Overview

Classical Software Engineering

– Stepwise Refinement
Software Engineering – Problems with Classical Approach

Basic Features of Object-Orientation
– Encapsulation
Lecture 4

Objects
So what does Object-Oriented mean anyway?

Classes
A Basic Object Oriented Model – Inheritance

Multiple Inheritance

Example Stepwise Refinement:

Classical Software Engineering Making a cup of Instant Coffee
1. Boil Water 1.1 Fill Kettle 1.1.1 Put kettle under tap

Programming Language Evolution led to larger and 1.1.2 Turn on tap
more complex programs incomprehensible to humans 1.1.3 Wait until kettle is full
1.1.4 Turn off tap

Methodology required to build such programs
1.2 Switch on Kettle

In the 1960s and 70s, a methodology called Structured 1.3 Wait until boiling
Programming became established 1.4 Switch off kettle
– essentially divide and conquer 2. Put Coffee in Cup 2.1 Open coffee jar 2.1.1 find coffee jar
2.1.2 remove lid from jar
– write high level algorithm for problem
2.2 Extract spoonful of
– divide algorithm into a series of significant sub-algorithms coffee
each forming a program module 2.3 Tip spoonful into cup
– repeat process on sub-algorithms until they become small 2.4 Close coffee jar 2.4.1 put lid on coffee jar
enough to be expressed as program code (Stepwise 2.4.2 replace jar on shelf
Refinement) 3. Add water to Cup
Problems with Classical Approach Real World Analogy

Software Life-Cycle Models (Waterfall) evolved to
In everyday life, simplifications of the world are made
allow Structured programs to be written by naming various Entities

Initially very promising results were achieved – Examples: John, Room G1A, Canterbury

However:-
These entities possess properties
– as software began to exceed ~50 000 lines of code, the – Name, Building, Location
paradigm began to break down since it is either action or
Everyday tasks involve interaction with these entities
data oriented but not both

In practice, only properties relevant to these tasks
– also as Maintenance was required to adapt the software to
changing requirements, the module structure began to
are considered significant
break down making subsequent maintenance more and
Use same idea as a model for Software Construction
more difficult – call the entities Objects

Object Orientation Encapsulation: Objects

Treat components of the system as Student A Lecturer B Six example
abstract objects with relevant properties / Objects from the
attributes Administration
Course C System

E.g. University Administration system Student D
Lecture
– Object : Student:

Properties needed: Name, id no, course etc. Lecture Theatre

Not needed: Height, hair colour etc

An Object Encapsulates properties related •Objects have their own properties: A lecture has a title, theme, Slide
running order
to an entity in the system
•Objects have relations to each other: A given lecture involves many objects
 Classes Class Definition

Many Objects share common properties
Classes have a number of attributes
– e.g.Student may have name, Id, grade
Student A Student B
achieved

Group together such objects to form a class
Also have Operations

– e.g. Student, Lecturer, Course – e.g. enrol for course, calculate marks

Identifying Classes major part of design Student

process Name:String
StudentId:Integer
– e.g. Dependent on system requirements, EnrolForCourse()
Lecture Theatre may or may not be a Class CalculateResults()

Definitions Inheritance

Message: Information sent to an object
Classes often extend the definition of other
requesting an operation to be performed Classes

Attribute: Property of an object often
Person
expressed as a variable

Operation: A Function which an object
may perform Student Lecturer

Method: An implementation of an
operation (Method is wholly encapsulated
Student has all the attributes of a person
within the class) (e.g. name) plus specific attributes
(e.g.Student ID)
 Multiple Inheritance
Example Inheritance
GeomFigure Animal
General properties part of
X-Coord:Integer
Y-Coord:Integer superclass Phylogenetic Phylogenetic
Display() Specific properties part of
Remove()
subclass Mammal Terrestrial Habitat Fish

Circle Rectangle Triangle Pig Aquatic

SideA:Integer
Radius:Float Length:Integer
SideB:Integer
Width:Integer
SideC:Integer

SetRadius(R) SetSides(Length, Width) SetSides(A,B,C)

Dolphin Trout

Summary

Object Oriented Design is an attempt

to overcome the problems of Software
Engineering

Three Main Concepts
– Encapsulation
– Inheritance
– ( + Polymorphism to be covered soon!)