CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Formal Education is not just about going in and out in a classroom. Schools

offered two ways of learning; the face to face classes and the distance learning.

Distance learning, which is used to define education where the educator and the learner

are geographically remote from each other, is not a new way of learning. It has been

existed for the past centuries, as viewed by Keles and Ozel (2016). Several countries in

the world adopted this type of learning as a way of those non traditional students, such

as full-time workers, nonresidents or individuals in remote regions who are unable to

attend classroom lectures.

In the Philippines, an example of distance learning is the adoptation of inclusive

education by the Department of Education in 1997 as a viable alternative, wherein

students with special needs are mainstreamed into flexible learning environment.

Distance learning has become more visible because of the shutting down of

classes and prohibition of the traditional face to face classes due to the Coronavirus

disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic under the Inter-Agency Task Force’s Resolution

no. 38 Chapter 4(11). With this challenge, the Department of Education offered several

learning modalities which includes, modular (printed or digitized), online learning, radio

and television-based instruction, or a combination of these (blended learning) as the

substitute of the traditional face to face classes. According to the survey in 2021 by
Statista Research Department, 30% of the Filipino respondents perceive the current

distance learning model is around 20-50% effective. On the other hand, 14% of the

respondents perceive that such learning is 80-100% effective.

Usmad National High School is located in Usmad Argao, Cebu where there is no

internet connection, in this case, Usmad National High School caters the Modular

Printed Modality among the alternatives offered by the Department of the Education.

Modular Printed Modality is a form of learning where the learners were provided by

individualized instruction which allows the learners to utilize self-learning modules,

either printed or digital, as seen by Anthony (2020).

Research study is one of the important academic requirements included in the K-

12 curriculum for the senior high school students, before graduation. The students from

grade 11 started to be equipped by ideas of research as Malari and Santiago (2013)

defined research competency as needed skills and experiences to do research,

Research skills could have been developed or enhanced through schooling, studying

and exploring. This type of competency is given fundamentally in the aspects of

methodological doamin, information gathering in the management of document-writing

norms and technological tools, as Aguirre (2016) stated.

Given these changes in Usmad National High School from traditional face to face

classes to modular printed modality, we would like to find out the effects of modular

printed modality to the research competence of grade 12 students in Usmad National

High School last school year 2020-2021.

Theoretical Background of the Study

This research is anchored on two theories; The Moore’s Transactional Distance

Learning Theory (2011) and Walberg’s Educational Productivity (2021).

Moore’s Transactional Distance Learning Theory, as cited by Bornt (2011), is a

theory that mainly describes the learner and the educator/teacher relationship The

transactional distance learning is essential according to Moore’s understanding,

because it is based on distance learning within a social structure rather than learning in

its traditional form. It also involves the student’s autonomy, because the distance

between the learner and teacher requires the student to take responsibility for his own

learning.

According to Nardo, M.T.B, (2017), the use of modules promotes self-

directed learning. One of the advantages of using modules for instruction is that

students develop better self-study or learning skills. Students actively participate in

learning the concepts presented in the module. They gain a sense of responsibility by

completing the task outlined in the module. With little or no assistance from others, the

learners progress on this own. They are empowered because they are learning how to

learn. Other advantages of modular instruction include more choice and self-pacing for

students; and increased adaptability of instructional materials. However, Bijeesh (2017)

argued that with no face-to-face interaction from faculty and no classmates do to help

with constant reminders about pending assignments, the chances of becoming

distracted and losing track of deadlines are high.

 Giossos, et al (2009) further refined this theory with their claimed that the unique

characteristics of space and time in relation to the teachers and the students are key to

remote learning, build behavioral models for both the learner and the teacher. It may

also include the learner’s interaction with the teacher, such as communications or

asking questions about the subject. It also to summarize the strength of the relationship

between teachers and students.

Moore’s Transactional Distance Learning Theory gives an example that distance

learning bring gap to the teachers and students. This support that distance learning can

affect the learning of the students, rather than in it's traditional form.

On the other hand, Walberg's Academic Theory of Achievement as cited by Jk

Rugutt (2005), postulates that individual student's psychological characteristics and their

immediate psychological environments have an impact on their educational outcomes,

(Cognitive behavioral and affective). Walberg's Theory identified nine key variables that

influence educational attainment; the students cognitive ability, motivation,

age/development stage level, quantity and quality of instruction, classroom climate,

environment, peer group and media exposure. Walberg's Theory of Educational

Productivity is used to aid in identifying the factors that influenced student's academic

performance during the modular learning approach.

According to Maina (2020) on her research study entitled “Academic Predictors

For Architecture Students at Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano

State, Nigeria” educational productivity of a student is linked on the how the students is

influenced. It’s the student’s aptitude to progress and perform adequate, next is the

intention of students to learn from the activities and lessons, the developmental stage of
a student due to the assimilation of next concepts, classroom climate can destruct or

affect the productivity of a student, environment can be a medium for a lack of

concentration of a learner, quantity and quality of education can improve on the

presentation of a student who requires inspiration and effectively partakes in learning,

peer group can be served as an incentive for a student to perform well but it also leads

to delinquent behaviors both inside and outside school, lastly the media exposure, what

students saw and hear in media influences and educates him or her however, media

exposure can lead to addiction which is one of the key to loss the determination of the

student.

Walberg Educational Productivity theory gives us an example that there are

circumstances that influence student’s educational productivity during this Modular

Printed Modality.

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effects of modular printed modality to the

research competence of grade 12 students in Usmad National High School last School

Year 2020-2021.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the semestral grade of the respondents in Research Project subject?

2. What is the perceived effects of modular printed modality of the respondents

in their Research project subject as of:

 2.1 advantages; and

2.2 disadvantages?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the semestral grade of the

respondents as to:

3.1 level of perceived advantages; and

3.2 level of perceived disadvantages?

4. Based on the findings of the study, what inputs of recommendation can be

adapted or can be proposed?

Significance of the Study

This study is significant and beneficial to the following:

School Administrators. In this study, they will be provided with information that serves

as their guide in making some interventions.

Teachers. This would give benefit them as this study would help them understand the

perceptions and challenges of students during this Modular Printed Modality.

Students. The result of this study give them benefits that will determine their strength

and weaknesses which served as the key to help to enhance their performance in

research project.

Parents. This research will be able to help their child/children who are affected by the

Modular Printed Modality. This will give them a hint on how they would help and

encourage their child to pursue schooling.

Future Researchers. This study will served as their guide in making parallel studies in

the future. It can be their basis that can help them with research, for it to accomplish.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This section will discuss the research method, sources of data, data gathering, and

research procedures.

Research Design

This research will utilize a correlational-quantitative survey method since it

investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or

manipulating any of them. Using the design, the numerical data being collected will be

analyzed and formulate statistical formula.

The information that will be acquired from the study, utilizing this research

approach will provide a better understanding of the perceived effects of modular printed

modality to the research competence in Usmad National High School. The findings will

be very valuable in developing a plan to increase the students research competence.

Flow of the Study

This study of perceived effects of Modular Printed Modality to the research

competence of Grade 12 students in Usmad National High School is consist of three

phases as presented in Figure 2.

Input. This includes the respondents semestral grade in research project subject,

and the perceived effects of Modular Printed Modality to the research competence of

Grade 12 students in Usmad National High School

 Process. The study’s research flow will begin with sending transmittal letters the

principal, determining the perceived effects of modular printed modality on students’

competence using an online questionnaire, wherein the collected data will be

interpreted and analyzed.

Output. The output of this is the proposed intervention plan based on the findings of

the study.

Research Environment

The study will be conducted in Usmad National High School. Usmad National

High School is a public secondary school located at Usmad Argao,Cebu. This school

was founded on the year 1981 under the name of Usmad Barangay High School. It is

approximately 0.98 hectare that is compose of 10 classrooms, 25 faculty and staffs, 23

educators, principal, and Admin Assistant. The population is in total of 332.

Research Instrument

In order to gather the data for this study, adapted questionnaire of Aksan. J

(2021) will be going to use, 30 items from her research study “Effect of Modular

Distance Learning Approach to Academic Performance of Students in Mathematics”.

The questionnaire will be modified to fit in our research topic.

Research Respondents

The data will obtain from fifty (50) Grade 12 Students last School Year 2020-

2021. Universal sampling technique will be utilized in this study. Universal sampling

technique can help to achieve optimum complexity for any class of signal. It also
involves the collection of samples in which members of the population do not have the

chance of being included in the sample and the probability of including one of them is

unknown as seen, Avron ( 2019).

Data Gathering

The researchers will seek permission from the principal during the research

process. When permission was granted, the researchers will use the online survey

platform, Google Form to distribute the instrument to the respondents.

Treatment of Data

The data from the questionnaires will be retrieved and tabulated on the aforementioned

platform, Google Forms. In the study, descriptive statistics such as percentage and

weighted mean will be used to interpret data quantitatively.

1. Weighted Mean will be used to identify what are the perceived effects of Modular

Printed Modality to the research competence of Grade 12 Students in Usmad

National High School.

WM =Σ fw/N

Where:

WM = weighted Mean

Σ = summation

F = frequency

W = weight
 N = total number of respondent

SCALE INTERVAL VERBAL DESCRIPTION

1 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree

2 1.50- 2.49 Disagree

3 2.50-3.49 Agree

4 3.50-4.00 Strongly Agree

2. Percentage will be used in determining the level of academic performance of

students in Research using modular distance learning approach.

P = f/n (100)

Where:

P= Percentage

F= frequency

N= Number of Cases

SCALE INTERVAL DESCRIPTION

1 70-79% Partial Mastery of Target,

Demonstrates partial
understanding, or can
perform portions of the
target with assistance.
2 80-89% Meets Expectations for
Target
3 90-100% Advanced
 RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
Perceived Effects of Modular Printed Modality to the Research Competence of

Grade 12 Students in Usmad National High School

Dear Respondents,

The researchers are inviting you to participate in this research by completing the

following survey. This research investigates the perceived effects of Modular Distance

Modality to the Research Competence of Grade 12 Students in Usmad National High

School. The following questionnaire will require approximately 5-10 minutes to

complete. Thank you for taking time to assist the researchers The data being collected

will remain confidential and used solely for academic purposes.

Name(Optional):_____________________________

Directions: Kindly answer the following questions legibly, put a check according to your

description.

POSITIVE STATEMENTS Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly

Disagre Agree