CONTENT

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. INTRODUCTION

3. PART 1 4. PART 2 5. PART 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to thank god that finally, I had succeeded in finishing this project work.

I would like to thank my beloved Additional Mathematic Teacher, Mrs. Wan Nurhalina bt.__________for
all the assistance she has provided me during my job search. I appreciate the information and advice she have given, as
well as the connections she have shared with me. Her expertise and help have been invaluable during this process.

Also, thanks to my mom and my dad for giving me fully support in completing this project work and permission to use
their
notebook for further research in completing this project work. I sincerely appreciate their generosity.
I would like to give my special thank to my fellow friends who had given me extra information on the project work and
study
group that we had done. Thank you for spending time with me to discuss about the coursework.
Last but not least, I would like to express my highest gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this
coursework. I really appreciate all your helps. Again, thank you so much.
Best Regards,
INTRODUCTION
A circle is a simpleshape of Euclidean geometry consisting of thosepoi nts in aplane which are the samedis tance from
a
given point called thecentre. The common distance of the points of a circle from its centre is called itsradius.

Circles are simple closedcu rves which divide theplane into two regions, aninterior and an exterior. In
everyday use the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure (known as
theperimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior, but in strict technical usage "circle" refers to the perimeter
while the interior of the circle is called adisk. Thecircumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially
when referring to its length).

A circle is a specialellipse in which the twof oci are coincident. Circles are conic sections attained when a right circular
cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone.
PART 1

There are a lot of things are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of a circle. Circle exists in our everyday
lives and without circles, we could not imagine what it would cause to this world as the most important thing, the Earth
itself is a circle. In this project, I will use the principle of circle that I had studied to design a garden to beautify the
school.

Before I further my task, first, we have to know what do pi (π) related to a circle.
When referring to this constant, the symbol π is always pronounced like "pie" inEnglish, which is the conventional
English
pronunciation of the Greek letter. In Greek, the name of this letter ispronounced /pi/.
Pi or π is a mathematical constant whose value is therati o of anycircle's circumference to its diameter. In Euclidean
plane
geometry, π is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.
 The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For example, if a circle has twice the diameter d of
another circle it will also have twice the circumference C, preserving the ratio C/d. Alternatively π can be also defined
as the ratio of a circle'sarea (A) to the area of a square whose side is equal to theradi us.

These definitions depend on results of Euclidean geometry, such as the fact that all circles aresimilar. This can be
considered a problem when π occurs in areas of mathematics that otherwise do not involve geometry. For this reason,
mathematicians often prefer to define π without reference to geometry, instead selecting one of itsanalytic properties as
a definition. A common choice is to define π as twice the smallest positive x for whichcos(x) = 0.

The early history of pi is believed to be built during the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt's Old Kingdom, the
Great Pyramid was constructed with an approximate ratio of height to circumference of the base of 2π. Each side is 440
cubits long, and the height is believed to have been 280 cubits tall at the time of its construction. This puts the value at
approximately 3.142, or 0.04% above the exact value.

AnEgyptian scribe namedAhmes wrote the oldest known text to give an approximate value for π. TheRhind
Mathematical Papyrus dates from the Egyptian Second Intermediate Period—though Ahmes stated that he copied a
Middle
Kingdom papyrus (i.e. from before 1650 BC)—and describes the value in such a way that the result obtained comes out
to 256⁄81,
which is approximately 3.16, or 0.6% above the exact value.

As early as the 19th century BC, Babylonian mathematicians were using π ≈ 25⁄8, which is about 0.5%
below the exact value. The Indian astronomer Yajnavalkya gave astronomical calculations in the Shatapatha Brahmana
(c. 9th century BC) that led to a fractional approximation of π ≈ 339⁄108 (which equals 3.13888..., which is correct to
two decimal places when rounded, or 0.09% below the exact value).

In the third century BC,Archimedes proved the sharp inequalities 223⁄71 < π < 22⁄7, by means of regular 96-gons; these
values are 0.02% and 0.04% off, respectively. (Differentiating thearctangent function leads to a simple modern proof
that indeed
3+1⁄7 exceeds π .) Later, in the second century AD, Ptolemy, using a regular 360-gon, obtained a value of 3.141666....,
which is
correct to three decimal places.[1]

The Chinese mathematician Liu Hui in 263 AD computed π with to between 3.141024 and 3.142708 with
inscribe 96-gon and 192-gon; the average of these two values is 3.141864, an error of less than 0.01%. However, he
suggested that 3.14 was a good enough approximation for practical purpose. Later he obtained a more accurate result π
≈ 3927⁄1250 = 3.1416.

PART 2
Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR of diameter d1 and d2 respectively
are inscribed
in PQR such that the sum of d1 and d2 is equal to 10cm.
Diagram 1
(a)
I had completed the Table 1 by using various values of d1 and the corresponding values of d2, in which d1 + d2 =
10cm, to
determine the relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB, and BCR. To find the length of arc, I had used the
formula:
Arc of semicircle = ½πd
d1
(cm)
d2
(cm)

Length of arc PQR in

Length of arc PAB in

Length of arc BCR in

1 5 column 10 baris
9
5 π
½π
9/2 π
2
8
5 π
π
4π
3
7
5 π
3/2 π
7/2 π
4
6
5 π
2 π
3π
5
5
5 π
5/2π
5/2 π
6
4
5 π
3π
2π
7
3
5 π
7/2 π
3/2 π
8
2
5 π
4π
π
9
1
5 π
9/2 π
½π
Table 1

From the Table 1, we know that the length of arc PQR is not affected by the different in d1 and d2 in PAB
and BCR respectively. The relation between the length of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR is that the length of arc PQR is
equal to the sum of the length of arcs PAB and BCR, which the equation is:

S PQR = S PAB + S BCR

5π = ½ π (3) + ½ π (7)
5π = 3/2 π + 7/2 π
5π = 10/2 π

5π = 5 π