MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

Homework 8 Model Solution

Section 14.5 ∼ 14.6.

dz
14.5.2 Use the Chain Rule to find where
dt
1
z = cos(x + 4y), x = 5t4 , y= .
t

dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
 
3 1
= − sin(x + 4y)20t + (−4) sin(x + 4y) − 2
t
 
4
= −20t3 + 2 sin(x + 4y)
t
   
4 4
= −20t3 + 2 sin 5t4 +
t t

dw
14.5.5 Use the Chain Rule to find where
dt

w = xey/z , x = t2 , y = 1 − t, z = 1 + 2t.

dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
= + +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
x y/z  xy 
= e · 2t + e · (−1) + − 2 ey/z · 2
y/z
z  z
t2 2t2 (1 − t) (1−t)/(1+2t)
  
x 2xy y/z
= 2t − − 2 e = 2t − − e
z z 1 + 2t (1 + 2t)2
2t(1 + 2t)2 − t2 (1 + 2t) − 2t2 (1 − t) (1−t)/(1+2t)
 
= e
(1 + 2t)2
2t + 5t2 + 8t3
 
= e(1−t)(1+2t)
(1 + 2t)2

∂z ∂z
14.5.10 Use the Chain Rule to find and where
∂s ∂t
s t
z = ex+2y , x= , y= .
t s

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= +
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s
   
x+2y 1 x+2y t 1 2t x+2y
= e · + 2e − 2 = − 2 e
t s t s
 
1 2t s 2t
= − 2 et+ s
t s

∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= +
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t
 s  
x+2y x+2y 1 s 2 x+2y
= e − 2 + 2e · = − 2+ e
t s t s
 
s 2 s 2t
= − 2+ et+ s
t s

∂z ∂z
14.5.11 Use the Chain Rule to find and where
∂s ∂t
p
z = er cos θ, r = st, θ= s2 + t2 .

∂z ∂z ∂r ∂z ∂θ
= +
∂s ∂r ∂s ∂θ ∂s  
s s
= er cos θ · t + (−er sin θ) √ = t cos θ − √ sin θ er
s2 + t2 s2 + t2
 
p s p
= t cos( s2 + t2 ) − √ sin( s2 + t2 ) est
s + t2
2

∂z ∂z ∂r ∂z ∂θ
= +
∂t ∂r ∂t ∂θ ∂t  
r r t t
= e cos θ · s + (−e sin θ) √ = s cos θ − √ sin θ er
s2 + t2 s2 + t2
 
p t p
= 2 2
s cos( s + t ) − √ sin( s + t ) est
2 2
s2 + t2

∂w ∂w
14.5.23 Use the Chain Rule to find , where
∂r ∂θ
w = xy + yz + zx, x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = rθ,
π
when r = 2, θ = .
2

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= + +
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂z ∂r
= (y + z) cos θ + (x + z) sin θ + (y + x)θ

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

π π π π
r = 2, θ = ⇒ x = 2 cos = 0, y = 2 sin = 2, z = 2 · = π
2 2 2 2

∂w  π π π
= (2 + π) cos + (0 + π) sin + (2 + 0) = 2π
∂r r=2,θ= π 2 2 2
2

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= + +
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ ∂z ∂θ
= (y + z)(−r sin θ) + (x + z)r cos θ + (y + x)r

∂w  π π
= (2 + π)(−2 sin ) + (0 + π)2 cos + (2 + 0)2 = −2π
∂r r=2,θ= π
 2 2
2

∂u ∂u ∂u
14.5.26 Use the Chain Rule to find , , where
∂α ∂β ∂γ

u = xety , x = α2 β, y = β 2 γ, t = γ 2 α,

when α = −1, β = 2, γ = 1.

∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂t
= + +
∂α ∂x ∂α ∂y ∂α ∂t ∂α
= e 2αβ + xte · 0 + xyety γ 2 = (2αβ + xyγ 2 )ety
ty ty

α = −1, β = 2, γ = 1 ⇒ x = (−1)2 · 2 = 2, y = 22 · 1 = 4, t = 12 · (−1) = −1


∂u 
= (2 · (−1) · 2 + 2 · 4 · 12 )e−1·4 = 4e−4
∂α α=−1,β=2,γ=1

∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂t
= + +
∂β ∂x ∂β ∂y ∂β ∂t ∂β
= e α + xte 2βγ + xyety · 0 = (α2 + 2xtβγ)ety
ty 2 ty


∂u 
= ((−1)2 + 2 · 2 · (−1) · 2 · 1)e−1·4 = −7e−4
∂β α=−1,β=2,γ=1

∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂t
= + +
∂γ ∂x ∂γ ∂y ∂γ ∂t ∂γ
= e · 0 + xte β + xyety · 2γα = (xtβ 2 + 2xyγα)ety
ty ty 2


∂u 
= (2 · (−1) · 22 + 2 · 2 · 4 · 1 · (−1))e−1·4 = −24e−4
∂γ α=−1,β=2,γ=1

14.5.39 The length `, width w, and height h of a box change with time. At a certain
instant the dimensions are ` = 1 m and w = h = 2 m, and ` and w are increasing
at a rate of 2 m/s while h is decreasing at a rate of 3 m/s. At that instant find the
rates at which the following quantities are changing.

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

(a) The volume:

Volume = V = `wh
From the conditions above,

`(0) = 1, w(0) = 2, h(0) = 2,

  
d`  dw  dh 
= 2, = 2, = −3.
dt t=0 dt t=0 dt t=0
dV ∂V d` ∂V dw ∂V dh d` dw dh
= + + = wh + `h + `w
dt ∂` dt ∂w dt ∂h dt dt dt dt
   
dV  d`  dw  dh 
= wh  +`h +`w = 2·2·2+1·2·2+1·2·(−3) = 6 (m3 /s)
dt t=0 dt t=0 dt t=0 dt t=0
(b) The surface area:

Surface area = A = 2`w + 2`h + 2wh

dA ∂A d` ∂A dw ∂A dh d` dw dh
= + + = (2w + 2h) + (2` + 2h) + (2` + 2w)
dt ∂` dt ∂w dt ∂h dt dt dt dt
   
dA  d`  dw  dh 
= (2w + 2h)  + (2` + 2h) + (2` + 2w)
dt  t=0 dt t=0 dt  t=0 dt  t=0
2
= (2 · 2 + 2 · 2)2 + (2 · 1 + 2 · 2)2 + (2 · 1 + 2 · 2)(−3) = 10 (m /s)

(c) The length of a diagonal:

p
Diagonal = D = `2 + w 2 + h2
dD ∂D d` ∂D dw ∂D dh
= + +
dt ∂` dt ∂w dt ∂h dt
` d` w dw h dh
=√ +√ +√
`2 + w2 + h2 dt `2 + w2 + h2 dt `2 + w2 + h2 dt
   
dD  ` d`  w dw  h dh 
=√ +√ +√
dt t=0 `2 + w2 + h2 dt t=0 `2 + w2 + h2 dt t=0 `2 + w2 + h2 dt t=0
1 2 2
=√ ·2+ √ ·2+ √ · (−3) = 0 (m/s)
12 2
+2 +2 2 2 2
1 +2 +2 2 1 + 22 + 2 2
2

14.5.43 One side of a triangle is increasing at a rate of 3 cm/s and a second side is
decreasing at a rate of 2 cm/s. If the area of the triangle remains constant, at what
rate does the angle between the sides change when the first side is 20 cm long,
π
the second side is 30 cm, and the angle is ?
6
Let x be the length of the first side, y be the length of the second side, and let θ be
the angle between them. then from the assumption,
 
π dx  dy 
x(0) = 20, y(0) = 30, θ(0) = , = 3, = −2.
6 dt t=0 dt t=0
The area of the triangle is
1
A := xy sin θ.
2

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

dA
Because the area is constant, = 0.
dt
By the Chain Rule,
   
dA  ∂A dx  ∂A dy  ∂A dθ 
0= = + +
dt t=0 ∂x dt t=0 ∂y dt t=0 ∂z dt t=0
  
y dx  x dy  1 dθ 
= sin θ + sin θ + xy cos θ
2 dt t=0 2 dt t=0 2 dt t=0

30 π 20 π 1 π dθ 
= sin · 3 + sin · (−2) + · 20 · 30 cos
2 6 2 6 2 6 dt t=0
√ dθ 

25
= + 150 3 
2 dt  t=0

dθ  25 1
⇒ =− √ = − √ (rad/s)
dt t=0 300 3 12 3
14.5.45 If z = f (x, y), where x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ,
∂z ∂z
(a) find and .
∂r ∂θ
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z
= + = cos θ + sin θ
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z
= + = (−r sin θ) + r cos θ
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ ∂x ∂y
(b) Show that
 2  2  2  2
∂z ∂z ∂z 1 ∂z
+ = + 2 .
∂x ∂y ∂r r ∂θ
 2  2
∂z ∂z 1 ∂z ∂z
cos θ + sin θ + 2 (−r sin θ) + r cos θ
∂x ∂y r ∂x ∂y
 2  2
∂z 2 ∂z ∂z ∂z
= cos θ + 2 cos θ sin θ + sin2 θ
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
 2  2 !
1 ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
+ 2 r2 sin2 θ − 2 r2 sin θ cos θ + r2 cos θ
r ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
 2  2
∂z 2 2

∂z ∂z ∂z
sin2 θ + cos2 θ


= cos θ + sin θ +2 (cos θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ)+
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
 2  2
∂z ∂z
= +
∂x ∂y
14.6.6 Find the directional derivative of f (x, y) = ex cos y at (0, 0) in the direction indi-
π
cated by the angle θ = .
4
π π 1 1
Direction vector u: hcos , sin i = h √ , √ i
4 4 2 2

∇f = hfx , fy i = hex cos y, −ex sin yi

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

∇f (0, 0) = he0 cos 0, −e0 sin 0i = h1, 0i

1 1 1
Du f (0, 0) = ∇f (0, 0) · u = h1, 0i · h √ , √ i = √
2 2 2

y2
14.6.8 (a) Find the gradient of f (x, y) = .
x
y 2 2y
∇f = hfx , fy i = h− , i
x2 x
(b) Evaluate the gradient at P = (1, 2).

22 2 · 2
∇f (1, 2) = h− , i = h−4, 4i
12 1
1 √
(c) Find the rate of change of f at P in the direction of the vector u = (2i+ 5j).
3
√ √
2 5 −8 + 4 5
Du f (1, 2) = ∇f (1, 2) · u = h−4, 4i · h , i=
3 3 3
14.6.15 Find the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = xey + yez + zex at the given point
(0, 0, 0) in the direction of v = h5, 1, −2i.

p √
|v| = 52 + 12 + (−2)2 = 30
The unit vector to the direction of v:
v 5 1 2
u= = h√ , √ , −√ i
|v| 30 30 30
∇f = hfx , fy , fz i = hey + zex , xey + ez , yez + ex i
∇f (0, 0, 0) = he0 + 0e0 , 0e0 + e0 , 0e0 + e0 i = h1, 1, 1i
5 1 2 4
Du f (0, 0, 0) = ∇f (0, 0, 0) · u = h1, 1, 1i · h √ , √ , − √ i = √
30 30 30 30
x+y
14.6.24 Find the maximum rate of change of f (x, y, z) = at (1, 1, −1) and the
z
direction in which it occurs.

1 1 x+y
∇f = hfx , fy , fz i = h , , − 2 i
z z z
1 1 1+1
∇f (1, 1, −1) = h , .− i = h−1, −1, −2i
−1 −1 (−1)2
The maximum rate of change occurs to the direction of ∇f (1, 1, −1) = h−1, −1, −2i.
1 1 2
(The unit vector in this direction is h− √ , − √ , − √ i.) In this case, the maxi-
p6 6 6 √
mum rate of change is |∇f (1, 1, −1)| = (−1)2 + (−1)2 + (−2)2 = 6.

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

14.6.35 Let f be a function of two variables that has continuous partial derivatives
and consider the points A(1, 3), B(3, 3), C(1, 7), and D(6, 15). The directional
−−→
derivative of f at A in the direction of the vector AB is 3 and the directional
−→
derivative at A in the direction of AC is 26. Find the directional derivative of f at
−−→
A in the direction of the vector AD.

−−→
AB = h3, 3i − h1, 3i = h2, 0i
−−→
The unit vector u to the direction of AB is i.
−→
AC = h1, 7i − h1, 3i = h0, 4i
−→
The unit vector v to the direction of AC is j.
If ∇f (1, 3) = ha, bi,

3 = Du f (1, 3) = ∇f (1, 3) · u = ha, bi · i = a

26 = Dv f (1, 3) = ∇f (1, 3) · u = ha, bi · j = b

⇒ ∇f (1, 3) = h3, 26i

−−→
AD = h6, 15i − h1, 3i = h5, 12i
−−→ p √
|AD| = 52 + 122 = 169 = 13
−−→ 5 12
The unit vector w to the direction of AD is h , i.
13 13
5 12 327
Dw f (1, 3) = ∇f (1, 3) · w = h3, 26i · h , i=
13 13 13

14.6.43 (a) Find an equation of the tangent plane to xyz 2 = 6 at (3, 2, 1).
A point on the tangent plane: (3, 2, 1)

f (x, y, z) = xyz 2
∇f = hfx , fy , fz i = hyz 2 , xz 2 , 2xyzi
∇f (3, 2, 1) = h2 · 12 , 3 · 12 , 2 · 3 · 2 · 1i = h2, 3, 12i
A normal vector: h2, 3, 12i
An equation of the tangent plane:

2(x − 3) + 3(y − 2) + 12(z − 1) = 0

or
2x + 3y + 12z = 24

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

(b) Find equations of the normal line to xyz 2 = 6 at (3, 2, 1).

A point on the normal line: (3, 2, 1)
A direction vector: ∇f (3, 2, 1) = h2, 3, 12i
Symmetric equations of the normal line:
x−3 y−2 z−1
= =
2 3 12

x2 y2 z2
14.6.51 Show that the equation of the tangent plane to the ellipsoid + + =1
a2 b2 c2
at the point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) can be written as
xx0 yy0 zz0
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a2 b c

A point on the plane: (x0 , y0 , z0 )

x2 y 2 z 2
f (x, y, z) = + 2 + 2
a2 b c
2x 2y 2z
∇f = hfx , fy , fz i = h 2 , 2 , 2 i
a b c
2x0 2y0 2z0
∇f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = h 2 , 2 , 2 i
a b c
2x0 2y0 2z0 x0 y0 z0
A normal vector: ∇f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = h 2 , 2 , 2 i or h 2 , 2 , 2 i
a b c a b c
An equation of the tangent plane:
x0 y0 z0
2
(x − x0 ) + 2 (y − y0 ) + 2 (z − z0 ) = 0
a b c
x0 x x20 y0 y y02 z0 z z02
− 2 + 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 =0
a2 a b b c c
xx0 yy0 zz0 2
x0 y0 2 z02
+ + = + +
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
Because (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is on the ellipsoid,
xx0 yy0 zz0
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a2 b c

14.6.55 Are there any points on the hyperboloid x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 1 where the tangent
plane is parallel to the plane z = x + y?
The tangent plane at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is parallel to the plane z = x + y when the nor-
mal vector ∇f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is parallel to h1, 1, −1i, or equivalently, ∇f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) =
ch1, 1, −1i for some constant c.

f (x, y, z) = x2 − y 2 − z 2

∇f = hfx , fy , fz i = h2x, −2y, −2zi

∇f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = h2x0 , −2y0 , −2z0 i = ch1, 1, −1i

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

⇒ 2x0 = c, −2y0 = c, −2z0 = −c

c c c
⇒ x0 = , y 0 = − , z 0 =
2 2 2
Because (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is on the hyperboloid,
 c 2  c 2  c 2 c2
1 = x20 − y02 − z02 = − − − =−
2 2 2 4
The right hand side is always non-positive. Therefore there is no solution and
there is no such point.

14.6.59 Where does the normal line to the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 at the point (1, 1, 2)
intersect the paraboloid a second time?

f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − z = 0
∇f = h2x, 2y, −1i
∇f (1, 1, 2) = h2, 2, −1i
A direction vector: h2, 2, −1i
A point on the line: (1, 1, 2)
A parametric equation of the normal line:

r(t) = h1, 1, 2i + th2, 2, −1i = h1 + 2t, 1 + 2t, 2 − ti

f (r(t)) = (1 + 2t)2 + (1 + 2t)2 − (2 − t) = 0

9
⇒ 2(1 + 4t + 4t2 ) − 2 + t = 0 ⇒ 8t2 + 9t = 0 ⇒ t = 0, −
8
Another intersection point:

9 5 5 25
r(− ) = h− , − , i
8 4 4 8

14.6.62 Show that the pyramids cut off from the first octant by any tangent planes to
the surface xyz = 1 at points in the first octant must all have the same volume.

f (x, y, z) = xyz
∇f = hyz, xz, xyi
∇f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = hy0 z0 , x0 z0 , x0 y0 i
The tangent plane at (x0 , y0 , z0 ):

y0 z0 (x − x0 ) + x0 z0 (y − y0 ) + x0 y0 (z − z0 ) = 0

xy0 z0 − x0 y0 z0 + yx0 z0 − x0 y0 z0 + zx0 y0 − x0 y0 z0 = 0

xy0 z0 + yx0 z0 + zx0 y0 = 3

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MATH 2004 Homework Solution Han-Bom Moon

because x0 y0 z0 = 1.
The intersection of tangent plane and x-axis:

3
y=z=0⇒x=
y0 z0

The intersection with y-axis:

3
x=z=0⇒y=
x 0 z0
The intersection with z-axis:
3
x=y=0⇒z=
x 0 y0

The area of the base of the pyramid:

1 3 3 9 9
· · = 2 =
2 y0 z0 x 0 z0 2x0 y0 z0 2z0

The height of the pyramid:

3
x 0 y0
The volume of the pyramid:

1 1 9 3 9 9
· area of the base · height = · · = =
3 3 2z0 x0 y0 2x0 y0 z0 2

Therefore it is independent from the choice of a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) on the surface.

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