RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LAB- PRACTICAL FILE

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement of Bachelors of

Business Administration course of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University

Submitted By Under the guidance of

DEEPIKA DIXIT

Batch:2019-2022 Assistant Professor (NDIM)

Semester-4th

New Delhi Institute of Management

61- Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi- 110062

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to various people, who directly or

indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who influenced my
thinking, behavior, and acts during the course of study.

I am indebted to Madhu Arora Faculty - NDIM, and NDIM College for their
support, co-operation and motivation provided to me during the study.

The project has been a learning experience for me. Needless to say I and alone
remain responsible for any errors that might have crept into the pages, despite of
my best possible effort to avoid them.

DEEPIKA DIXIT
BBA (4thSem)
Enrollment No. - 14550601719
 DECLARATION

I, Deepika Dixit declare that this project is done by me, on the basis of guidance provided by
our faculty guide. This is an original piece of work and I adhere to the norms and guidelines
provided

DEEPIKA DIXIT

(14550601719)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. CONTENTS Page No.

Chapter 1 Introduction to JAMOVI 1 to 5

1.1 Introduction to JAMOVI 1

1.2 How to install JAMOVI 2

1.3 Advantages and Functions of JAMOVI 3-4

1.4 Interface of JAMOVI 4-5

Chapter 2 Layout of JAMOVI

2.1 Layout of JAMOVI

2.2 Components of JAMOVI – data

2.2.2 File Tab

2.2.3 Analyze

2.2.4 File

2.2.5 Edit

2.2.6 Transform

2.2.7 Graphs

Chapter 3 Entering Data to JAMOVI

3.1 Entering Data to JAMOVI

3.2 How to enter data into JAMOVI?

3.3 Steps to enter data

Chapter 4 JAMOVI Lab Exercise

4.1 Exercise 1- Descriptive Statistics

4.2 Exercise 2 – Independent Sample Test.

4.3 Exercise 3 – Paired T test

4.4 Exercise 4 –ANOVA

4.5 Exercise 5 – Reliability of Questionnaire

Annexure Questionnaire

Coded Data
List of Charts/ Screen Shots

CHART NO. TITLE PAGE

NO.
1 Screen shot of JAMOVI

2 Screenshot of Data View

3 Screenshot of Layout of JAMOVI, variable view,

analysis, file, edit, transform, utilities.

4 Screenshot of Entering data into JAMOVI, method

and Steps to entering data

5 Screenshot of Frequency, Mean, Median, Mode

and selection of Chart- histogram, pie chart, bar
diagram.

6 Table of Output of Frequencies of Descriptive

Statistics. In which mean median mode of are
calculated.

7 Histogram

8 Screenshot of compare Means

9 Screenshot of one sample t test and output

10 Screenshot of correlation, output of correlation.

11 Screenshot of Regression, linear regression

12 Output of regression, model summary, correlation,

coefficient

13 Screenshot of reliability of Analysis of

questionnaire,

14 Output of reliability of analysis

15 Screenshot of Coded data 1, 2, 3 .

 INTRODUCTION TO JAMOVI
What is JAMOVI?

Jamovi is a new “3rd generation” statistical spreadsheet. Designed from the

ground to be easy to use, jamovi is a compelling alternative to costly statistical
products such SPSS and SAS. Jamovi aims to be neutral platform, and takes no
position with respect to competing statistical philosophies.

INSTALL JAMOVI FOR WINDOWS

STEPS TO INSTALLING JAMOVI-
Go to your browser and search for https://www.jamovi.org/

 Click, Download
 Then, save the file and run it after download is complete.
 Click Next in all the popups that appears then Finish.
 Open the installed JAMOVI.

INSTALL MODULE-

 Open jamovi
 Choose module
 Click JAMOVI library
 Choose the available
 Click required

OPEN JAMOVI
1.1 jamovi looks like this when you start it
ABOUT JAMOVI-
 Free and open statistical software to bridge the gap between researcher
and statistician.
 Jamovi is statical software made by co-founders Jonathon love, dammian,
dropman and Ravi selkar.
 Jamovi is a compelling alternative to costly statisticsl products such as
SPSS and SAS.
 It also supports loading of SPSS,SAS and stata files.
 FREE AND OPEN- JAMOVI will always be free and open- that’s one of
the core values- because JAMVI is made by the scientific community,
for the scientific community.

SCALE IN JAMOVI-

 CONTINUOS
 ORDINAL
 NOMINAL
 ID

NOMINAL- Nominal scale variable (also referred to as a categorical variable)

is one in which there is no particular relationship between the different
possibilities. For these kinds of variables it doesn’t make any sense to say that
one of them is “bigger’ or “better” than any other one, and it absolutely doesn’t
make any sense to average them. The classic example for this is “eye colour”.
Eyes can be blue, green or brown, amongst other possibilities, but none of them
is any “bigger” than any other one. As a result, it would feel really weird to talk
about an “average eye colour”. Similarly, gender is nominal too: male isn’t
better or worse than female. Neither does it make sense to try to talk about an
“average gender”. In short, nominal scale variables are those for which the only
thing you can say about the different possibilities is that they are different.
ORDINAL SCALE- Ordinal scale variables have a bit more structure than
nominal scale variables, but not by a lot. An ordinal scale variable is one in
which there is a natural, meaningful way to order the different possibilities, but
you can’t do anything else. The usual example given of an ordinal variable is
“finishing position in a race”. You can say that the person who finished first
was faster than the person who finished second, but you don’t know how much
faster. As a consequence - 17 -we know that 1st ą 2nd, and we know that 2nd ą
3rd, but the difference between 1st and 2nd might be much larger than the
difference between 2nd and 3rd.

INTERVAL SCALE-In contrast to nominal and ordinal scale variables,

interval scale and ratio scale variables are variables for which the numerical
value is genuinely meaningful. In the case of interval scale variables the
differences between the numbers are interpretable, but the variable doesn’t have
a “natural” zero value. A good example of an interval scale variable is
measuring temperature in degrees celsius. For instance, if it was 15˝ yesterday
and 18˝ today, then the 3˝ difference between the two is genuinely meaningful.
Moreover, that 3˝ difference is exactly the same as the 3 ˝ difference between 7˝
and 10˝ . In short, addition and subtraction are meaningful for interval scale
variables.3

ADVANTAGES OF JAMOVI-
JAMOVI has a very beautiful user interface with some very handy features:

 It does real- time computation and presents and updates results immediately with
beautiful figures and neat APA tables.
 JAMOVI is much simpler and easier to use.
 Doing statistics in a conventional spreadsheet for ex- in microsoft excel is generally
not suitable in the long run so we use JAMOVI.
 Avoiding proprietary/paid software will be economical so JAMOVI is economical.
 JAMOVI is basically a sophisticated front end for the free R statistical programming
language.
 By using JAMOVI you can save from purchasing other software because JAMOVI is
free software.
 We can easily add or remove anything directly into the software.
 FUNCTIONS/FEATURES OF JAMOVI
ANALYSES- JAMOVI provides a complete suite of analyses for (not just) the social
sciences; T-Tests, Anovas, correlation and regression, non-parametric tests, contingency
tables, reliability and factor analysis.

STATISTICAL SPREADSHEET- JAMOVI is a fully functional spreadsheet, immediately

familiar to anyone. Enter, copy/paste, filter rows, compute ew values, perform transforms
across many columns at once- JAMOVI provides a streamlined spreadsheet experience,
optimised for statistical data.

TEACHING- JAMOVI ease of use makes it ideal for introducing people to statistics and its
advanced features ensure students will be well equipped for the rigour of real research when
they graduate. Over 300 universities use jamovi to teach statistics.

COMMUNITY-JAMOVI is a community project , and invites contributions from people all

over the world. Central to the JAMOVI ethos is that scientific software should be
“decentralised”. Any one should be able to publish graphical accessible analyses, not just
those big grants and huge budgets.

REPRODUCIBILITY- Reproducibility should not be complicated, that’s why JAMOVI

saves you’re your data, your analyses, their opinions, and the results all in one file. This file
can be backed up, shared with colleagues, and at any time loaded back into JAMOVI- its like
you never left.
 INTERFACE OF JAMOVI

SPREADSHEET- The spreadsheet In JAMOVI data is represented in a spreadsheet with

each column representing a ‘variable’ and each row representing a ‘case’ or ‘participant’.

ANALYSIS- Analysis we can do analysis like Exploration like descriptive, charts etc . T-
test, Anova, Regression, Frequency, factor analysis and other advanced technique

RESULT SHEET OR OUTPUT SHEET- In the right side in figure 1,2 there is a free plane
sheet that is the output sheet or result sheet because output or result of any data analysis
shown here.

SPACEBAR OR SCROLL BAR- This is a flexible too by using this we can easily enlarge
the input side/spreadsheet or output side as per our requirement.

FILE TAB – Three dots in the upper side is called FILE TAB and when click on file tab
some options appears that is shown in figure 1.3.
 INTERFACE OF JAMOVI
ANALYSIS ANOVA REGRESSION

FILE TAB

T-TEST
FACTOR

SPREADSHEET
OUTPUT SHEET

SCROLL BAR

SPACEBAR

FI
GURE 1.2
 CH-2

LAYOUT OF
JAMOVI
 LAYOUT OF JAMOVI

FIGURE 1.4. JAMOVI LOOK LIKE THIS

While opening JAMOVI look like this and here are 3 dots while clicking on that
dots this will appear where NEW,OPEN,IMPORT,SAVE,SAVE AS,EXPORT options are
available.
 FIGURE 1.5.

In JAMOVI there is a option called EXPLORATION while clicking on

exploration DESCRIPTIVE option appears then click on the
DESCRIPTIVE then this window will open. In this window at the left there
is space for input and at the right side there is output options which
contains- Mean, Median, Standard Deviation and so on.
INDEPENDENT PAIRED SAMPLES T-TEST
T-TEST

ONE
SAMPLE
T-TEST

FIGURE 1.6.

After EXPLORATION there is a option called T-TESTS which contains

three type of T-Tests which is INDEPENDENT T-TEST,PAIRED T-
TEST,ONR SAMPLE T-TESTS. We can analyse our data by using these
T-Test.
 FIGURE 1.7

After T-tests there is a option called ANOVA which also contains so many options like-
ONE WAY-ANOVA, ANOVA, REPEATED MEASURE ANOVA , ANACOVA and
MANCOVA . We can also use ANOVA in analysing our data.
 FIGURE 1.8.

REGRESSION also contains a lot of options like Correlation matrix,

Linear regression etc.
FIGURE 1.9

Next is FREQUENCY it also contains a lot of options as shown in figure

1.9.
COMPONENTS OF JAMOVI
 From left to right there are three options-FILE TAB,DATA RIBBON
AND ANALYSES RIBBON.
 First click the leftmost FILE TAB, which is a layer with three horizontals
levels. We highlighted the file tab within the black solid box in the above
picture

FIGURE 1.10
 We see six commands appear. With the FILE TAB, you can OPEN,
SAVE, OR EXPORT what you performed in jamovi.
 This time, we will click the DATA RIBBON ( again emphasized in the
solid rectangle). Simultaneously focus on which buttons appears when
you click the DATA RIBBON.
 DATA RIBBON concerns with managing data. In general if you want to
add a new column, compute a new variable.filter certain value of a
variable, and so on.

 ANALYSES RIBBON while click on the ANALYSES RIBBON

options will appear as shown in above figure.
 In ANALYSES we can see such buttons as EXPLORATION, T-TESTS,
ANOVA and more as the name “ANALYSES” implies, the analyses
ribbon helps explore loaded data and perform various statistical analyses.
 EDIT In edit there is a lot of options like copy, paste, edit, bold italic
and so on as shown in figure

 TRANSFORM In JAMOVI there is a “TRANSFORMED VARIABLE”

allowing you to easily record existing variable and apply transforms
across many variable at once.

FIGURE SHOWN TRANSFORM

 GRAPHS IN JAMOVI
HISTOGRAM
 HISTOGRAM is a graphical representation that organizes a group of data
points into user- specified ranges. HISTOGRAM condenses a data series
into an easily interpreted visual by taking a many data points and
grouping them into logical ranges or bins.
 If you are curious about how the values of one variable are distributed,
drawing a histogram is one way of doing that.
 Click Plots bar in the options panel- Check Histogram
 On the results panel, JAMOVI produces a histogram for socially
desirable answering patterns.

Online Classes is just a formality rate this statement-

ONLINE CLASSES IS JUST A FORMALITY RATE THIS
STATEMENT-
BOX PLOTS

 In descriptive statistics, a box plot or boxplot is a method for graphically

depicting groups of numerical data through quartile.Box plots may also
have lines extending from the boxes indicating variability outside the
upper and lower quartile, hence the terms box-and whisker plots and box-
and whisker diagram.
 A great way to investigate the dispersion of the data from the median and
checking the existence of outlier is draw a box plot.
 Click Plots bar in the option panel- check box plots

BOX PLOT
BOX PLOT

VIOLIN PLOT- Violin plot is a method of plotting numeric data. It is similar

to a box plot, with the addition of a rotated kernel density plot on each side.
Violin plots are similar to box plots, except that they also show the probability
density of the data at different estimator.
VIOLIN GRAPH

 BAR GRAPH- or a BAR CHART or GRAPH that presents categorical

data with rectangular bars with heights or length proportional to the
values that they represent. The bar can be plotted vertically or
horizontally. A vertical chart is chart sometimes called a column chart.
Online
class is just
a formality
,rate this
statement
 CH- 3
ENTERING DATA
TO JAMOVI

Loading data in jamovi

There are several different types of files that are likely to be relevant to us when doing data
analysis. There are two in particular that are especially important from the perspective of this
book:
• jamovi files are those with a .omv file extension. This is the standard kind of file that
jamovi uses to store data, and variables and analyses.

• Comma separated value (csv) files are those with a .csv file extension. These are just
regular old text files and they can be opened with many different software programs. It’s
quite typical for people to store data in csv files, precisely because they’re so simple.

There are also several other kinds of data file that you might want to import into jamovi. For
instance, you might want to open Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (.xls files), or data files that
have been saved in the native file formats for other statistics software, such as SPSS or SAS.
Whichever file formats you are using, it’s a good idea to create a folder or folders especially
for your jamovi data sets and analyses and to make sure you keep these backed up regularly.

IMPORTING DATA FROM CSV FILES

It’s easy to open csv files in JAMOVI. From the top left menu (the button with three parallel
lines called FILE TAB) choose ‘OPEN’ and BROWSE to where you have stored the csv file
on your computer.
 CSV FILE IS INSERTED IN THE JAMOVI

 LOADING DATA FROM TEXT FILES

The first thing I should point out is that if your data are saved as a text file but aren’t quite in
the proper csv format then there’s still a pretty good chance that jamovi will be able to open -
51 -it. You just need to try it and see if it works. Sometimes though you will need to change
some of the formatting.
  LOADING DATA FROM SPSS (AND OTHER STATISTICS
PACKAGES)
The commands listed above are the main ones we’ll need for data files in this book. But in
real life we have many more possibilities. For example, you might want to read data files in
from other statistics programs. Since SPSS is probably the most widely used statistics
package in psychology, it’s worth mentioning that jamovi can also import SPSS data files
(file extension .sav). Just follow the instructions above for how to open a csv file, but this
time navigate to the .sav file you want to import. For SPSS files, jamovi will regard all values
as missing if they are regarded as “system missing” files in SPSS. The ‘Default missings’
value does not seem to work as expected when importing SPSS files, so be aware of this -
you might need another step: import the SPSS file into jamovi, then export as a csv file
before re-opening in jamovi.5 . And that’s pretty much it, at least as far as SPSS goes. As far
as other statistical software goes, jamovi can also directly open / import SAS and STATA
files.

STEPS TO ENTER DATA IN JAMOVI-

These are the steps which I follow in while entering data in my JAMOVI
Software.
 CLICK ON THE FILE TAB ( THREE DOTS IN THE LEFT OF JAMOVI)
 CLICK OPEN
 CLICK ON THE MY PC OR BROWSER
 THEN CHOOSE YOUR FILE FROM ITS LOCATIION
 THEN OPEN

YOUR FILE WILL APPEAR ON JAMOVI.

CH
-4
JA
MO
VI
EX
ER
 EXERCISE- 1
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS –are numerical indicators that details certain aspects of your
data. They may include mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation and so on. If you
are keen on knowing the mean, the median, the maximum value, and more about the
variables in your data, you should take a look at the descriptive statistics. Of the variable in
dataset.

So first lets discuss the elements that descriptive data contains like mean, mode, range,
variance etc.

MEAN- The mean of a set of observations is just a normal, old-fashioned average. Add all of
the values up, and then divide by the total number of values.

Example- The first five AFL winning margins were 56, 31, 56, 8 and 32, so the mean of these
observations is just: 56 ` 31 ` 56 ` 8 ` 32 5 “ 183 5 “ 36.60 Of course, this definition of the
mean isn’t new to anyone.

Averages (i.e., means) are used so often in everyday life that this is pretty familiar stuff.
However, since the concept of a mean is something that everyone already understands, I’ll
use this as an excuse to start introducing some of the mathematical notation that statisticians
use to describe this calculation, and talk about how the calculations would be done in jamovi.

CALCULATING THE MEAN IN JAMOVI-

 CLICK ON THE EXPLORATION

 CLICK ON THE DESCRIPTIVE
 THEN FILL THE VARIABLE AND SPLIT BY
 THEN SELECT THE MEAN OPTION FROM THE BOX APPEAR
 AT THE RIGHT OF YOUR WINDOW YOUR RESULT IS DISPLAY

QUESTION- “ Online classes and online exams is just a formality there is no use of it” Rate
this statement
 MEAN IS SHOWN IN THIS FIGURE

MEDIAN- The second measure of central tendency that people use a lot is the median, and
it’s even easier to describe than the mean. The median of a set of observations is just the
middle value. As before let’s imagine we were interested only in the first 5 AFL winning
margins: 56, 31, 56, 8 and 32. To figure out the median we sort these numbers into ascending
order: 8, 31, 32, 56, 56 From inspection, it’s obvious that the median value of these 5
observations is 32 since that’s the middle one in the sorted list (I’ve put it in bold to make it
even more obvious). Easy stuff. But what should we do if we are interested in the first 6
games rather than the first 5? Since the sixth game in the season had a winning margin of 14
points, our sorted list is now 8, 14, 31, 32, 56, 56 and there are two middle numbers, 31 and
32. The median is defined as the average of those two numbers, which is of course 31.5. As
before, it’s very tedious to do this by hand - 63 -when you’ve got lots of numbers.
MEDIAN SHOWN HERE

RANGE- The range of a variable is very simple. It’s the biggest value minus the smallest
value. For the AFL winning margins data the maximum value is 116 and the minimum value
is 0. Although the range is the simplest way to quantify the notion of “variability”, it’s one of
the worst. Recall from our discussion of the mean that we want our summary measure to be
robust. If the data set has one or two extremely bad values in it we’d like our statistics to not
be unduly influenced by these cases. For example, in a variable containing very extreme
outliers ´100, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 it is clear that the range is not robust. This variable has a
range of 110 but if the outlier were removed we would have a range of only 8.

RANGE SHOWN HERE

STANDARD DEVIATION- This is the square root of the variance. It’s fairly elegant
mathematically and it’s expressed in the same units as the data so it can be interpreted pretty
well. In situations where the mean is the measure of central tendency, this is the default. This
is by far the most popular measure of variation.

STANDARD VARIATION SHOWN HERE

Variance. Tells you the average squared deviation from the mean. It’s mathematically elegant
and is probably the “right” way to describe variation around the mean, but it’s completely
uninterpretable because it doesn’t use the same units as the data. Almost never used except as a
mathematical tool, but it’s buried “under the hood” of a very large number of statistical tools.
MODE- The mode of a data set is the number that occurs most frequently in the set. To
easily find the mode, put the number in order from least to greatest and count how many
times each number occurs.

MODE IS SHOWN HERE

DECRIPTIVE TABLE CONTAINS MEAN, MODE, MEDIAN, RANGE, STANDARD
DEVIATION, VARAINCE.
EXERCISE -2 INDEPENDENT T-TEST

INDEPENDENT T- TEST
The independent T-Test, also called the two sample T-Test, independent- samples T-Test or
student’s T-Test, is an inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a statistically
significant differebce between the means in two unrelated groups.

NULL and ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS for the INDEPENDENT T-

Test.
 The NULL HYPOTHESIS for the independent t-test is that the population means
from the two unrelated group are equal.

H0: u1 =u2

 In most cases, we are looking to see if we can show that we can reject the NULL
HYPOTHESIS and accept the alternative HYPOTHESIS, which is that the population
means are not equal.

HA: u1 not equal to u2

 To do this ,we need to set a significance level ( also called alpha) that allows us to
either reject or accept the alternative hypothesis. Most commonly, this value is set at
0.05.

TYPE OF DATA NEEDED TO RUN AN INDEPENDENT T-TEST?

 One INDEPENDENT, categorical variable that has two levels/groups. An example

would be gender- an individual would have to be classified as either male or female-
both.
 One continuous dependent variable.

INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T- TEST ASSUMPTIONS-

Conclusions from an independent samples T-Test can be trusted if the following as
assumption are met:

 INDEPENDENT OBSERVATION- This often holds if each case in jamovi

represents a different person or other statistical unit. This seems to hold for our data.

 NORMALITY- the dependent variable must follow a normal distribution in the

population. This is only needed for samples. Smaller than some 25 units. We will see
the actual samples sizes used for our t-tests after running it so we won’t bother about
normality until then.

 HOMOGENEITY- the standard deviation of our dependent variable must be equal

in both populations. We only need this assumption if our samples sizes are sharply
unequal.

NOTE- If these assumptions are badly violated, you could consider using a MANN-
WHITNEY test instead of a test. This is suitable for ordinal value as well.
INDEPENDENT T-TEST

MANN- WHITNEY TEST

 EXERCISE-3

PAIRED SAMPLE T-TEST

THE PAIRED SAMPLE T-TEST

 The PAIRED SAMPLE T-TEST, sometimes called the dependent sample T-Test, is a
statistical procedure used to determine whether the mean difference between two sets
of observation is zero. In a PAIRED SAMPLE T-TEST, each subject or entity is
measured twice, resulting in pairs of observation.
 UNPAIRED T-TEST (student’s test) compares two different subjects. The paired t-
tests reduces inter subject variability ( because it makes comparisons between the
same subject), and thus it theoretically more powerful than the unpaired t-test.

EXAMPLE OF PAIRED T-TEST

 Before and after obsevations on the same subjects (e.g. students diagnostic test results
before and after a particular module or course).
 A comparison of two different methods of measurement or two different treatments
where the measurements/treatments are applied to the same subjects (e.g. blood
pressure measurements using a stethoscope and a dynamap).

ASSUMPTIONS OF PAIRED T-TEST

 DEPENDENT VARIABLE should be measured at the interval or ratio level

 The observations are INDEPENDENT of one another.
 There should be no significance outliers in the difference between the two related
groups.
 The distribution of the differences in the DEPENDENT variable between the two
related groups should be approximately normally distributed.
 EXERCISE-4

ANOVA

ANOVA/FISHER ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

INTRODUCTION TO ANOVA
 The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are
any statistically significant differences between the means of three or more
independent (unrelated) groups.
 There is a thin line of demarcation amidst t-test and ANOVA, i.e. when the
population means of only two groups is to be compared, the t-test is used, but when
means of more than two groups are to be compared, ANOVA is preferred.

EXAMPLES FOR USES OF ANOVA

 Comparing the gas mileage of different vehicles, or the same vehicle under
different fuel types, or road types.
 Understanding the impact of temperature, pressure or chemical concentration on
some chemical reaction (power reactors, chemical plants, etc)
 Understanding the impact of different catalysts on chemical reaction rates
 Studying whether advertisements of different kinds solicit different numbers of
customer responses
 Understanding the performance, quality or speed of manufacturing processes
based on number of cells or steps they’re divided into
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-examples-of-applications-in-ANOVA

ASSUMPTIONS OF USING ANOVA

 Independent observations. This often holds if each case in jamovi represents a
different person or other statistical unit. This seems to hold for our data.

 Normality: the dependent variable must follow a normal distribution in the

population.

 Homogeneity: the standard deviation of our dependent variable must be equal in all

populations. We only need this assumption if our sample sizes are (sharply) unequal.
Note:
  In case of equal variances not assumed:Welch’s analysis of variance provides critical
benefits and protections because you can use it even when your groups have unequal
variances.

ONE WAY ANOVA

 ONE WAY ANOVA

ANCOVA
 Analysis of covariance is used to test the main and interaction effects of categorical
variables on a continuous dependent variable, controlling for the effects of selected
other continuous variables, which co-vary with the dependent.

 The obvious difference between ANOVA and ANCOVA is the the letter "C", which

stands for 'covariance'. Like ANOVA, "Analysis of Covariance" (ANCOVA) has a
single continuous response variable. ... ANCOVA is also commonly used to describe
analyses with a single response variable, continuous IVs, and no factors.

 ANCOVA evaluates whether the means of a dependent variable (DV) are equal

across levels of a categorical independent variable (IV) often called a treatment, while
statistically controlling for the effects of other continuous variables that are not of
primary interest, known as covariates (CV) or nuisance variables.
  ANCOVA and multiple linear regression are similar, but regression is more
appropriate when the emphasis is on the dependent outcome variable,

 whileANCOVA is more appropriate when the emphasis is on comparing the groups

from one of the independent variables.

ASSUMPTIONS OF ANCOVA-

 The same assumptions as for ANOVA (normality, homogeneity of variance and

random independent samples) are required for ANCOVA. In
addition,ANCOVA requires the following additional assumptions: For each
independent variable, the relationship between the dependent variable (y) and the
covariate (x) is linear.

 The lines expressing these linear relationships are all parallel (homogeneity of
regression slopes)

 The covariate is independent of the treatment effects (i.e. the covariant and
independent variables are independent
Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
 is an extension of the univariate analysis of variance.  In an ANOVA, we examine for
statistical differences on one continuous dependent variable by an independent grouping
variable.  The MANOVA extends this analysis by taking into account multiple continuous
dependent variables, and bundles them together into a weighted linear combination or
composite variable.  The MANOVA will compare whether or not the newly created
combination differs by the different groups, or levels, of the independent variable.  In this
way, the MANOVA essentially tests whether or not the independent grouping variable
simultaneously explains a statistically significant amount of variance in the dependent
variable.

ASSUMPTIONS
 Independent Random Sampling: MANOVA assumes that the observations are
independent of one another, there is not any pattern for the selection of the sample,
and that the sample is completely random.

 Level and Measurement of the Variables: MANOVA assumes that the independent

variables are categorical and the dependent variables are continuous or scale
variables.

 Absence of multicollinearity: The dependent variables cannot be too correlated to

each other.  Tabachnick & Fidell (2012) suggest that no correlation should be
above r = .90..
 Normality: Multivariate normality is present in the data.

 Homogeneity of Variance: Variance between groups is equal.

MANCOVA
RESULT OF MANCOVA
EXERCISE-5 RELIABILITY OF AN QUESTIONAIRE

RELIABILITY OF AN QUESTIONAIRE- Internal consistency reliability is

typically estimated using a statistic called Cronbach’s alpha, which is the average
correlation among all possible pairs of items, adjusting for the number of items. To estimate
the Cronbach’s alpha of the BSS, go to the Analyze menu and select Factor→ Reliability
Analysis.

Select all the items and move them from the left window into the right window. Then, take back .
You don’t want to include the original items because they are phrased in the opposite direction of
the other items..
Jamovi is interactive. So any changes you make in the analysis on the left are instantsly
shown in the results on the right.
We need some statistics about our scale. So under the Scale Statitstics list on the left of the
dialog, notics that "Chronbach's" is selected, and add "Mean" and "Standard Deviation" to the
list of of selections. Under the Item Statistics lable below the list of items, select Chronbach's
α (if item is dropped), Mean, and Standard Deviation.
If all goes well, you will obtain output in the Output Window that begins with this:
FINAL RELIABILITY ANALYSIS, CRONBACH TEST, MCDONALD TEST ,
MEAN,STANDARD DEVIATON.
QUESTIONAIRE
DATA DESCRIPTION
EMAIL ID

NAME

PHONE NUMBER

Basic personal information

QUESTION 1-Which platform you are using in taking your online classes?

QUESTION 2-Which one are you interested in ?

 ONLINE CLASS
 OFFLINE CLASS

QUESTION 3-Are you interested in online class?

 YES
 NO

QUESTION 4 to 7

 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Sometimes
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree

QUESTION 8 to 11

 Yes
 No
 Sometimes

QUESTION 12- Rate the statement-

QUESTION 13- Give your views on this

 CODED DATA
QUESTION 8 TO 12

1- YES
2- NO
3- SOMETIMES

QUESTION 4 TO 7

1. STRONGLY AGREE
2. AGREE
3. SOMETIMES
4. DISAGREE
5. STRONGLY DISAGREE

QUESTION 1

 ONLINE CLASS IS CODED AS 1

 OFFLINE CLASS CODED AS 2

QUESTION 2

 YES IS CODED AS 1
 NO IS CODED AS 2
 SOMETIMES IS CODED AS 3

ENDED ……………..