art. Basically, it's whatever you use
to make a mark upon a surface.

A.Painting

Oil
It is a medium wherein it is mixed with pigments.
It is usually applied in canvas, wood, paper or even plaster.
It is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil, commonly
linseed oil. The viscosity of the paint
may be modified by the addition of a solvent such as turpentine or white spirit, and varnish may be added to increase the
glossiness of the dried oil paint film.

1. Tempera
It is a famous medium before oil.

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It is a mixture of ground pigments and any colloidal substance such as egg, gum, or glue.
It is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble
binder medium, usually glutinous material such as egg yolk
Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first century AD still exist. Egg tempera
was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting.

2. Watercolor
A medium that is mixed with water and usually applied in white paper.

3. Gouache
It has larger particles and more body, so it looks heavier, denser, and more opaque after it dries.
The paint is best used to create a flat wash of color that dries matte. Because it dries so quickly, gouache is
ideal for gestural, action, and direct paintings.

4. Pastel
A medium that possesses only surfaces of light, gives no glazed effect, and closely resembles to dry
pigment.
The pigments used in pastels are similar to those used to produce some other colored visual arts media, such
as oil paints; the binder is of a neutral hue and low saturation. The color effect of pastels is closer to the
natural dry pigments than that of any other process.

5. Fresco
It came from an Italian term meaning “fresh.”
It flourished in 15th and 16th century.
It is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime

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plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the
painting becomes an integral part of the wall.
It was used by famous painters such as Masaccio, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Tintoretto.

6. Acrylic
It uses acrylic emulation as a binder.
They combine the transparency and quick-drying qualities of a watercolor and are flexible as oil.
They are insoluble when dry and tends to crack. Furthermore, when being old they tend to color yellow.

7. Mosaic
It is made of small pieces of inlaid colored stones or glass called
“tesserae.”

8. Stained Glass
More common on gothic churches.
It is combined by using small pieces of colored glass which are held together by lead.

9. Tapestry
Usually made out of cloth that uses colored thread to present a pattern or picture.
It is a piece of thick textile fabric with pictures or designs formed by weaving colored weft threads or by
embroidering on canvas, used as a wall hanging or furniture covering.

B. Drawing

Bistre
It is brown pigment made from boiling the soot of wood. Because bistre is transparent and has no body, it is
frequently used in conjunction with pen and ink

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drawings as a wash, a liquid spread evenly to suggest shadows, and is especially associated with the
appearance of the typical “old master drawing.”
It is usually extracted from soot of wood and is often used in pen and wash drawings.

1. Crayons
These are pigments made out of wax and compressed from sticks used for drawing.

2. Charcoal
These are carbonaceous materials obtained by heating wood or other organic substances.
It is used to present a mass of light and shadow in drawings.

3. Graphite
It is a metallic grey writing and drawing material most commonly used in pencil form – though graphite
powder is also used by artists as a drawing material.

C.Sculpture

Wood
It is lighter and softer and may be the easiest thing to carve than the rest of the mediums in sculpting

1. Stone
It is a hard substance found on minerals and other earth materials.

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2. Granite
It is a granular igneous rock made up of feldspars and quartz.
This is good for large works with few designs.

3. Marble
It is more or less crystalline and is capable of taking a high polish, occurring in many varieties.

4. Jade
It is fine, usually green, and used in China.
It symbolizes faithfulness, charity, and wisdom.

5. Ivory
It comes from the tusks of elephants.
It is a hard-white substance used for carvings.

The Artistic Process

Various artist must undertake a process in order to fully create and complete their respective masterpieces. Generally speaking,
the artistic process revolves around the following:

1) The idea
The stage where the creator shall visualize his emotions, thoughts, and feelings to their work in order to start
it.

2) The material and process

Refers to the stage where the creator shall consider his/her resources in order to make the said artwork.
Also, this is the stage where the artist will plan to make the step-by-step process of making it.

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3) Organization and form

It refers to the completion of the planning process and giving it form using the selected material.

THE PROCESS

Principles of Design in Art

Art principles are created by combining art elements. Artists utilize organizing principles to develop forms that inform. Among
the fundamental principle of art are harmony, variety, balance, movement, emphasis, proportion, and rhythm. Whether analyzing
or composing artwork, one must have a complete understanding of how art principles are created (Elsen, 1981).

1) The Principle of Harmony

Harmony is characterized with elements having a logical relationship or progression: in some way, they
work together and complement each other.
When all of the elements of art interact well in an artwork, visual harmony is attained. This is accomplished
by using similar types of geometric shapes, lines or colors within a work of art to create a unified
composition. Likewise, using various cool or warm colors would help to produce a harmonious work of art.

2) The Principle of Variety.

A stable composition will also demonstrate the principle of variety. It is accomplished by using differing
colors, lines, and shapes within an artwork to make key areas stand out. Artists can use this idea to direct a
viewer’s eye to a place within the art that he or she wants to emphasize.
It is the use of different qualities or instances of an art element to create a desired visual effect.

3. The Principle of Balance.

It refers to the symmetry of opposing visual forces. It is created in a work of art when colors, forms, shapes
or textures are combined harmoniously.
It refers to the distribution of interest or visual weight in a work.
It is characterized of all elements on the art draw the viewer’s eye around the whole piece.

4) The Principle of Movement.

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It is the way that an eye moves throughout a work of art. In this work of art, our eye moves up through the
pattern in the rippling surface of the water to the two paddlers. An artist creates a visual movement to drive the
eye to the focal point of the artwork.
It is the use of art elements to direct a viewer's eye along a path through the art work and/or to show movement,
action, and direction.

5) Principle of Emphasis.
It refers to the need for an artist to create a focal point within an artwork. This
artistic point is an essential part of a work of art, and the viewer’s eye should be drawn to that area.
Emphasis is created by visually reinforcing something we want the viewer to pay attention to.

6) Principles of Proportion.
This principle is created when the sizes of elements in an artwork art are combined harmoniously. The artist
usually tries to make all of the parts in a composition relate logically to each other to depict the human form
within the proper proportion.

ART APPRECIATION
MODULE 4

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LESSON4: Art History

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

Recognize the different notable timelines in art and their importance in its evolution;
Classify each important tools used by different people from different eras in making art;
Distinguish the names of different notable artist across selected eras and their masterpieces in art and;
Critique the artworks of the famous artists through their message, relevance, and implications in the society.

Lesson description:

This lesson shall highlight the history of art and its important eras. All of the important timeline that was a
factor for the development of art will be mentioned as well as their importance for the evolution of art per se. In
each period, this lesson will also emphasize the artworks that was unique on their own times according to their
features, mediums, and importance. Furthermore, this lesson shall also enlist the notable artists of the eras that
impacted the history of art forever alongside their masterpieces.

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ArtHistory
Historically speaking, the human instinct to create art is universal. Art is an
approach of a human being to communicate his/her beliefs and express ideas about his/her experiences. It also provides valuable
insights into the past and existing cultures. It helps us to understand how others have lived and what they valued (Annenberg
Foundation, 2017).

The history of art reflects the remnant of civilization, the study of artworks, and the lives of artists illuminate much about our shared
past. It helps us to discover, authenticate who made a particular art object (Meyer, 2009). It also helped us to appreciate the stylistic
and recognized development of artistic practices on a large scale and within a broad historical viewpoint.

The history of art also covers the entire history of humankind since prehistoric times. Art is a product of man’s emotional and
intellectual connection with the world. It also aimed to produce a message which will either provoke an unexplainable consciousness
within the hearts of its viewers or incite wisdom among inquisitive minds.

TOPIC I: Art in Prehistoric Civilization

The term “prehistoric” relates to the time before written history. Specifically, the
writing developed in ancient Mesopotamia before 3000 B.C.E., so this period includes visual culture (paintings, sculpture, and
architecture) made before that date (Zucker, 2015). The oldest recognized decorative art forms come from Africa date back to
100,000 BC.E.

Oldest Discovered Artwork Artworks found on Cave Artworks found on Rocks

Prehistoric art has four main periods: Stone Age, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The remaining artifacts of this period are
small sculptures and cave paintings. During these early times, different forms of art were created and performed as a sign of
communication or adoration to the deity. This practice shows how cultural and religious factors played little to the development of
the art forms that made the ancient society so famous until now.

Ancient people often represented their worldviews and beliefs through visual images. Art emerged with the appearance and the
dispersal of entirely modern people through Africa, Asia, Australia, America and Europe. Paintings, sculptures, engravings, and

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potteries are expressions for beauty and complex social and spiritual systems. Prehistoric art like animals are the favorite subjects of
hunters, herdsmen, and breeders.

ARTWORKS FOUND ON DIFFERENT CAVES AROUND THE GLOBE

Magura Cave in the northwest of Bulgaria, with bat that date from 8000-4000 years ago.

Cueva de las Manos is located in Patagonia in the southern part of Argentina and contains cave paintings that
were created between 13,000 and 9,000 years ago.

Bhimbetka is a collection of rock shelters, located in central India and contains over 600 paintings that oldest of
which dates from at least 12,000 years.

Serra da Capivara is a national park in Brazil which has the largest and the oldest concentration of prehistoric
paintings in the Americas depicting animals and hunting date to as early as 22,000 years ago.

Tadrart Acacus is a mountain range, located

in the Sahara Desert of Western Libya that contains rock art dating from 14,000 years ago.

The Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc Cave in the Ardèche department of southern France is a cave that contains some of
the best-preserved figurative cave paintings in the world.

Ubirr is a group of rock outcrops in the Kakadu National Park, a protected area in the Northern Territory of
Australia paintings are up to 20,000 years

The Cave of Altamira is located near the

historic town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain. The earliest paintings dated around 36,000 years ago

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CAVE ART (ALSO KNOWN AS “PARIETAL ART OR ICE AGE ART”

It is a general term used to describe any kind of man-made image on the walls, ceiling or floor of a cave or rock shelter in the
prehistoric era.

Cave art embraces five different types of art, as follows:

Hand/finger prints

1) Abstract signs

Figurative painting

2) Rock Engraving

Relief Art

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Whether found in sunlit rock shelters or in the dark deep caves, cave art is the art of
animals.

TOPIC II: Stone Tools for Art Making

Stone is formed based on the composition of minerals on it. It classified as
Mineral growth, Sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Volcanic. Sedimentary rocks shaped through the deposition and compression of
particulate matter. On the other hand, metamorphic rocks changed from the result of extreme temperature and pressure.
Volcanic rocks are from molten igneous magma (Prindle, 1994).
The tools made of tone were the instruments by which early man developed and progressed. All human culture founded on the
ingenuity and brainpower of our early ancestors in creating sophisticated tools that enable them to survive. The first stone tools
(eoliths- which are now believed to be naturally produced by geological processes such as glaciation) and other types of organic
materials (wood, bone, ivory, and antler) were about two million years ago. The oldest human tools were a simple stone chopper,
such as those unearth at Olduvai George in Tanzania. Many Paleoanthropologists (people who study the origins and predecessors of
the present human species) confirmed that the Palaeolithic Man produced four types of tools in creating an art namely: pebble tools
(with a single sharpened edge for cutting or chopping): Bifacial tools (hand axes); Flake tools; and Blade tools.

Eoliths
Which are now believed to be naturally produced by geological processes such as glaciation(wood, bone,
ivory, and antler) were about two million years ago.

The oldest human tools were a simple stone chopper, such as those unearth at Olduvai George in Tanzania.

Pebble Tools (Pebble chopper)

It is a first cutting device and considered as the oldest type of tool made by humans. The tool contains a
rounded stone struck some blows with a similar stone used as a pounder.

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Bifacial tools
It is a hand ax prehistoric stone tool flake with two faces or sides. These tools may be oval, triangular, or
almond-shaped in form

Flake tools
These are hand tools used during Stone Age. They are usually formed by crushing off a small or large fragment
then used as the tool.

Blade tools
These are a Stone tool created by striking a long narrow flake from a stone core. After chipping the blades, they
integrated into larger tools, such as spears.

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TOPIC III: Classical Roman and Greetk

Ar
Classical Art encompasses the cultures of Greece and Rome and endures as the cornerstone of Western civilization.
Including innovations in painting, sculpture, decorative arts, and architecture, Classical Art pursued ideals of beauty, harmony, and
proportion, even as those ideals shifted and changed over the centuries.

According to the International World History Project's online article, "Greek and Roman Art," the Romans were most creative in the
area of painting. While the Greeks were most developed in the area of vase painting, the Romans created colorful painted murals,
some of which are still intact. Painted portraits were also quite popular in Roman times.
In sculpting, Greek sculpture tended to focus on athleticism and mythology. Their statues represent their objects in an idealized
fashion, making them quite unrealistic though beautiful. The Romans preferred to sculpt historical events and real people and are
famous for their detailed busts. If a Roman statue is idealized, it is probably a statue of one of the many Roman emperors, who were
considered to be divinities.

When it comes in architecture, the most obvious difference between Greek and
Roman is the material used. The Greeks used marble; the Romans used concrete. An
excellent way to illustrate the differences between Roman and Greek art would be to
study the Parthenon (Greek) and the Pantheon (Roman), which are considered to be
the most famous temples of either group.

The idealistic differences between the Greeks and Romans are perhaps what cause the differences in technique. The Greeks believed
that art was an expression of perfection. They sought to encapsulate the perfect physical form of their objects in artwork. The
Greeks often represented the gods in their art, in an effort to express the ideal form of beauty, physical strength and power. For the
Romans, however, art had a more practical function. Artwork was primarily used for ornamentation and decoration. As noted at
the History for Kids website, the Greeks were interested in ideals while the

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Romans were interested in reality. These fundamental idealistic differences are visible in their artwork. Generally speaking, the
difference between Greek and Roman art can be felt from their works as presented.

TOPIC IV: Medieval Arts in Europe

Following the peak performance of the civilization of humanity and alongside the
fall of the Roman empire, the age of man and its civilization fell, this age was called as
the “Dark Ages.” The Medieval ages started at the fall of Rome at 456 CE and lasted
to the introduction of the Renaissance at 15th century. This was the era where
Christianity was spreading across Europe. The Medieval art in Europe grew out
artistic in the church of the early Christian period. The subjects include the narratives
from Old Testament and New Testament. Later on, the culture of figuring the image of
Christ and his apostles circulated in this era.

The primitive art of the Western world covers an extensive range of time and place over 1000 years. Specifically, Medieval art in
Europe grew out of the artistic culture of the Roman Empire and the iconographic practices in the church of the early Christian
(Oliquiano, 2012). These sources were mixed with the influential "barbarian" artistic culture of Northern Europe to make an
extraordinary creative legacy.

Illuminated Manuscripts (Illumination) - They were colorful religious texts which often use of gold and silver
as its main feature.
The term illuminate is the Latin word “illuminare” which means to adorn or to enlighten. It is the embellishment of a manuscript
with bright colors.

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Metalwork- Metalworkers were very skilled in creating religious objects for church decorations. Experts in
Bronze art produced beautiful jewels, sculptures, and even church doors.

Silversmith and Goldsmith- They were excellent artists who created new shapes of jewelry. The Medieval
church
demanded to employed silversmiths and goldsmiths in the church.

Ceramics- They were hand shaped cooking pots, jars, and pitchers.

Heraldry- It is the manner of designing coats of arms and insignia. Specimens of coats of arms were worked
using embroidery, paper, painted wood, stonework and stained glass.

PERIODS OF MEDIEVAL ART

Byzantine Art
The main form of art during that time was Byzantine art produced by artists from the Eastern Roman Empire.
Byzantine art was characterized by its lack of realism.
The artists did not try to make their paintings realistic, but focused on the symbolism of their art.
Paintings were flat with no shadows and the subjects were generally very serious and somber.
The subjects of the paintings were almost entirely religious with many paintings being of Christ and the Virgin
Mary.

a. ROMANESQUE ART
Romanesque art was influenced by both the
Romans and Byzantine Art.
Its focus was on religion and Christianity.

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b. GOTHIC ART
Gothic artists began to use brighter colors, dimensions and perspective, and moved realism.
They also began to use more shadows and their art and tried out towards
new subject matters just religion including
animals in mythic
light in beyond scenes.

TOPIC V: Italian Renaissance Art

It came from the French term “renascimento which means rebirth.
It is the period in history describe as the rebirth of ideas, philosophy, culture and art.
During this era, there was a real move into an era of literacy, intellectual and artistic development.

ORIGIN
From the 14th through 17th century, Italy went through an unprecedented age of enlightenment and art was no
exception.

CHARACTERISTICS
The renaissance artists found inspiration in classical art from ancient Greece and Rome, adopting interests like
balance, naturalism, and perspective.
This movement was characterized by humanist portrait painting, anatomically correct sculpture, and harmonious,
symmetrical architecture.
This was the time where every art work were influenced by scientific inquiry, investigation, and classical
philosophies.

FEATURES OF RENAISSANCE ART

Christian focused.
Moved from frescos to easel or detached paintings on canvas.
Highly realistic figures.
Development of perspectives or depth.
Mastered the use of light and shadow.
Depicted the beauty of nature.
The art of oil painting was mastered.

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REBIRTH OF VISUAL ARTS

VISUAL ARTS IN RENAISSANCE
In the visual arts, humanism stood for the emergence of the individual figure or
symbolic figures.
In other words, they are more focused into the “realistic” form of mankind.
Artists used a combination of accurate and believable proportions and spaces to create a very realistic
representation of the world.
Gazing at some of their paintings, you’ll feel like you’re part of the scene, or you could just step into it.
Some artists went as far as creating optical illusions known as tromp l'oeil (literally, a trick of the eye) where
you'll find them in fake domes, for example.

 The subject matter is mostly religious.

If it's not biblical stories, then it's hagiographies (i.e. biographies of saints).

PLASTIC ARTS IN RENAISSANCE

In sculpture, Renaissance art was increase of contemporary subjects, together with a more naturalistic handling
of proportions, drapery, anatomy, and perspective.

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ARCHITECTURE IN RENAISSANCE
Renaissance architects placed emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry, and regularity of parts.
They also made considerable use of classical antique features such as orderly arrangements of columns,
semicircular arches, and hemispherical domes.

TOPIV VI: Famous Artists and their

Artworks
MICHELANGELO DI LODOVICO BUONARROTI SIMONI
Michelangelo, in full Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, (born March 6, 1475, Caprese, Republic of
Florence [Italy]—died February 18, 1564, Rome, Papal States), Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect,
and poet who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.
Michelangelo was considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime.

1. LA PIETA
This famous work of art depicts the body of Jesus on the lap of his mother Mary afterX
the Crucifixion. It is an important work as it balances the Renaissance ideals of classical beauty.X

2. BACCHUS
The statue is somewhat over life-size and depicts Bacchus, the Roman god of wine, in a reeling pose suggestive of drunkenness.X

3. DYING SLAVE
Michelangelo is portraying that moment, at the point of death, when the body is drained of the last of its vitality to become mere
lifeless matter.

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4. DAWN
Dawn is the only female nude Michelangelo ever sculpted. A youthfully smooth, yet powerful body turns towards the observer.

5. CREATION OF ADAM
DAVID
ST PETER’S BASILICA

2. LEONARDO DI SER PIERO DA VINCI

(Italian: “Leonardo from Vinci”) (born April 15, 1452, Anchiano, near Vinci, Republic of Florence [Italy]—died
May 2, 1519, Cloux [now Clos-Lucé], France), he is an Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and
engineer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.
Ultimate Renaissance Man.

1. THE LAST SUPPER

MONA LISA
2. VIRTRUVIAN MAN
ADORATION OF MAGI

3. RAFELLO SANZIO DA URBINO (RAPHAEL)

Italian in full Raffaello Sanzio or Raffaello Santi, (born April 6, 1483, Urbino, Duchy of Urbino [Italy]—died
April 6, 1520, Rome, Papal States [Italy]), master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance. Raphael
is best known for his Madonnas and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican. His work is admired for its
clarity of form and ease of composition.

1. THE SISTINE MADONNA

It depicts a vision appearing to saints in the clouds. In the centre of the picture the Virgin strides towards the earthly realm whilst
holding the Christ Child in her arms.

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2. THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS

Represents all the greatest mathematicians, philosophers and scientists from classical antiquity gathered together sharing their ideas
and learning from each other.

3. MADONNA IN MEADOW
RESSURECTION OF CHRIST

4.DONATELLO (DONATO DI NICCOLO DI BETTO BARDI)

He was born in 1386 in Italy. He was the son of Nicolo di Betto Bardi, a wool merchant in Florence. He learned
the fabrication of metals and other substances which known as metallurgy. His most famous works of art include
David, Mary Magdalene, Madonna, Salome, Zuccone, and St. Mark, St. John the Evangelist and St. George and
the Dragon. He also invented a technique known as schiacciato (shallow relief), which achieved effects of spatial
depth.
He created: Incoronazione della vergine and David.

1. STATUE OF ST GEORGE
ESQUETRIAN MONUMENT AT GATAMELLATA
2. FEAST OF HEROD
INCORONAZIONE DELLA VERGINE

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3. TINTORETTO
THE LAST SUPPER 1954
CRUCIFIXION

4. TITIAN
VENUS OF URBINO
ASSUMPTION OF THE VIRGIN

7. ALBRECHT DURER
MELANCHOLIA
PRAYING HANDS

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8. HIERONYMUS BOSCH
THE GARDEN OF EARTHLY DELIGHTS (1515)
THE JUDGEMENT

9. GIOTTO
THE KISS OF JUDAS
LAMENTATION (THE MOURNING OF CHRIST) (1306)

10. SANDRO BOTTICELI

THE BIRTH OF VENUS 1486
PRIMAVERA 1482

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