RADAR -2nd Module

Doppler effect and doppler shift

 The frequency of a radio wave received at the receiver is

not necessarily same as the frequency of the transmitted
radio wave.
 The received frequency depends on the relative motion
between transmitter and receiver.
 This Phenomenon is called as Doppler effect
 The change in frequency due to doppler effect is known as
doppler shift
 Doppler effect and doppler shift

Doppler effect in sound wave

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lb1P3CKC_w&ab_channel=TheCOMETProgram%2FMetEd

 If the transmitter and receiver are moving towards each other- The
received frequency is higher than the transmitted frequency
 If the transmitter and receiver are moving apart- The received
frequency is lower than the transmitted frequency
 Doppler effect and doppler shift

Doppler shift is given by:

2𝑣𝑟
𝛥𝑓 =
𝜆
Where,
 𝛥𝑓 is the change in frequency due to doppler shift
 𝑣𝑟 is the relative velocity between transmitter and receiver
 λ is the wavelength of transmitted signal
 Doppler effect and doppler shift in RADAR

 In the case of RADAR, the transmitter (RADAR station) is stationary and

the receiver (target) is moving.
 Therefore, the frequency shift in the frequency of received echo depends
on the velocity of target.
 If the target is moving towards RADAR- The frequency of echo is higher
than the transmitted frequency
 If the target is moving away from RADAR- The frequency of echo is
lower than the transmitted frequency
 Doppler effect and doppler shift in RADAR

Application of doppler shift in RADAR

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ql2Y-3hOfGY&ab_channel=RobertSlade
Types of RADAR
 CW (Continuous Wave) RADAR

 The RADAR which operates with continuous signal (wave) for

detecting moving targets is called Continuous Wave (CW) RADAR.

 This RADAR requires two antennas. Among which, one antenna is

used for transmitting the signal and the other antenna is used for
receiving the signal.
CW (Continuous Wave) RADAR
 CW Transmitter − produces frequency of 𝑓0 .

 Local Oscillator − It produces frequency of 𝑓𝑙 .

 Mixer-I − output having frequencies 𝑓0 +

𝑓𝑙 or 𝑓0 − 𝑓𝑙

 Side Band Filter − produces only upper side

band frequency, i.e., 𝑓0 + 𝑓𝑙

 Mixer-II − produce the output having

frequencies of 2𝑓0 + 𝑓 ± 𝑓𝑑 𝑙 or 𝑓𝑙 ± 𝑓𝑑 .

 IF Amplifier − allows only the Intermediate

Frequency, 𝑓𝑙 ± 𝑓𝑑

 Detector − It detects the signal, which is

having Doppler frequency, 𝑓𝑑 .
 CW (Continuous Wave) RADAR

Conventional CW radar cannot measure range because there is

no basis for the measurement of the time delay.

 CW radar can measure the instantaneous rate-of-change in

the target's range. This is accomplished by a direct
measurement of the Doppler shift of the returned signal.
 FM - CW RADAR

If CW Doppler RADAR uses the Frequency Modulation, then that

RADAR is called FM CW RADAR.
 It measures not only the speed of the target but also the distance of
the target from the RADAR.
The block diagram of the FMCW RADAR looks similar to the block
diagram of CW RADAR.
 It contains few modified blocks and some other blocks in addition
to the blocks that are present in the block diagram of CW RADAR.
 FM Modulator −Frequency Modulated (FM) signal having
variable frequency, 𝑓0 (𝑡)
 Local Oscillator − produce a signal having an Intermediate
Frequency, 𝑓𝐼𝐹
 Mixer-I − frequency either 𝑓0 𝑡 + 𝑓𝐼𝐹 or 𝑓0 𝑡 − 𝑓𝐼𝐹 .
 Side Band Filter − produces only lower side band
frequency. i.e., 𝑓0 𝑡 − 𝑓𝐼𝐹 .
 Mixer-II − The signals having frequencies of 𝑓0 𝑡 −
𝑓𝐼𝐹 and 𝑓0 (𝑡 − 𝑇) are applied to Mixer-II. So, the Mixer-II
will produce the output having frequency either 𝑓0 𝑡 − 𝑇 +
𝑓0 𝑡 − 𝑓𝐼𝐹 or 𝑓0 𝑡 − 𝑇 − 𝑓0 𝑡 + 𝑓𝐼𝐹 .

 IF Amplifier − 𝑓0 𝑡 − 𝑇 − 𝑓0 𝑡 + 𝑓𝐼𝐹 is amplified

 Balanced Detector − It is used to produce the output signal

having frequency of 𝑓0 𝑡 − 𝑇 − 𝑓0 𝑡
 Low Frequency Amplifier − It amplifies the output of
Balanced detector to the required level.
 Switched Frequency Counter − It is useful for getting the
value of Doppler velocity.
 Average Frequency Counter − It is useful for getting the
value of Range.
CW (Continuous Wave) RADAR & FM-CW RADAR
block diagram of FM - CW super heterodyne receiver
 Pulse RADAR

 The RADAR, which operates with pulse signal for detecting stationary targets is
called Pulse RADAR.

 Pulse RADAR uses single antenna for both transmitting and receiving of signals
with the help of Duplexer
Pulse RADAR
 Pulse Modulator − produces a pulse-
modulated signal
 Low Noise RF Amplifier − It amplifies the
weak RF signal, Local Oscillator − produces
a signal having stable frequency.
 IF Amplifier − It improves the Signal to
Noise Ratio at output.
 Detector − It demodulates the signal, which
is obtained at the output of the IF Amplifier.
 Video Amplifier − it amplifies the video
signal,
 Display − In general, it displays the amplified
video signal on CRT screen.
https://www.radartutorial.eu/02.basics/Pulse%20Radar.en.html
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
 Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) of the
radar system is the number of pulses that are
transmitted per second.

 Radar systems radiate each pulse at the

carrier frequency during transmit time (or
Pulse Width PW), wait for returning echoes
during listening or rest time, and then radiate
the next pulse

 The time between the beginning of one pulse

and the start of the next pulse is called pulse-
repetition time (PRT) and is equal to the
reciprocal of PRF as follows:
 MTI RADAR

 Moving Target Indication RADARs: The MTI RADAR is used to detect moving
targets.
 Its main objective is to reject the signals from stationary unwanted objects like
ground clutter, rain clutter, bird clutter, etc.
 The echo of stationary objects and the echo of moving targets are received together
at the antenna.
 Then the processing system in MTI separates echo of moving targets from this
received signal.
 In MTI, the processing system is used to eliminate unwanted clutter from the
background and to detect moving targets even when the velocity of such targets is
small relative to the RADAR platform.
 MTI RADAR

 The MTI RADAR uses doppler effect for its operation.

 MTI system compares a set of received echoes with those received during
previous sweep.
 The echoes with same phase in both sweeps are cancelled out.
 The echoes of stationary objects have a constant phase in different sweeps
while the echoes of moving objects have a phase change in different
sweeps
Block diagram of MTI RADAR employing power amplifier
Block diagram of MTI RADAR employing power amplifier

 Local Oscillator − It stable frequency 𝑓𝑙 .

 Coherent Oscillator − produces a signal having an
Intermediate Frequency, 𝑓𝑐 .

 Mixer-I − used for producing the frequency 𝑓𝑙 + 𝑓𝑐 .

 Duplexer − transmits the signal having frequency 𝑓𝑙 + 𝑓𝑐 .

Similarly, Antenna receives the signal having frequency
of 𝑓𝑙 + 𝑓𝑐 ± 𝑓𝑑
 Mixer-II − The signals having frequencies 𝑓𝑙 + 𝑓𝑐 ±
𝑓𝑑 and 𝑓𝑙 are applied to Mixer-II. Here, the Mixer-II
producen𝑓𝑐 ± 𝑓𝑑 .

 IF Amplifier − amplifies the signal having frequency 𝑓𝑐 ±

𝑓𝑑 .

 Phase Detector − It is used to produce the output signal

having frequency 𝑓𝑑
 Delay line canceller- It is a filter, which eliminates the DC
components of echo signals received from stationary
targets.
 Delay line cancellers

 MTI delay-line canceller- It is a filter, which

eliminates the DC components of echo signals
received from stationary targets.
 It allows the AC components of echo signals received
from non-stationary targets
 The Pulse modulator delay line must introduce a time
delay equal to the pulse repetition interval.
 For typical ground-based air-surveillance RADARs
this might be several milliseconds.
 Delay times of this magnitude cannot be achieved
with practical electromagnetic transmission lines.
 By converting the electromagnetic signal to an
'acoustic signal it is possible to utilize delay lines of a
reasonable physical length
 Tracking RADAR

The RADAR, which is used to track the path of one or more targets is known
as Tracking RADAR.
In general, it performs the following functions before it starts the tracking
activity.
 Target detection
 Finding range of the target
 Finding elevation and azimuth angles of target
 Finding Doppler frequency shift of target (Finding speed of target)
• The pencil beams of RADAR antenna perform tracking in angle.
• The axis of RADAR antenna is considered as the reference direction.
• If the direction of the target and reference direction is not same, then there will
be angular error, which is nothing but the difference between the two directions.
• If the angular error signal is applied to a servo control system, then it will move the axis
of the RADAR antenna towards the direction of target.
• Both the axis of RADAR antenna and the direction of target will coincide when the
angular error is zero.
• There exists a feedback mechanism in the Tracking RADAR, which works until the
angular error becomes zero.
 Angular Tracking

Sequential Lobing
 The Antenna beams are switched between
two patterns alternately for tracking the
target
 It is also called sequential switching and
lobe switching

Conical Scanning
The Antenna beam continuously rotates
for tracking a target
 Types of RADAR displays
• An electronic instrument, which is used for displaying the data visually is known as
display.
• The electronic instrument which displays the information about RADAR’s target
visually is known as RADAR display
A-Scope- It is a two dimensional RADAR display. The horizontal and vertical
coordinates represent the range and echo amplitude of the target respectively.
B-Scope- It is a two dimensional RADAR display. The horizontal and vertical
coordinates represent the azimuth angle and the range of the target respectively
C-Scope- It is a two-dimensional RADAR display. The horizontal and vertical
coordinates represent the azimuth angle and elevation angle respectively.
P-Scope- It is a RADAR display, which uses intensity modulation. It displays the
information of echo signal as plan view. Range and azimuth angle are displayed in
polar coordinates. Hence, it is called the Plan Position Indicator or the PPI display.