GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC UDUPI

I Semester Mechanical Engineering

20ME12P
Computer Aided Engineering Drawing
 UNIT I
Basic Elements of Drawing
Introduction
1. Nature drawing
2. Geographical Drawing
3. Zoological, Botanical drawing
4. Portraits
5. Engineering Drawing

 What is Engineering Graphics?

A set of rules and guidelines that help you create an engineering drawing
 What is Engineering Drawing?
Drawing is a graphical language, which can communicate many things in a compact form without
speaking.
The sketches when drawn accurately according to the standard accepted practices to convey all the
necessary information to enable a worker or workers to manufacture a device or a machine or to build a
structure are called Engineering drawing.
Designer should have aware of the following
1. Conceptual knowledge of working principle
2. Material knowledge
3. Process involved in its construction
 Pictorial drawing?
External appearance of an object, free hand sketch’s (not in True Size)
 What do you mean by conventional drawing
Conventional drawing is a set of agreed, stipulated or generally accepted standards, norms or criteria
taking the form of a custom.
Thus, the Engineering drawing is the universal language of all engineers.
 What is an orthographic projection?
An orthographic projection is a 2-D representation of a 3-D object the 2D drawing represent different
sides of an object
Classification of engineering drawings
 Any language to be communicative, should follow certain rules so that it conveys the same
meaning to everyone. Similarly, drawing practice must follow certain rules, if it is to serve as a
means of communication. For this purpose, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) adapted the
International Standards on code of practice for drawing. The other foreign standards are: DIN of
Germany, BS of Britain and ANSI of America
List the different drawing instruments and application
Instruments Used in Engineering Drawing
The instruments used in engineering drawing are:

1. Drawing sheet
2. Drawing board
3. Mini drafter
4. T square
5. Compass
6. Divider
7. Set squares
8. Clinograph
9. Protractor
10. French curves
11. Templates
12. Pencils
13. Eraser
 1) Drawing Sheet
Drawing sheet is a white paper on which an object is drawn which is available in various sizes. The sheet
used for engineering should be of good quality. It should be white in color with uniform thickness with must
resist the easy torn of paper. The surface of sheet must be smooth.

Various sizes of drawing sheets recommended by Indian standards are listed below.

Drawing Dimensions
Sheet (Length X Width)
Type (mm)
A0 841 X 1189
A1 594 X 841
A2 420 X 594
A3 297 X 420
A4 210 X 297
A5 148 X 210
 2) Drawing Board
Drawing board is generally made of soft wood and it is in rectangular shape. It is used to support drawing
sheet, so, the size of board is made according the size of the drawing sheet.

The wood portions are joined by tongue and grove type joint to prevent cracks. At the edge of board, straight
ebony edge is provided for the T-square usage.

Different types of drawing boards and their sizes according to IS classification are listed below.

3) Mini Drafter
This is a device used to draw parallel or inclined lines very effectively with ease. This is mounted on the
top left corner of the drawing board by means of a clamping mechanism which is an integral part of the
device. Mini drafter is an instrument which can be used for multiple functions in drawing. It contains two
arms which is adjustable to required angle and at the end of the lower arm a scale set is attached. The scale
set contains two scales connected perpendicular to each which cannot be separated. This instrument is fixed
to the drawing board at one edge with the help of screw provided for the drafter.

Mini drafter is used for drawing horizontal lines, vertical lines, inclined lines, angles, parallel lines,
perpendicular lines etc.
 4) T-Square
T square is used to draw horizontal and vertical lines on drawing sheet. It made of wood or plastic and in T
shape. The vertical part of T is called as blade and horizontal part of T is called as head.

The edge of head is uniform level and attached to the edge of the board. The working edge is used to draw
lines anywhere on the sheet by moving the instrument top to bottom.

5) Compass
Compass is used to draw an arc or circle with known dimensions on engineering drawing. It is generally
made of steel and consists two legs. One leg contains needle at the bottom and other leg contains a ring in
which a pencil is placed.

The needle tip is placed at the respected point and pencil tip is adjusted to the height at least 1mm just above
the tip of the needle. The gap is nothing but the paper thickness.
 6) Divider
The divider looks like a compass, but the difference is the two legs of divider are provided with needles. This
is used to divide a line or curve into equal parts. It is also used to check the measurements.

7) Set Squares
Set squares are used to draw lines with an angle between them. In most of the structures, 30, 45, 60 and 90-
degree lines are most common. So, set squares make the work easier for this type of drawings.

Generally, set squares are of two types. One is 45 degree set square and another one is called as 30 – 60
degree set square. Both are required in the drawing. 45 set square has a side of 25 cm while 30-60 set square
has 25 cm length on one side.
 8) Clinograph
Clinograph is an instrument used to draw parallel lines to the inclined lines. It contains one adjustable wing
or strip which can be adjusted to required angle. So, it can be termed as adjustable set square.

9) Protractor
Protractor is used to draw and measure the angles of lines in the drawing. It is transparent and made of
plastic. It is in the shape of semi-circle, and the edge of semi-circle part consists reading with one-degree
accuracy.

The bottom line joins the 0o to the 180o. The center of this bottom line is marked as “O” or “C” from which
the angles are measured.

10) French Curves

French curves are made of plastic and they are in irregular shapes. Sometimes the drawing requires irregular
curves or shapes or arcs which cannot be drawn using compass. In that case French curves are suitable.
Generally French curves are more suitable for small curves and for long curves splines are used.

11) Drawing Templates

Templates are nothing but plastic or wooden boards which contains spaces of several shapes or letters. Non-
dimensional shapes or variety font letters are drawn by using templates which makes drawing easier and
perfect.

12) Pencils
Pencil is used to draw on the paper. Any type of pencil is not suitable for drawing. There are some
limitations, the drawing appearance should be very neat and understandable.

Every line of the drawing should indicate its importance. It depends upon the hardness of pencil. In the term
‘HB’, H stands for ‘hard’ which is designated for hard leads, and B stands for ‘black’ which is designated for
softer leads. It is a universal term printed on all pencils. It means that the pencil is hard and black, and also
depicts the hardness and nature of the lead used in a pencil. With varying ranges, shades and hardness of the
pencils, terms such as 9H and 9B are used, where 9H is the hardest lead and 9B is the softest lead used in
pencils.

The HB pencils come in the middle range of the shade chart. They are known to be standard, and hence are
the preferred grade for general writing purposes. It is one of the most popular in the lead hardness categories.
It has a good tensile strength, and a smooth feel while writing. The HB pencil has a limited amount of clay,
which gives it a medium line density when used, and it is mediocre in shade. It is easy to erase, which is why
it is used by children to improve their 'penmanship' in school
NUMERICAL GRAPHITE SCALE

The first graphite grading scale is a numeric scale. Using this scale, the hardness of the core is often marked
on the pencil — look for a number (such as “2” “2-1/2” or “3”). The higher the number the harder the writing
core and the lighter the mark left on the paper. As the pencil core becomes softer (through the use of lower
proportions of clay) it leaves a darker mark as it deposits more graphite material on the paper. Softer pencils
will dull faster than harder leads and require more frequent sharpening.

HB GRAPHITE SCALE

The second graphite grading scale is known as the HB scale. Most pencil manufacturers outside of the U.S.
use this scale, using the letter “H” to indicate a hard pencil. Likewise, a pencil maker might use the letter “B”
to designate the blackness of the pencil’s mark, indicating a softer lead. The letter “F” is also used to indicate
that the pencil sharpens to a fine point.

Based on the hardness quality pencils are classified into 18 grades and they are

Grade of Pencil Hardness of Pencil

9H Hardest
6H, 5H, 4H Extremely Hard
3H Very hard
2H Hard
H Moderately hard
F Firm
HB Medium hard
B Moderately soft and black
2B Soft and black
3B Very soft and black
4B, 5B, 6B Very soft and very black
7B Softest

Out of the above 18 grades of pencils, following grades are used in engineering drawings.

Grade of Pencil Used to Draw

3H Construction lines
2H Dimension lines, center lines, sectional lines, hidden lines

H Object lines, lettering

HB Dimensioning, boundary lines
 13) Eraser
Eraser is used to remove the lines or spots which drawn by mistake or with wrong measurements. The eraser
used should be of good quality and soft. It should not damage the paper while erasing.
 14) Drawing clips and Paper Holders
When the drawing sheet is placed on the board it may not be in fixed position. To fix the drawing sheet to the
board Drawing clips or paper holders are used.

Plastic or metal clips are used to fix the drawing paper on the drawing board.

Generally used paper holders are thumb pins, spring clips, stick tapes etc. Care should be taken while
removing the clips or tapes otherwise the sheet may tore.
Convention of lines and its application
 Layout of drawing sheets

Any engineering drawing has to follow a standard format. The drawing sheet consist of
drawing space, title block and sufficient margins. After fixing the drawing sheet on the
drawing board, margins should be drawn. The layout should facilitate quick reading of
important particulars.

Title Block: The title block should lie within the drawing space at the bottom right- hand
comer of the sheet. The title block can have a maximum length of 185 mm and width of 65mm
providing the following information.

 Title of the drawing, Drawing number, Scale

 Symbol denoting the method of projection.
 Name of the firm, and Initials of staff, who have designed, checked and
approved.
Scales:

Dimensions of large objects must be reduced to accommodate on standard size drawing sheet.
This reduction creates a scale of that reduction ratio, which is generally a fraction & such a scale is
called Reducing Scale and the ratio is called Representative Factor.

Representative Fraction: The ratio of the dimension of the object shown on the
drawing to its actual size is called the Representative Fraction (RF).

𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑅𝐹 = =
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
a. Reducing scale: When the dimensions on the drawing are smaller than the actual
dimensions of the object. It is represented by the scale and RF as
Scale: 1cm=100cm or 1:100 and by RF=1/100 (less than one)
b. Full scale: Sometimes the actual dimensions of the object will be adopted on the
drawing then in that case it is represented by the scale and RF as
Scale: - 1cm = 1cm or 1:1 and by R.F=1/1 (equal to one).
c. Enlarging scale: In some cases when the objects are very small like inside parts of
a wrist watch, the dimensions adopted on the drawing will be bigger than the
actual dimensions of the objects then in that case it is represented by scale and RF
as
Scale: - 10cm=1cm or 10:1 and by R.F= 10/1 (greater than one)

Category Recommended scales

50:1 20:1 10:1
Enlargement Scales
5:1 2:1

Full Size 1:1

1:2 1:5 1:10
1:20 1:50 1:100
Reduction Scales
1:200 1:500 1:1000
1:2000 1:5000 1:10000

Exercise 1.1
1. Mention the uses of the following drawing instruments
i) T-square
iv) Clinograph
ii) Set square
v) Mini-drafter
iii) Bow compass
2. Mention the uses of the following drawing instruments.
i) French curves
iv) Eraser
ii) Protractor
v) Drafting machine
iii)Clips
3. Define RF. Mention the types of scales based on RF.
4. Draw the conventional representation of lines
5. Draw the given types of lines using 0.5 range thickness of line according to the
specification
19. Draw the following Exercises in drawing
sheet

P a g e | 19
7. Draw the following Exercises in drawing sheet

BIS (Board of Indian Standards SP 46: 2003) defines dimension as a numerical value
expressed in appropriate units of measurement and indicated graphically on technical
drawings with lines, symbols and notes.

Units of Measurement: The most commonly used unit for length is the millimeter(mm). In
civil engineering and architectural drawing, inch or foot is often used as a unit of length.
Angles are shown in degrees.

Symbols are incorporated to indicate specific geometry wherever necessary.

Notes are provided to give specification of a particular feature or to give specific

information necessary during the manufacturing of the object.
Dimensioning
The size and other details of the object essential for its construction and
function, using lines, numerals, symbols, notes, etc are required to be indicated in a
drawing by proper dimensioning. These dimensions indicated should be those that
are essential for the production, inspection and functioning of the object.

Elements of Dimensioning

Elements of Dimensioning

1. Different lines used in Dimensioning:

a) Outline: Forms the shape of the object in a view (drawn dark and continuous)

b) Extension line: a thin, solid line

perpendicular to a dimension line,
indicating which feature is associated
with the dimension. There should be a
visible gap of 1.5 mm between the
feature’s corners and the end of the
extension line. Figure 1.14 shows
extension lines.

Figure 1.14 Extension line

 c) Dimension line: Thin continuous line terminated by arrowheads touching the
outlines, extension lines or centre lines (used to specify end points of a
dimension)

d) Leader Line: A thin, solid line used to indicate the feature with which a
dimension, note, or symbol is associated. Generally, this is a straight line
drawn at an angle (around 60˚or 45˚) that is neither horizontal nor vertical.
Leader line is terminated with an arrow touching the part or detail. On the end
opposite the arrow, the leader line will have a short, horizontal shoulder. Text
is extended from this shoulder such that the text height is centred with the
shoulder line.

2. Arrows:
3 mm wide and should be 1/3 rd as wide as they are long - symbols placed at
the end of dimension lines to show the limits of the dimension. Arrows are
uniform in size and style, regardless of the size of the drawing. Various types of
arrows used for dimensioning is shown in figure 1.15.

Figure 1.15 Various types of arrows used for dimensioning

1. Systems of Dimensioning:
Normally two types of dimensioning system exist. i.e.
a) Aligned System
b) Unidirectional System
 In the aligned system (Fig.16) the dimensions are placed perpendicular to the
dimension line in such a way that it may be read from bottom edge or right-hand edge
of the drawing sheet. The horizontal and inclined dimension can be read from the
bottom whereas all the vertical dimensions can be read from the right-hand side of the
drawing sheet.

In unidirectional system (Fig.17) all dimensions are so placed that they can be
read from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet. The dimension lines are broken near
the middle for inserting the dimensions. In the unidirectional system, the dimensions
are so oriented such that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing.

Aligned system Unidirectional System

 Types of Dimensioning:
The different methods, arrangement and the indication of dimension are

1. Continuous or Chain Dimensioning

2. Parallel Dimensioning
3. Combined Dimensioning
4. Progressive Dimensioning
5. Dimensioning by Co-ordinates
6. Equidistant Dimensioning
7. Repeated Dimensions
Continuous or Chain Dimensions

Chain dimensioning is a dimensioning system that dimensions from point to point. Or it is a series of
adjacent dimensions are arranged in one horizontal row. When chain dimensioning is used the location
of one feature is based on the location of the previous feature from which it is dimensioned.

Chain dimensioning is used when it is important that two features are located at a certain distance from
each other. For example, Two fixed holes with two fixed pins may require a certain distance from each
other to draw chain dimensions.

Parallel Dimensioning

When the number of dimensions is measured in the same direction from a common surface or line. The
method of indicating all the dimensions from the same feature is called parallel
dimensioning. Thedimension lines are parallel to each other and equally spaced.

Combined Dimensioning

In this method, both the chain and parallel dimensions are used in the same drawing.
Progressive Dimensioning

This method is adopted when dimension has to be established from a particular datum. The overall
dimensions are placed outside the smaller dimensions this dimension is showed by the common
reference line.
line.

Dimensioning by Coordinates

Dimensioning by a coordinate table can be used in place of other dimensioning styles. This can make
drawing easier to read, this method is done when a number of holes of different sizes have to be
dimensioned.
Equidistant Dimensioning

The dimensioning simplified by given the product of the number of spacing and the dimension value. A
point is said to be equidistant from a set of objects if the distance becomes that points and each object in
the set are equal.

Repeated Dimensions

When certain features or elements of the same size are repeated a number of times on drawing, to avoid
repetition of the same dimension everywhere, the product of a number of repeated features and the
dimensions value may be indicated only at one such feature.

Important Notes about Dimensioning

1. Dimension lines should be drawn at least 10 mm away from the outlines and 8mm from
each other dimension line.
2. As far as possible all dimensions should be given in millimetres, omitting the abbreviation
mm.
3. The height of the dimension figures (as stated earlier) should be from 3 mm to 5 mm.
4. Dimensions should be shown where the shape is easily identified.
5. As far as possible, dimensions should be placed outside the view.
6. Should be taken from visible outlines, not from hidden lines.
7. Dimensioning to a centre line should be avoided except when the centre line passes through the
centre of a hole.
8. Each feature should be dimensioned only once in a drawing.
9. Placed on the view or section that relates most clearly to the corresponding features.
10. Each drawing should use the same unit for all dimensions, but without showing unit symbol.
11. Minimum dimensions should be placed to define a whole part.
12. No features of a part should be defined by more than one dimension in any one direction
13. Arrowheads should ordinarily be drawn within the limits of the dimensioned feature. But
when the space is too narrow, they may be placed outside. A dot may also be used to
replace an arrowhead. Due to lack of space, the dimension figure may be written above
the extended portion of the dimension line, but preferably on the right-hand side.

Figure 1.20. Dimensioning of Small Dimensions

14. Dimensions of cylindrical parts should as far as possible be placed in the views in which
they are seen as rectangles. The dimension indicating a diameter should always be
preceded by the symbol Ø.

Figure 1.21. Cylindrical Parts Fig. 1.22 Dimensioning of Circles

 Fig.1.23 Dimensioning of Holes Fig. 1.24 Rod of Sq. Cross-Section

Fig.1.25 Sphere Fig. 1.26 Angular Dimensioning Fig 1.27 Counter Sunk Hole

Fig. 1.29 Dimensioning External & Internal Screw Thread

Exercise 1.2
1. Illustrate the elements of dimensioning with the help of a sketch.
2. Illustrate the dimensioning of given common features: diameter, radius, chord,
Arc and angle.

3. Copy the sketches to 1:1 scale and dimension it using Aligned system

4. Copy the sketch to 1:1 scale and dimension it using unidirectional system with
Parallel dimensioning method.
5. Copy the sketch to 1:1 scale and dimension it using Aligned system with
Parallel dimensioning method.

6. Copy the sketch to 1:1 scale and dimension it using unidirectional system
with Chain dimensioning method

7. Copy the sketch to 1:1 scale and dimension it using unidirectional system
with Parallel dimensioning method
8. Copy the sketch as shown in figure below dimension it in a Chain and parallel
dimensioning
Construction of Regular Polygons
1. Constrction of Pentagon

Fig 1.30 Constrction of polygon using included angle method

Method-1

Fig. 1.31 Constrction of Pentagon by included angle method

Method-2

Fig .1.32 Constrction of Pentagon

Procedure

1. Draw a line AB equal to the given length of side.

2. Bisect AB at P.
3. Draw a line BQ equal to AB in length and perpendicular to AB.
4. With centre P and radius PQ, draw an arc intersecting AB produced at R. AR is equal
to the diagonal length of the pentagon.
5. With centres A and B and radii AR and AB respectively draw arcs intersecting at C.
6. With centres A and B and radius AR draw arcs intersecting at D.
7. With centres A and B and radii AB and AR respectively draw arcs intersecting at E.
8. ABCDE is the required pentagon
2. Constrction of Hexagon
Method-1

Fig.1.33 Constrction of Hexagon by included angle method

Method-2

Fig. 1.34 Constrctuon of Hexagon

Procedure

1. Draw a line AB equal to the side and extend to P such that AB = BP

2. Draw a semicircle on AP and divide it into 6 equal parts by trial and error.
3. Join B to second division
4. Join B- 3, B-4, B-5 and produce them.
5. With 2 as centre and radius AB intersect the line B, 3 produced at D. Similarly get the
point E and F.
6. Join 2- D, D-E, E-F and F-A to get the required hexagon

3. Constrction of Octagon
Method-1
Fig. 1.35 Constrction of Octagon by included angle method
Method-2 : To inscribe a regular octagon in a given circle

Fig. 1.36 Constrction of Octagon

Procedure

1. With centre O, draw the given circle.

2. Draw diameters AB and CO at right angles to each other.
3. Draw diameters ff and CH bisecting angles AOC and COB.
4. Draw lines AE, EC etc. and complete the octagon

4. General method for drawing any Polygon (Fig 1.37 & Fig 1.38)
i. Draw a line AB equal to the given length.
ii. At B, draw a line BP perpendicular and equal to AB.
iii. Draw a line joining A with P.
iv. With center B and radius AB, draw the quadrant AP.
v. Draw the perpendicular bisector of AB to intersect the straight-line AP in 4 and
the arc AP in 6.

Fig 1.37 First Step for Construction of various polygons

 Fig 1.38 Construction of various Polygons

a. A square of a side equal to AB can be inscribed in the circle drawn with center 4 and radius
A4.
b. A hexagon of a side equal to AB can be inscribed in the circle drawn with center 6 and
radius A6.
c. The mid-point 5 of the line 4-6 is the center of the circle of the radius AS in which a regular
pentagon of a side equal to AB can be inscribed.
d. To locate center 7 for the heptagon of side AB, step-off a division 6-7 equal to the division
5-6.
e. With center 7 and radius equal to A7, draw a circle.
f. Starting from B, cut it in seven equal divisions with radius equal to AB.
g. Draw lines BC, CD etc. and complete the heptagon.
Regular polygons of any number of sides can be drawn by this method.
Exercise 1.3
1. Draw Pentagon, Hexagon, Square and Triangle of each 25 mm sides
 Introduction to Projections
Projection is a way of drawing a 3D object from different directions. Usually front, side
and top views are drawn so that a person looking at the drawing can see all the
important sides. Orthographic drawings are useful especially when a design has
been developed to a stage whereby it is almost ready to manufacture.

Figure 2.1 Prospective Projection of an Object

In figure 2.1 the rays from the object converge to the eyes and this image
(Projection) is bigger than the object. However, if the rays are parallel as in the case
of rays coming from the sun, the image (Projection) will be of the same size as that of
the objects (Fig.2.2). Such a projection is called orthographic projection.
 Figure 2.2 Orthographic Projection of an Object
The parallel lines/rays drawn from the object are called projectors and the
plane on which image is formed is called plane of projection. In orthographic
projection, the projectors are perpendicular to the plane of projection. An engineering
drawing conveys many different types of information of which the most important
thing is the shape of the object.

2.1. Principal Planes and Principal Views of projections

A plane of projection (POP) is a plane on which a particular view is
projected. The six mutually perpendicular views are produced by six mutually
perpendicular planes of projection. The six views are front, top, left side, right side,
bottom and rear as shown in fig. 2.3.

Figure 2.3 Six Planes and Views of projection

 Figure 2.4 Six Views of projection

Three Principal Planes and Views of Projections

Figure 2.5 Three Principal Planes and views of projections

In the orthographic projections Three principal planes; Vertical Plane (VP),

Horizontal Plane (HP) and Profile Plane (PP)s are used to draw Front View (FV), Top
View (TV) and Side View (SV) of the object as shown in fig 2.5.

2.2 First angle and Third angle method, their symbols

In the first angle projection, the object is placed in the 1st quadrant. The object
is positioned at the front of a vertical plane and top of the horizontal plane. First angle
projection is widely used in India and European countries. The object is placed
between the observer and projection planes.
Fig. 2.6 First and Third angle projections
 Table 2.1 First and Third angle Projections

First Angle Projections Third Angle Projection

The object is imagined to be in first The object is imagined to be in third
quadrant quadrant

The object lies between observer and The plane of projection lies between
the plane of projection. observer and the object

The plane of projection assumed to be The plane of projection assumed to be

non-transparent transparent

When views are drawn in their relative When views are drawn in their relative
position Top view comes below front position Top view comes above front
view. Right side view drawn to the left view. Right side view drawn to the
side of front View. right side of front View.

Symbol Symbol

In the third angle projection, the object is placed in the third quadrant. The
object is placed behind the vertical planes and bottom of the horizontal plane. Third
angle projection is widely used in the United States. The projection planes come
between the object and observer. The plane of projection is taken as transparent in 3rd
angle projection.
First Angle Projection is commonly used in all countries other than United
States. It is mainly used in Europe and Asia countries. The Indian Standard Institution
(ISI) recommend the use of First Angle Projection method.
“First Angle Projection is commonly used in India”

2.3 Projection of Points

A point is an element which has no dimensions. It may be situated, in space, in
any one of the four quadrants formed by the two principal planes of projection or may
lie in any one or both of them. Its projections are obtained by extending projectors
perpendicular to the planes.

Fig 2.7 Four quadrants and possible positions of point in quadrant

One of the planes is then rotated so that the first and third quadrants are opened
out. The projections are shown on a flat surface in their respective positions either
above or below or in xy.

Conventional Representation:

 Actual Position of a point designated by capitals i.e. A, B, C, D …

 Front view of a point is designated by small letters with dashes i.e., a’, b’, c’, d’….
 Top view of a point is designated by only small letters i.e., a, b, c, d ….
 Side view of a point is designated by small letters with double dashes i.e. a”, b”, c”, d”..
 The Intersection of reference planes is a line known as reference line denoted by x-
y and the line connecting the front and top view is known as projection line; it is
always perpendicular to the principal axis (x-y line).

a. Projections of Points 1st Quadrant

Fig. 2.8 Pictorial reprasentation and corresponding veiws of points in 1st quadrant

b. Projections of Points 2nd Quadrant

Fig. 2.9 Pictorial reprasentation and corresponding veiws of points in 2nd quadrant

Fig. 2.10 Pictorial reprasentation and corresponding veiws of points in 3rd quadrant
 Fig. 2.11 Pictorial reprasentation and corresponding veiws of points in 4th quadrant

Exercise 2.1

1. Draw the symbolic representation of First and Third angle projection method.

FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION SYMBOL SECOND ANGLE PROJECTION SYMBOL

2. Draw the projections of the following points:

a) A is 25mm above the HP and 30mm in front of the VP.
b) B is lying on HP and 45mm in front of VP.
c) C is lying on VP and 50mm above HP.
d) D lies in both HP and VP.
 VP

X Y

HP

3. A point P is 40 mm Infront of VP; 50 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of left

PP. Draw the three principal views of the point.

o RPP
X Y
HP

Y1

4. A point Q is 30mm in front of VP, 40mm above HP and 35mm in front of right
PP. Draw the three principal views of the point.

LPP VP
X Y
HP
 5. Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line:
a) Point P is 25mm above the HP and 40mm behind the VP.
b) Point Q is 30mm below the HP and 40mm behind the VP.
c) Point R is 25mm above the HP and in the VP.
d) Point S is 30mm below the HP and in the VP
e) Point T is 35mm in front of the VP and in the HP.
2.4 Projection of Lines

Fig. 2.12 Projection of Line

The shortest distance between two points is called a straight line. The projectors
of a straight line are drawn by joining the projections of its end points. The possible
projections of straight lines with respect to V.P and H.P in the first quadrant are as
follows:
a) Parallel to both the planes
b) Parallel to one and Perpendicular to another
c) Parallel to one and Inclined to another
d) Inclined to both planes
As per syllabus, our discussion is limited to first three cases only.
a. Parallel to Both the planes
 Pictorial view Orthographic view

Fig. 2.13 Line Parallel to VP and HP

b. Parallel to one and Perpendicular to another

Pictorial view Orthographic view

Fig. 2.14 Line Parallel to VP and Perpendicular HP

Pictorial view Orthographic view

Fig. 2.15 Line Parallel to HP and Perpendicular VP

c. Parallel to one and Inclined to another
 Pictorial view Orthographic view

Fig. 2.16 Line Parallel to VP and inclined to HP

Pictorial view Orthographic view

Fig. 2.16 Line Parallel to HP and inclined to VP

Exercise 2.2

1. Draw the three views of a line 70mm long when it is parallel to both HP and VP.
The line is 20mm in front of VP and 30mm above HP.
 o RPP

HP

Y1

2. Draw the three views of a line 80mm long is perpendicular to VP and parallel to
HP. The end nearer to VP is 20mm above HP and 25mm in front of VP.
X1

o RPP
X Y
HP

Y1


3. Draw the projections of a line 80mm long placed parallel to VP, perpendicular to
HP. The line is 70mm in front of VP and 60mm in front of right PP. the lower end
of the line is 30mm above HP.

o RPP
HP

X1

Y1
4. Draw the projections of a line 80mm long placed parallel to HP, perpendicular to
VP with the rear end of the line 30mm in front of it. The line is 55mm above HP
and 50mm in front of the right PP.

5. Draw the three principal views of a line 80 mm long placed parallel to VP and
perpendicular to HP. The line is 70mm in front of VP and 60mm in front of right
PP. The lower end of the line is 30mm above HP.
6. Draw the three principal views of a line 80 mm long when it is placed parallel to
both HP & VP. One of the ends of the line is 70 mm above HP, 60 mm in front of
VP and 30mm in front of the right PP.

7. A line AB 80 mm long is inclined at 30° to HP and parallel to VP. The line is 90

mm in front of VP. The lower end A is 35 mm above HP,110 mm in front of the
right PP and is away from it than the higher end. Draw the three principal views
of the line.
8. Draw the projections of a line AB, 80 mm long inclined at 30° to HP and parallel
to VP. The line is 40 mm in front of VP. The lower end A is 20 mm above HP.

2. 5 Projections of Planes
A Plane Surface (plane/lamina/plate) is as two-dimensional surface having
length and breadth with negligible thickness. They are formed when any three non-
collinear points are joined. Planes are bounded by straight/curved lines and may be
either regular or an irregular. Regular plane surfaces are in which all the sides are
equal. Irregular plane surfaces are in which the lengths of the sides are unequal.
Various shapes of plane figures are considered such as square, rectangle, circle,
pentagon, hexagon, etc.

Figure 2.15 Various shapes of plane figures

Positioning of a Plane surface

A plane surface may be positioned in space with reference to the three principal
planes of projection in any of the following positions:

The following position of Planes in space

i. Planes Parallel to VP and Perpendicular to HP
ii. Planes Perpendicular to VP and Parallel to HP
iii. A plane perpendicular to both VP and HP
iv. Plane surface perpendicular to one plane and inclined to the other two
a. Planes Perpendicular to VP and Inclined to HP
b. Planes Inclined to VP and Perpendicular to HP

Projections of a Plane surface

Figure 2.16 Projection of Plane Surface

A plane surface when held parallel to a plane of projection, it will be

perpendicular to the other two planes of projection. The view of the plane surface
projected on the plane of projection to which it will be perpendicular will be a line,
called the line view of a plane surface. When the plane surface is held with its surface
parallel to one of the planes of projection, the view of the plane surface projected on it
will be in true shape because all the sides or the edges of the plane surface will be
parallel to the plane of projection on which the plane surface is projected.
When a plane surface is inclined to any plane of projection, the view of the
plane surface projected on it will be its apparent shape.
Meaning of Trace of a Plane

It is defined as the extension of a given plane shape to the reference plane (HP
or VP) to which it is perpendicular or inclined. The plane meets the HP or VP as a line.
This line is called trace of a plane.

Horizontal Trace (HT) &Vertical Trace (VT) a plane.

The line in which the plane shape meets the HP is called HT. The line in which
the plane shape meets the VP is called as VT.
Table 2.1 shows the notations should be followed while naming different views
projections of planes.

Table 2.1 Notations used for naming the views

Object Point
It’s top view a,b,c ,…
It’s front view a’,b’,c’,…
It’s side view a’’,b’’,c’’,…

1. Plane parallel to VP and perpendicular to both HP and PP

 Figure 2.17 Projections of a triangular lamina parallel to
VP and perpendicular to both HP and PP
2. Plane parallel to HP and perpendicular to both VP and PP

Figure 2.18. Projections of the Square lamina

with its surface parallel to HP and perpendicular to both VP and PP.

3. Plane parallel to PP and perpendicular to both HP and VP

 Figure 2.19 Projections of a pentagonal lamina

with its surface parallel to PP and perpendicular to HP and VP.

4. Plane surface perpendicular to one plane and inclined to the other two

a. Plane inclined at Φ to VP and perpendicular to HP

Figure 2.20 The projections of the Square lamina

inclined at Φ to VP and perpendicular to HP

b. Plane inclined at Φ to HP and perpendicular to VP

Figure 2.21 The projections of the square lamina

inclined at Φ to HP and perpendicular to VP

Position in Projection of Planes

Figure 2.22 A plane resting on one of its base side on HP
 Figure 2.23 A plane resting on one of its base side on VP

Figure 2.24 A plane resting on one of its corners on HP

Figure 2.25 A plane resting on one of its corners on VP

Exercise 2.3
1. A square lamina ABCD of side 40mm is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP.
Draw its projections

VP
X Y
HP
2. An equilateral triangle ABC of 50 mm side is parallel to VP and 15 mm in front of
V.P, its base AB is parallel and 75 mm above H.P. Draw the projections of the
triangle when the corner is near the H.P

VP
X Y
HP

3. A square lamina ABCD of side 40mm is perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP.

Draw its projections

VP
X Y
HP
4. An equilateral triangle ABC of 50 mm side has its plane parallel to H.P and side AB
parallel to V.P Draw its projections when the corner C is 15 mm from H.P and 45mm
from the V.P

VP
X Y
HP

5. A rectangle ABCD of size 40x25 has the corner A, 10mm above HP and 15 mm in
front of VP. All the sides of the rectangle are inclined at 45˚ to HP and parallel to
VP. Draw the projection of lamina.
6. A regular triangular lamina of side 30mm is placed with one its corner on HP such
that the surface is inclined at 40° to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw its Top and
Front views.
7. A regular square lamina of side 40mm is placed with one its side on HP such that
the surface is inclined at 30° to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw its Top and Front
views.
8. A regular pentagonal lamina of side 30mm is placed with one its side on HP such
that the surface is inclined at 45° to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw its Top and
Front views.
9. A regular hexagonal lamina of side 30mm is placed with one its corner on HP such
that the surface is inclined at 45° to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw its Top and
Front views.
10. A circular lamina of 40mm diameter lies on HP such that its surface is inclined at
40° to HP. Draw its front and top.
11. An equilateral triangular lamina of side 40mm rests with one its sides on HP so that
the surface of the lamina is inclined at 30° to HP. The side on which the lamina rests
is inclined at 45° to VP. Draw the projections of the lamina.
12. An equilateral triangular lamina of sides 30mm is resting with one of its corners on
HP. The surface of the lamina is inclined at 45° to HP and the side opposite to the
corner on which the lamina rests is inclined at 45° to VP. Draw the projections of
the lamina.
13. A square lamina of 40mm side rests with one of its sides on HP so that the surface
of the lamina is inclined at 30° to HP. The side on which the lamina rests is inclined
at 45° to VP. Draw the top and front views of the square lamina in this position.
14. A square lamina of 40mm sides rests with one of its corners on HP. The diagonal
passing through this corner is inclined at 45° to HP and appears to be inclined at
45° to VP. Draw its projections.
2.5 Projections of Solids
A solid is a 3-D object having length, breadth and thickness and bounded by
surfaces which may be either plane or curved, or combination of the two.

Table 2.2 Classification of Solids

Group-1 Group-2
Solids having top and base of same Solids having base of some shape and
shape has a point on top, called apex
Solids of Revolution

Cylinder Sphere Cone

Prisms Pyramids

Cube Tetrahedra

A solid having 6 square faces A solid having four triangular faces

If a plane surface is revolved about one of its edges, the solid generated is
called a Solid of Revolution e.g Cylinder, Sphere and cone.
A regular polyhedron is solid bounded only by plane surfaces (faces). Its faces
are formed by regular polygons of same size and all dihedral angles are equal to one
another. When faces of a polyhedron are not formed by equal identical faces, they
may be classified into prisms and pyramids. Prisms are polyhedron formed by two
equal parallel regular polygon, end faces connected by side faces which are either
rectangles or parallelograms. Pyramid is a polyhedron formed by a plane surface as
at its base and an equal number of isosceles triangular faces that meet at a common
point called the "vertex" or "apex". The line joining the apex and a corner of its base is
called the slant edge.
 Figure 2.30 Dimensional parameters of solids

Top and base are not parallel Top and base are parallel
Fig 2.27 Truncated solids Fig 2.28 Frustrum of pyramid/cone

Position of Solids

STANDING ON HP RESTING ON HP LYING ON H.P

On it’s Base Axis On one point of base circle. On one generator

Perpendicular to HP & Axis inclined to HP &
Parallel VP Axis inclined to HP & Parallel to VP
Parallel to VP

While observing FV, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (HP)

STANDING ON V.P RESTING ON V.P LYING ON V.P

On it’s base. Axis On one point of base circle. On one generator

Perpendicular to VP & Axis inclined to VP &
Parallel to HP Axis inclined to VP & Parallel to HP
Parallel to HP
 While observing TV, x-y line represents Vertical Plane. (VP)

Figure 2.29 Position of Solids with respect to HP & VP

Visibility

The invisible edges of the object are shown on the

orthographic views by dashed lines (not dotted). To
identify the invisible portions of the object, a careful
imaginative thinking is essential. When viewing an
object, the outline of the object is visible. Hence the
outlines of all the views are shown by full lines or solid
line and also all the visible edges will be shown as solid Figure 2.30 The visible edges are shown
as solid lines and the hidden edges are
lines as shown in figure 2.30. shown as dashed lines

Projections of solids placed in different positions

The solids may be placed on HP in various positions. The way the axis of the
solid is held with respect to HP or VP or both -
a. Perpendicular to HP or VP
b. Parallel to either HP or VP and inclined to the other
c. Inclined to both HP and VP

a. Axis of the solid perpendicular to HP

Figure 2.31 Projections of Cylinder and Cone axis Perpendicular to HP

Axis of the solid perpendicular to HP

Fig. 2.32 Triangular prism resting on its base on HP with different positions

Fig 2.33 - Triangular Pyramid resting on its base on HP with different positions.
Projections of a solid with the axis perpendicular to VP

Figure 2.34 Projections of Cylinder and Cone axis Perpendicular to VP

Figure 2.35 - Projections of a pentagonal prism resting on HP and axisperpendicular to VP

with different positions.
Figure 2.36 - Projections of a pentagonal pyramid resting on HP and axisperpendicular to
VP with different positions

b. Axis of the solid inclined to HP and parallel to VP

Figure 2.37 Projections of a pentagonal prism placed with an edge of base on HPsuch that
the base or axis is inclined to HP
 c. Corner of the base on HP with two base edges containing the corner on whichit rests
make equal inclinations with HP

Figure 2.40 Projections of a prism with a corner of the base on HP and the axis isinclined
to HP.

Figure 2.41 showing the projection of a pyramid resting on HP on one of its base corners with
two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP
A. Projections of a pyramid lying on one of its triangular faces on HP

Figure 2.42 - Illustrates the sequence in obtaining the projections a pyramid lying on one of its
triangular faces on HP

B. Projections of a pyramid lying on one of its slant edge HP

Figure 2.43 - Projections of a pyramid lying on one of its slant edges on HP

 Exercise 2.4
1. A cube of 30 mm sides is held on one of its corners on HP such that the bottom square
face containing that corner is inclined at 30˚ to HP. Two of its adjacent base edges
containing the corner on which it rests are equally inclined to VP. Draw the top and
front views of the cube.

2. A cube of 30 mm side rests with one of its edges on HP such that one of the square
faces containing that edge is inclined at 300 to HP and the edge on which it rests being
inclined to 60˚ to VP. Draw its projections.
3. An equilateral triangular prism 20 mm side of base and 50 mm long rests with one of
its shorter edges on HP such that the rectangular face containing the edge on which
the prism rests is inclined at 30˚ to HP. The edge on which prism rests is inclined at
60˚ to VP. Draw its projections.

4. A hexagonal pyramid has an altitude of 60 mm and side base 30mm. The pyramid
rests on one of its side of the base on HP such that the triangular face containing that
side is perpendicular to HP. Draw the front and top views.
5. Draw the top and front views of a rectangular pyramid of sides of base 40x50 mm and
height 70 mm when it lies on one of its larger triangular faces on HP. The longer edge
of the base of the triangular face lying on HP is inclined at 60˚ to VP in the top view
with the apex of the pyramid being nearer to VP.

6. A cone of base 80 mm diameter and height 100 mm lies with one of its generators on
HP and the axis appears to be inclined to VP at an angle of 40˚ in the top view. Draw
its top and front views.
7. Draw the top and the front views of a right circular cylinder of base 45 mm diameter
and 60 mm long when it lies on HP such that its axis is inclined at 350 to HP and the
axis appears to be perpendicular to VP in the top view

8. A triangular prism of base edge 40mm and height 65mm rests with one of its base
edges on HP so that the axis of the prism is inclined at 30° with HP. Draw the top
and front views when the axis of the prism is parallel to VP.
9. A square prism of base edge 40mm and height 70mm rests with one of its base
edges on HP. The axis of the prism is inclined at 45 to HP and parallel to VP. Draw
the top and the front views of the prism.
10. A pentagonal prism of base 35mm and height 60mm has its base edge on HP. Draw
the top and front views, if the base of the prism is inclined at 30° to the HP. The axis
of the prism is parallel to the VP.
11. A Hexagonal prism of base 35mm and height 60mm is resting with its base edge on
HP so that the axis is inclined at 45° and parallel to VP. Draw its top and front views.
12. A triangular pyramid of base edge 40mm and height 65mm is resting with one of
its base corners on HP so that the axis of the pyramid is parallel to VP and inclined
at 45° to HP. Draw the top and front views.
13. Draw the top and front views of a hexagonal pyramid resting with one of its base
corners on HP such that the axis of the pyramid is inclined at 30° to HP. The
hexagonal pyramid has its base edges as 30mm and axis height as 60mm.
14. A pentagonal pyramid of base edge 30mm and axis height 65mm rests with one of
its base corners on HP so that the base of the pyramid is inclined at 45° to the HP.
Draw the projections if the axis of the pyramid is parallel to the VP.
15. A cylinder of 40mm diameter and axis height 65mm rests with its points of the
circumference on HP so that the axis is inclined at 45° to the HP and parallel to the
VP. Draw the top and front views.
16. A cone of 40mm diameter and axis height 65mm is resting with points of the
circumference on HP. Draw the top and front views, if the axis of the cone is
inclined at 30° with HP and parallel to VP.
EXPOSURE TO CAD (Computer Aided Drafting)
3. 1 Introduction

The computer compatible mathematical description of the geometry of the

object is called as geometric modelling. The CAD software allows the mathematical
description of the object to be displayed as the image on the monitor of the computer.
CAD stands for Computer Aided Design.

CAD is used to design, develop and optimize products. While it is very

versatile, CAD is extensively used in the design of tools and equipment required in
the manufacturing process. CAD enables design engineers to layout and to develop
their work on a computer screen, print and save it for future editing.

CAD software enables

 Efficiency in the quality of design
 Increase in the Engineer’s productivity
 Improve record keeping through better documentation and communication

3.2 Familiar CAD Software

DraftSight is a feature-rich 2D and 3D CAD solution for

architects, engineers and construction service providers, as
well as professional CAD users, designers, educators and
hobbyists

AutoCAD is a CAD product from Autodesk. It allows

designers to work in 2D and 3D, and has extensive online
collaboration tools.

CATIA from Dassault Systems is a 3D product modelling

and design tool used across multiple industries.
 Dassault Systems offers SOLIDWORKS, a computer-aided
design (CAD) system for education and manufacturing
supporting 2D or 3D design, electrical design, simulations,
and product development with collaboration tools.

Autodesk Inventor 3D CAD software offers professional-

grade 3D mechanical design, documentation, and product
simulation tools.

PTC offers Creo, the company's line of computer-aided

design (CAD) products that support the product lifecycle
management (PLM) process with 2D and 3D design kits
(Creo Elements and Creo Direct), an augmented reality
module.

LibreCAD is an open-source CAD software that specializes

in 2D design. New features are added to LibreCAD by an
active community of developers.

Solid Edge is UGS' industry-leading, value-based 3D

computer-aided design (CAD) system. This is a parametric
feature and synchronous technology solid modelling
software.

In this manual, Solid Edge V19 software is for familiarisation of CAD

3.3 Solid Edge V20

Solid edge is powerful 3D design software developed by UGS Corporation to
meet the requirements of modern manufacturing industry. Solid edge captures
design intent of the manufacturing model through a unique combination of
interface logic and division management concepts that boosts productivity.
 Solid edge software is divided into following environment to make the
design process simple, quick and effective.

• Solid Part • Assembly

• Sheet Metal Part • Drawing
• Weldment

In this manual 2D drafting and Solid Part development are illustrated.

The Start-up Window

Fig 3.1 Solid Edge Start-up window

Click on drawing in the create window to open 2D drafting as shown in fig 3.1.
The main window of the solid edge appears on the monitor as shown in fig. 3.2. A
pointer appears on the drawing area. It can be moved over the area with the help of
the mouse it may be noted that as pointer moves over the toolbar and menu bars,
its shape changes to an arrow. Further, by clicking on any one of the command
buttons of any toolbar and taking back the pointer on to the drawing area, its shape
changes to a cross. It is known as a pick box with cross hairs.
 Fig 3.2 Main Window of Solid Edge

The cross hairs are mutually perpendicular to each other. The pick box can be
moved over the screen with the help of the mouse. It serves as a cursor. As the pick
box moves over the toolbar, its shape changes back to an arrow. It enables to specify
the arrowhead towards the required command button. By clicking on it, that
particular command can be invoked.

3.4 Toolbars and Menu Bar : These may be noted from the fig. 3.2.

a. Title bar: It displays the name and version of the software at the top the
windows, e.g., solid edge V19. Also, the filename of the drawing will be
indicated in the parenthesis, e.g., (draft 1)
b. Menu bar: It is just below the title bar. It holds all the usable commands, e.g.,
file, edit, view etc., as shown in fig. 3.3

Fig. 3.3: Menu bar details

it can be used by clicking on particular menu item and then selecting the
appropriate commands from their submenus it is similar to a master key. It
 helps to select and perform all operations which are performed by other tool
bars. These may be verified by openings the sub menus of each command.

Fig. 3.4: Main toolbar details

c. Main toolbar: It is just below the menu bar. It includes additional commands
and some standard “window (OS)” commands. Each command will display on
the screen as soon as the cursor touches the particular menu as shown in fig.
3.4. their uses are briefed herewith.

Table 3.1 Main toolbar commands

New: it helps to start a new drawing. By clicking on this icon, its

dialog box opens to select the options.

Open: it helps through its dialog box to select the drawing file to be
opened.

Save: it helps through its dialog box to save the drawing.

Print: it helps through its dialog box to obtain the print of the
drawing.

Cut: it helps to remove the preselected objects and to past them on to

the clipboard whenever required.

Copy: it helps to copy the preselected objects and to clipboard on

which it is to be pasted, whenever required.

Paste: it helps to past the objects onto the clipboard which were
previously cut or copied

Undo: it helps to move back on to the original form.

 Redo: it is opposite to undo. It helps to move forward from the
original from.

Grid: it helps to display the grid on the monitor for precise counting
and placing the drawing elements.
Alignment indicator: it helps to locate the intersection point of
horizontal and vertical lines by dashed lines.
Zoom area: it helps to zoom the required area by displaying a cross
prompting with its two opposite corners, after selecting the portion
to be zoomed.
Fit: it helps to fit (spread) the desired size working (drawing) sheet
on to the monitor (screen). Also, it helps to return from the zoom area
command to the normal size.

Pan: it helps to move the entire view areas of the drawing.

Zoom tool: it helps to zoom in, zoom out, fit and pan the areas.

Opening new file, Saving the file, opening an existing drawing file, creating
templates cane be done by using below shown submenu (Fig 3.5).

New file,
Saving the file,

Opening an existing drawing file,

Creating templates

Fig 3.5 Submenu of the File Command

Creating templates
Step 1: Open up a blank draft template. In the view tab, turn on the background sheet.
Step 2: At the bottom of the page right click on Sheet 1 and check the Sheet Setup.
Step 3: Be sure to note the sheet size that you are using. Go to that background sheet.
Step 4: Edit and add text boxes and callouts.
Step 5: Save the template into your Template folder.
Step 6: You will now be able to choose your custom template.

3. 5 Setting up New Drawing:

Drawing sheet size can be set using the sheet set up window available in the
submenu shown in fig 3.5. The Fig 3.6 shows the sheet Setup window, in which many
standard size sheets sizes such A1,A2,A3,A4 and other size sheets are available for
drawing.

(a) (b)

Fig 3.6 Sheet Setup Window

Drawing units are also set by using Sheet Setup Window. In this window, three
units (in, mm, cm) selection are available for selection as shown in fig 3.6(b). Drawing
standards can be set by using options window present in the submenu Tools
 Fig 3.6(c) Options Window

The Grid helps you draw elements with precision by displaying a series of
intersecting lines or points and x and y coordinate input that allows you to draw
wireframe elements with precision.

a b
Fig 3.7 Grid Command
 In Fig 3.7 (a), the displayed coordinates are relative to a origin point (A) that
you set—you can reset the origin position at any time. As you move the cursor, the
horizontal and vertical distance (B) between the cursor position and the origin point
is dynamically displayed.

Using the Grid command, you can draw elements at known locations on the
drawing sheet, draw elements known distances apart, and so forth. You can use the
Grid command with all drawing commands.

3.6 Plotting Parameters:

Various parameters like print range, scale and other printing parameters can
be set by using the setting window available in the print option. The setting window
of print is shown in fig 3.8.

Fig 3.8 Print Setting Window

Preview: Preview of the drawing is generated by using file properties window in the
submenu file as shown in fig 3.9. By selecting Preview tab drawing preview is creared.
 Fig 3.9 Preview tab in File Properties Window

3.7 Basic Entities in 2D Drafting

Basic entities like point, line, curve, arc, square, polygons are drawn using the
Drawing Tool bar shown in fig 3.9. Trim, offset, measure and move are also available
in this toolbar.

Fig 3.9 Drawing Toolbar

a. Point: Points are created by using tool bar shown in the fig 3.10. On clicking the
point tool ribbon bar shown in figure 3.11 will appear on the screen. The attributes
 Fig 3.11 Ribbon Bar for setting Point Attributes

of point such as point style, colour, colour, type, width and x, y(Position) values are
entered.
b. Line: Lines are used very frequently in engineering drawing. Line tool shown in fig
3.12 is for drawing Line. The attributes of the line such as line style, colour, type,
width, length and angles are entered in the ribbon bar shown in fig 3.13.

Fig 3.12 Line Tool

Fig 3.13 Ribbon for setting line attributes

Various types line styles, colours, types and widths are as shown in fig 3.14.

Fig 3.14 (a) Line Style (b) Line Colour (c) Line Type (d) line width availablein
Ribbon Bar
c. Circle and Ellipse: Circle and ellipse are constructed using the Circle toolbar
shown in fig 3.15. radius or diameter of the circle are entered in the ribbon bar.
Other attributes are similar to line.

Fig 3.15: Drawing Tool for drawing circles and ellipse

Fig 3.16: Ribbon bar for drawing circle

Ellipse are constructed by entering the primary axis (horizontal) and

secondary axis(vertical) values in the ribbon bar shown in Fig 3.17.

Fig 3.17 Ribbon bar for drawing Ellipse

Step 3. Click where you want the primary axis to end (B). This defines the lengthof the
d. Arc : Arc of any radius and sweep is drawn using the ARC tool bar shown in fig
3.18. Tangent arc, 3-point arc and centre point arcs may be drawn using this. Fig
3.19 shows the ribbon bar for entering the ARC attributes.

Fig 3.19 Various ARC commands available in Drawing Tool Bar

Fig 3.20 Ribbon bar used for ARC construction

e. Rectangle: Rectangle or square of any dimension is constructed using rectangle

toolbar shown in fig 3.21.

Fig 3.21 Rectangle Tool bar

Fig 3.22 Various ARC commands available in Drawing Tool Bar

f. Polygon : No specific tool is available construction of polygons in Solid Edge V19

software. Any polygon is constructed by using line tool available in the draw tool
bar. In the ribbon bar, by giving suitable length of line and angle any polygon can
be constructed using included angle method. Fig shows some of the important
polygons used in engineering.
 Fig. 2.23 Construction of polygons using included angle method

g. Multiline: Multiline commands like Offset and Symmetric Offset are available in
the drawing toolbar shown in fig 2.23.

Fig. 2.23 Multiline options in Drawing Tool Bar

Offset: Offset of any line may be carried out by using this toolbar by entering the offset
distance as shown in fig 2.24.

Symmetric Offset: Offset of any line may be carried out by using this toolbar by
entering the offset distance as shown in fig 2.25. Various types of symmetric Offset
such as line, arc, offset arc and fillet are entered using the window shown in fig 2.26.
 Fig 2.26 Symmetric Offset Options

3.8 Dimensioning
Defining Dimensioning is the process of specifying part’s information by using
of dimension line, extension line, dimension figure, symbols and notes.

a. Adding Linear Dimension: Linear dimensions measure the linear distance of a

line segment or between points. To add this dimension, you can use the Smart
Dimension tool or Distance Between tool.
Toolbar: Draw > Smart Dimension, Distance Between

Fig 2.27 Dimensioning Toolbar and Dimension prefix window

b. Adding Aligned Dimension: Aligned dimensions
are used to dimension line that are not parallel to
the X axis or the Y axis. This type of dimensioning
measures the actual distance of the aligned lines

Toolbar: Draw > Smart Dimension

Fig 2.28 Smart Dimensioning Toolbar

Fig 2.29 Smart Dimensioning Ribbon Bar

c. Adding Angular Dimension: Angular dimensions are

used to dimension angles. You can directly select two-line
segments or use three points to apply the angular
dimensions.
Toolbar: Draw > Smart Dimension

d. Adding Diameter / Radius Dimensions: Diameter dimensions are applied to

dimension a circle or an arc in terms of its dimeter. Radius dimensions are applied
to dimension a circle, an arc, curve, or an ellipse in terms of its radius.

Toolbar: Draw > Smart Dimension

e. Adding Co-ordinate Dimensions: Co-ordinate dimensions are used to dimension

the sketch with respect to a common origin point, which can be one of the vertices
in the sketch.
 Toolbar: Draw > Distance Between > Co-ordinate Dimension

f. Adding Angular Co-ordinate Dimensions: As the

name suggests, this tool is used to add angular
coordinate dimensions with respect to a common
origin point.
Toolbar: Draw > Distance Between > Angular
Co-ordinate Dimension

3.9 Inserting Text:

By adding the text in the drawing sheet select text command as shown in fig
3.30 and define the font type, font size, font scale and other text formatting options
in ribbon bar as shown in fig 2.31.

Fig 3.30 Toolbar to Insert Text

Fig 3.31 Ribbon Bar to Format Text

3. 10 Geometric Relationship Toolbar
Geometric relationships are logical operations performed on the sketching
entities to relate them to the order sketched entities using standard properties such as
collinearity, concentricity, tangency, and so on. These relationships constrain the
degree of freedom of the sketched entities and make the sketch more stable. Fig. 3.32
shows the various types of relationship commands available in Solid edge V19.

Fig 3.32 Relation Toolbar

a. Connect: The connect relationship is used to connect the key point such as
endpoint, midpoint, and centre point of a sketched entity to another sketched
entity or to its key point.

Fig 3.32(a) Connect Relation Toolbar

b. Concentric: The concentric relationship forces two arcs, two circles, or an arc
and a circle to share the same centre point.

Fig 3.32(b) Concentric Relation Toolbar

c. Horizontal/ Vertical: This relationship forces an inclined line to become

horizontal or vertical. But if the angle of the inclined line less than 450 it will
become horizontal. But if the angle greater than 450 it will become vertical.
 Fig 3.32(c) Horizontal/Vertical Relation Toolbar

d. Collinear: This relationship forces the selected line segments to be placed in the
same line.

Fig 3.32(d) Collinear Relation Toolbar

e. Parallel: This relationship forces the selected line segments to become parallel
to another line segment.

Fig 3.32(e) Parallel Relation Toolbar

f. Perpendicular: This relationship forces a selected line to become perpendicular
to another line, arc, circle, or ellipse.

Fig 3.32 ( f ) Perpendicular Relation Toolbar

g. Symmetric: This relationship forces a selected sketched entity to become

symmetrical about a symmetry axis. To construct this relationship first select
symmetric axis and then select first entity to be made symmetric.

Fig 3.32 ( g ) Symmetric Relation Toolbar

h. Tangent: Tangent for any circle/arc can be drawn using tangent tool shown in
fig 3.32(h)
 Fig 3.32 ( h ) Tangent Relation Toolbar

i. Equal: Dimensions of any two entities are made equal suing tool bar shown
in fig 3.32(h)

Fig 3.32 ( i ) Equal Relation Toolbar

j. Relationship handles: Relationship handles are symbols used to represent a

geometric relationship between elements, key points, and dimensions, or
between key points and elements. The relationship handle shows that the
designated relationship is being maintained.

Fig 3.32 ( j ) Relationship handles

k. Intellisketch : IntelliSketch is a dynamic drawing tool used for sketching and

modifying elements. IntelliSketch allows you to sketch with precision by
specifying characteristics of the design as you sketch. Following are the step by
step instruction to use intellisketch
 you want to use.

Fig 3.33 Intellisketch Relationship Window

3.7 Title block for the drawing

Fig 3.34 Title Block Layout

3.8 Scale, Move, Rotate, Mirror Commands

Fig 3.35 Scaling Toolbar

a. Scaling: A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as
represented in a drawing to the actual dimensions of the same. Hence scales are used
to prepare drawing at Full scale, Reduced scale and Enlarged scale

i) Full Scale: Select Scale command in draw toolbar and specify scale factor equal
to one (1) in ribbon bar as shown to convert the object into full scale.

Fig 3.35(a) Full Scale Drawing Ribbon Bar

ii. Reduced Scale: Select Scale command in draw toolbar and specify scale
factor less than unity (less than one) in ribbon bar as shown to convert the
object into reduced scale.

Fig 3.35(b) Reduced Scale Drawing Ribbon Bar

 iii. Enlarged Scale: Select Scale command in draw toolbar and specify scale
factor greater than unity (more than one) in ribbon bar as shown to convert
the object into enlarged scale.

Fig 3.35(c) Enlarged Scale Drawing Ribbon Bar

b. Moving / Copying the Sketched Entities:

Using the move tool, you can move the selected sketched entities from their
original location to any other location in the drawing window.

Fig 3.35(d) Moving / Copying the Sketched Entities

c. Rotating the Sketched Entities:

Using the Rotate tool, you can rotate the selected sketched entities around a
specified center point.
 Fig 3.36 Rotating the Sketched Entities

3.11 Mirroring the Sketched Entities: This tool allows you to create a mirror copy
of the selected sketched entities.

Entities selected to mirror

Fig 3.36 Rotating the Sketched Entities

3.12 Apply, Fillet and Trim on the Object Created

Fig 3.37 (a) Trim and Fillet / Chamfer Command Tool bars
 Fig 3.37 Fillet Command

Step 3. Click one of the elements that you want to draw the fillet between. Youcan
draw a fillet between arcs, lines, circles, ellipses, and curves.

3. 13 Chamfer:

Fig 3.38 Chamfer Command

3.14 Pattern Command

Fig.3.39 Pattern Commands

 a. Rectangular Pattern

Fig 3.40 Rectangular Pattern

b. Circular Pattern

Fig 3.41 Circular Pattern3.14 Mirror Command

Step 1. Select one or more elements.

Step 2

Step 3.

Step 4.

Step 5. Move the mouse cursor until the mirror axis and the mirrored elements
where you want them to be, then click.
Orthographic Projections

4.1 Projection & Methods of Projections

Projection is defined as an Image or drawing of the object made on a plane.
The lines form the object to the Planes is called projectors. In Engineering drawing the
following methods of Projection are commonly used.

Figure 4.1 Methods of Projections used in Engineering Drawing

Projection is a way of drawing a 3D object from different directions. Usually front, side and top views
are drawn so that a person looking at the drawing can see all the important sides. Orthographic
drawings are useful especially when a design has been developed to a stage whereby it is almost
ready to manufacture.

Figure 4.2 Prospective Projection of an Object

In figure 4.2 the rays from the object converge to the eyes and this image
(Projection) is bigger than the object. However, if the rays are parallel as in the case
of rays coming from the sun, the image (Projection) will be of the same size as that of
the objects. Such a projection is called orthographic projection.

4.2 Axonometric Projection

It is the pictorial view of an object projected on a vertical plane of projection
when the object is placed with its three mutually perpendicular principal surfaces
inclined to the plane of projection and the projection being parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of projection.

Fig 4.3 Multiview Drawing and One View Drawing

 Axonometric projection is a parallel projection technique used to create a
pictorial drawing of an object by rotating the object on an axis relative to a projection
or picture plane.
The differences between a Multiview drawing and an axonometric (one view)
drawing are that, in a Multiview, only two dimensions of an object are visible in each
view and more than one view is required to define the object; whereas, in an
axonometric drawing, the object is rotated about an axis to display all three
dimensions, and only one view is required.

4.3 Types of Axonometric Projection

Fig.4.4 Types of Axonometric Projection

There are three types of axonometric drawing namely Isometric (all three
angles are equal), dimetric (two angles are equal) and trimetric (all angles are
different). Figure shows the difference between these drawings. In this unit, we are
going to draw orthographic views of a given isometric view.

4.4 Isometric Projections

It is obtained on a vertical plane of projection by placing the object in such a
way that its three mutually perpendicular edges make equal inclination with the plane
of projection. The angle between edges in the isometric projection will be at 120.
Isometric projection- a drafting style in which a two-dimensional object is drawn to
look three dimensional. The horizontal edges of the object are drawn at a 30° or 150°
angle, and all vertical lines at 90° (remain vertical).

4.5 Conversion of simple Pictorial views into Orthographic views

Fig 4.5 Conversion from Pictorial View into Orthographic View

In this chapter, conversion from pictorial view to orthographic is discussed. Fig

4.5 shows the isometric view to orthographic views. Following are the important
considerations for conversion from pictorial view to orthographic views.
1 To recognize Circles and Arcs of circles: The Circles in isometric are shown as
ellipses and arcs of circles shown as portions of ellipses.
2 To recognize Curved surfaces: The curved surfaces of cylinders and holes when
viewed in the direction normal to their axes are projected as rectangles of
dimensions equal to diameter and height. Similarly, Semi-circular hole is projected
as a rectangle.
3 To recognize Square and Rectangles: The squares and rectangles in isometric are
shown as rhombus and parallelogram respectively.
4 Plane surfaces inclined to the direction of views: The Plane surfaces normal to
the direction of view will be seen in their true sizes, but the Plane surfaces inclined
to the direction of view will appear in sizes smaller than their true sizes.
Example 1: Draw the orthographic projections for below shown figure

Fig.4.14
Steps:
 Step by step Procedure

1. Identify surfaces which are visible and not visible when viewed from the given
direction.
2. Draw the horizontal and vertical reference planes (mark xy).
3. Draw Front view and Top view on above and below xy line respectively using
continuous thick line for visible shapes and dashed lines for invisible shapes.
4. Draw side view on right side beside the front view using continuous thick line
for visible shapes and dashed lines for invisible shapes.
5. Make the necessary dimensions.

Example 2

Example 3
Isometric Projections

5.1 Introduction to Isometric Projections

The term Isometric literally means
equal measure. In these drawings, all
planes are equally or proportionally
shortened and tilted. It is obtained on a
vertical plane of projection by placing the
object in such a way that its three mutually
perpendicular edges make equal
inclination with the plane of projection. The angle between edges in the isometric
projection will be at 120.
Isometric projection- a drafting style in which a two-dimensional object is
drawn to look three dimensional. The horizontal edges of the object are drawn at a 30°
or 150° angle, and all vertical lines at 90° (remain vertical).

5.2 Isometric Axis, Lines and Planes

Isometric projection is a type of pictorial projection in which the three
dimensions of a solid are not only shown in one view but their actual sizes can be
measured directly from it. The three lines AL, AD and AH, meeting at point A and
making 120 angles with each other are termed Isometric Axes. The lines parallel to
these axes are called Isometric Lines. The planes representing the faces of the cube as
well as other planes parallel to these planes are called Isometric Planes.
a. Isometric axes: The Three Lines CB, CD, CG meeting at a point C and making
an angle of 120 with each other are called Isometric axes.
b. Isometric Lines: The Lines parallel to the Isometric Axis are termed as
Isometric lines. Example from above fig.5.3 AB, AD, GF, GH, BF, DH are
Isometric Lines.
 Fig .5.2 Isometric Axis, Isometric Lines, Non-Isometric Lines and Isometric Planes

c. Non-Isometric Lines: The lines which are not parallel to the isometric axes are
known as Non- Isometric Lines Example from above fig. 5.3 BD, AC, CF, BG
are Non-Isometric Lines.
d. Isometric Planes: The planes representing the faces of the cube as well as other
planes parallel to these planes are termed as Isometric Planes Example from
above fig.5.3 ABCD, BCGF, CGHD are Isometric Planes.

Fig 5.3 Isometric Projections Terminology

5.3 Isometric Scales
When one holds the object in such a way that all three dimensions are visible
then in the process all dimensions become proportionally inclined to observer’s eye
sight and hence appear apparent in lengths. This reduction is 0.815 or 9/11 (approx.).
It forms a reducing scale which is used to draw isometric drawings and is called
Isometric scale. In practice, while drawing isometric projection, it is necessary to
convert true lengths into isometric lengths for measuring and marking the sizes. This
is conveniently done by constructing an isometric scale as described below.

Fig.5.4 Isometric Scale

Isometric scale is produced by positioning a regular scale at 45° to the

horizontal and projecting lines vertically to a 30° line. From point A, with line AB draw
30° and 45° inclined lines AC & AD respective on AD. Mark divisions of true length
and from each division-point draw vertical lines up to AC line. The divisions thus
obtained on AC give lengths on isometric scale.

5.4 Isometric Drawing and Isometric Projection

An isometric drawing is an axonometric pictorial drawing for which the angle
between each axis equals 120and the scale used is full scale.
 If the drawing is produced using full scale, it is called an isometric drawing,
which is the same proportion as an isometric projection, but is larger, by a factor of
1.23 to 1.
A drawing produced using an isometric scale of 0.816 is called an isometric
projection and is a true representation of the object.

Fig.5.5 Isometric Projection and Isometric View

Note:

 Isometric Drawing/Isometric view true length

 Isometric Projection Reduced length (isometric length)

5.5 Guidelines to visualizing and producing the isometrics

 For drawing the isometric, the object must be viewed such that the front- right
or the front – left edges of the front face become nearest. Then the front face of
the object will form as one of the sides faces in isometric and any one of the two
faces of the object indicated in the front view forms the other side face. They
have to be selected so that the maximum details of the object are visible.
 All vertical edges of the object remain vertical in isometric.
 The horizontal edges of the object which are parallel to the isometric axes are
drawn at 30 to the horizontal.
 The inclined edges which are not parallel to the isometric axes should not be
drawn at the given inclination in isometric. These inclined edges are drawn by
first locating the end points in isometric and then joined.
 All circles are represented as ellipses in isometric.
 All construction lines have to be retained as thin lines and the visible edges are
to be shown as thick lines.
  The hidden edges need not be shown in isometric unless otherwise required
for locating a corner/edge/face/if mentioned.
 Unless otherwise specifically mentioned to draw the isometric view, all the
dimension lines that are parallel to the isometric axes are reduced to the
isometric scale.
 No dimensions are indicated in isometric unless otherwise mentioned

5.6 Isometric Views of Standard Shapes

a. Square
 Consider a square ABCD with a 30 mm side shown in Fig. 5.6
 If the square lies in the vertical plane, it will appear as a rhombus with a 30 mm
side in isometric view as shown in Fig.5.6 (a) or (b), depending on its
orientation, i.e., right-hand vertical face or left-hand vertical face.
 If the square lies in the horizontal plane (like the top face of a cube), it will
appear as in Fig.5.6(c). The sides AB and AD, both, are inclined to the horizontal
reference line at 30°.

Fig 5.6 Isometric Drawing of Square

b. Rectangle
A rectangle appears as a parallelogram in isometric view. Three versions are
possible depending on the orientation of the rectangle, i.e., right-hand vertical face,
left-hand vertical face or horizontal face.
 Fig 5.7 Isometric Drawing of Square

c. Triangle
A triangle of any type can be easily obtained in isometric view as explained
below. First enclose the triangle in rectangle ABCD. Obtain parallelogram ABCD for
the rectangle as shown in Fig. 5.8 (a) or (b) or (c). Then locate point 1 in the
parallelogram such that C–1 in the parallelogram is equal to C–1 in the rectangle. A–
B–1 represents the isometric view of the triangle.

Fig 5.8 Isometric Drawing of Triangle

d. Pentagon
Enclose the given pentagon in a rectangle and obtain the parallelogram as in
Fig. 5.9 (a) or (b) or (c). Locate points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 on the rectangle and mark them
on the parallelogram. The distances A–1, B–2, C–3, C–4 and D–5 in isometric drawing
is same as the corresponding distances on the pentagon enclosed in the rectangle.
 Fig 5.9 Isometric Drawing of Pentagon

e. Circle
The isometric view or isometric projection of a circle is an ellipse. It is obtained
by using four-centre method explained below.

Four-Centre Method:

First, enclose the given circle into a square ABCD. Draw rhombus ABCD as an
isometric view of the square. Join the farthest corners of the rhombus, i.e., A and C.
Obtain midpoints 3 and 4 of sides CD and AD respectively. Locate points 1 and 2 at
the intersection of AC with B–3 and B–4 respectively. Now with 1 as a centre and
radius 1–3, draw a small arc 3–5. Draw another arc 4–6 with same radius but 2 as a
centre. With B as a centre and radius B–3, draw an arc 3–4. Draw another arc 5–6 with
same radius but with D as a centre.

Fig.5.10 Isometric Drawing of Pentagon

 f. Any irregular Shape
Any irregular shape 1–2–3–4–5–6–7 can be drawn in isometric view as follows:
The figure is enclosed in a rectangle first. The parallelogram is obtained in isometric
for the rectangle as shown. The isolines B–2, D–2, C–3, E–3, G–4, F–4, H–5, H–6 and
A–7 has the same length as in original shape, e.g., B–2 in isometric = B–2 in irregular
shape.

Fig. 5.11 Isometric Drawing of Pentagon

5.7 Procedure to convert orthographic views into-isometric

Example 1: Convert the below orthographic view into iso-metric drawing

Step 1: Determine the desired view of the object, then draw the isometric axis. For this
example, object will be viewed from above
Step 2: Construct the first isometric plane using W and H dimensions. Width W
dimensions are drawn along 30 lines from the horizantal, Height H dimensions
are drawn as vertical lines.
Step 3: Construct top isometric plane using the W and D dimensions. Both W and D
dimensions are drawn along 30 lines from the horizantal.
Step 4: Construct the right isometric plane using D and H dimensions. dimensions are
drawn along 30 lines and H dimensions are drawn drawn as vertical lines.
Step 5: Transfer some distances for the various features from the Multiview drawing to
the isometric lines that make up the isometric rectangle on the front and top
planes of the isometric box.
Step 6: Transfer remaining features from the Multiview drawing to the isometric
drawing. Block in the details by connecting end points of the measurements
taken from Multiview drawing
Step 7: Darken all visible lines and lighten the construction lines
 Example 2 : Convert the below orthographic view into iso-metric drawing

Step 1: Determine the desired view of the object, then draw the isometric axis. For this
example, object will be viewed from above
Step 2: Construct the first isometric plane using W and H dimensions.
Step 3: Construct top isometric plane using the W and D dimensions.
Step 4: Construct the right isometric plane using D and H dimensions.
Step 5: Transfer distances C and A from the Multiview drawing to the top and right-
side isometric rectangles.
Step 6: Draw the MN line across the top face of the isometric box, draw the isometric
construction line from end point marked for distance C. projects distance C along
width of the box.
Step 7: Along these construction lines, mark off the distance B, thus locating points O
and P, connect points OP. Connect points MO and NP to draw the non-isometric
lines.
 Exercise 5.1
1. Draw the isometric view of the machine component whose orthographic views are givenbelow:

1
2

4
5

6
7
8

9
10

11

12
13
CAD Drafting
6.1 Part Modelling (3D) and Generation of 2D views
The Solid Edge part modelling environment allows you to construct 3D solid
models with true features. The part modelling process starts with a base feature, such
as a block or cylinder, which you build upon with part features to create a part model.
Part features include protrusions and cut-outs (extruded, revolved, swept, and lofted),
holes, ribs, thin-walled solids, rounds, draft angles, and chamfers
After creating a solid model or an assembly, Solid edge has a separate
environment called the Draft environment which is used for generating 2D(two-
dimensional) drawing views. This environment contains the tools to generate, edit,
and modify drawing views.

Co-Ordinate System in Solid Modelling

Fig 6.1 Co-ordinate System

A coordinate system defines the location of a point on a planar or spherical

surface. Without a concise definition of the coordinate system used to represent a
point, it is difficult to change to a new coordinate system. Changing coordinate
systems is required when integrating data from different sources into a common
coordinate system.
6.2 Start-up Screen of Solid Edge Software

Fig 6.2 Solid Edge Start-Up Screen

Fig 6.2 is the solidEdge start-up screen. For creating solid part, First option i.e
Solid option is selected. This created solid part file with three planes. Click on the
sketch command in a feature toolbar and select any one convenient plane for drawing.

Fig 6.2 Solid Edge 3D Modelling Screen

 6.3 Reference Plane: A reference plane is a flat surface that is typically used for
drawing 2D profiles in 3D space. In general, three basic orthogonal reference planes
are used in solid edge software to create two dimensional sketches.
Three types of references are
a. Basic reference plane
b. Local reference plane
c. Global reference plane
a. Basic reference plane: The base reference planes are the three orthogonal reference
planes at the origin of a new part or assembly document. They define the Top (XY),
Right (YZ), and Front (XZ) principal planes. These planes form the first feature in a
part and listed in the feature Path Finder in the edge bar.

Fig 6.3 Basic Reference Planes for 3D part Modelling

b. Local reference Plane: You create a local reference plane when you construct a new
profile-based feature. There are reference plane options on the feature Smart Step
ribbon bar that allow you to specify the position and orientation of the new reference
plane.

Fig 6.4 Local reference Plane

c. Global Reference Plane: You create global reference planes individually, outside the
context of constructing a feature. You can also use global reference planes to construct
 a complex feature that requires several sketches or profiles, such as a lofted feature,
or to position a part in an assembly.

Fig 6.5 Global Reference Plane

6.4 Creating Reference Planes

In solid edge, you can provide with seven options for creating global or local
reference planes. If you select the option to create a reference plane from the create-
From Options drop down list available in the ribbon bar.
a. Creating a Coincident Plane:
Toolbar: Features > Coincident plane
Ribbon Bar: Plane or Sketch Step > Create from
Options > Coincident Plane
The coincident plane tool is used to create a
reference plane that is coincident to a base reference
plane
Fig 6.6 (a) Creating a Coincident Plane

b. Creating a Parallel Plane: Toolbar:

Features > Coincident Plane > Parallel plane
Ribbon Bar: Plane or Sketch Step > Create from
Options > Parallel Plane
The parallel plane tool is used to create a
reference plane parallel to a selected base reference
plane, another reference plane, or a planar face

. Fig 6.6 (b) Creating Parallel Plane

c. Creating an Angled Plane:
Toolbar: Features > Coincident Plane > Angled plane
Ribbon Bar: Plane or Sketch Step > Create from
Options > Angled Plane.
The angled plane tool is used to create a
reference plane that is at an angle to a selected
plane and also passes through a specified edge.

Fig.6.6(c) Creating an Angled Plane

d. Creating a Perpendicular Plane:

Toolbar: Features > Coincident Plane > Perpendicular Plane
Ribbon Bar: Plane or Sketch Step > Create from
Options > Perpendicular Plane
The Perpendicular plane tool is used to
create a reference plane that is normal to a
selected plane and passes through a specified
edge or axis.
Fig.6.6(c) Creating a Perpendicular Plane

6.5 User Interface of Solid Edge

Solid edge provides you with various toolbars and menus while working
with various environments. This means that toolbars available while working with
the part, Assembly, Draft, Sheet Metal, and weldment
environment are different.
a. Edge Bar: The edgeBar is present on the left of the main
window. It lists all occurrence of features and sketches
of a model in a chronicle. The edgeBar is a toolbar at the
top that you can use to activate a feature library of parts,
and so on.

Fig 6.7(a) Edge Bar

a. Main Toolbar: Menu bar is a important tool bar in solidEdge. It has options such
as save file, view, undo, redo and zoom commands.

Fig 6.7(b) Main Tool Bar

1) Save 8) Sketch view

2) Grid 9) Named views
3) Undo 10) Rotate
4) Redo 11) Zoom Area
5) Visible Edges 12) Zoom
6) Visible and Hidden edges 13) Fit
7) Shaded view 14) Pan

b. Ribbon Bar: Each draw entity and other commands have its own command ribbon
bar. Using this bar attributes like style, colour, type, width, geometric properties
and other parameters are entered.

Fig 6.7(c) A Typical Ribbon Bar

c. Features Toolbar: This tool bar used to create and edit solid parts by using 2D
sketches

Fig 6.7(d) Feature Toolbar

1) Select Tool 5) Cut 9) Blend 13) Pocket

2) Sketch Tool 6) Revolve Cut 10) Array 14) Coordinate System
3) Protrusion 7) Hole 11) Split Body 15) Coordinate Plane
4) Revolve 8) Draft 12) Rib 16) Coordinate Display
e. Drafting Environment Toolbar

Fig 6.7(e) Drawing Views Toolbars

1) Select Tool 2) Drawing View Wizard 3) Principal View

4) Auxiliary View 5) Cutting Plane 6) Section View

7) Detail View 8) Update View 9) Part List

10) 2D Model View 11) Smart 12) Distance Between

13) Retrieve Dimension 14) Center Line 15) Leader

16 Surface Texture Symbol 17) Feature Control Symbol 18) Text

6.6 Converting Sketches into Base Features

a. Creating Base Features by Protrusion: Toolbar: Features > Protrusion
Protrusion is defined as the process of creating a feature by adding the material,
defined by the sketch, along the direction normal to the sketch.

Fig 6.8(a) Ribbon bar for selecting 2D entities for protrusion

Fig 6.8(b) Ribbon bar for protrusion extent

Profile for the protrusion feature Resulting Protrusion feature

Fig 6.8(c) Protrusion feature

b. Creating Base Features by Revolved Protrusion: Toolbar: Features > Protrusion

Revolved protrusion is defined as the process of creating a feature by revolving

a sketch around an axis to add the material.

Fig 6.8(d) Ribbon bar for selecting 2D entities for revolved protrusion

Profile for the revolveprotrusion Resulting revolved Protrusion

Fig 6.8(e) Revolved Protrusion

6.7 Creating Cut-Out Features

Cut-outs are created by removing the material, defined by a profile, from one
or more existing features. You can create various types of cut-outs such as extruded
cut-outs, revolved cut-outs, swept cut-outs and so on.

a. Creating Extruded Cut-out: Toolbar: Features > cut-out

In this command, required portion of the material is removed from the original
sketch.

Fig 6.9(a) Ribbon bar for selecting 2D entities for Cut-out

 Fig 6.9(b) Example for Extended Cut-Out Feature

b. Creating Revolved Cut-outs: Toolbar: Features > Revolved Cut-outs

The Revolved cut-out tool is used to create a revolved cut-out by removing the
material defined by the sketch. This tool works in the same manner as the Revolved
Protrusion tool, with the only difference being that this tool removes the material from
an existing feature.

Fig 6.9(c) Example for Revolved Cut-Out Feature

c. Creating Holes: Toolbar: Features > Hole

Holes are circular cut features that are generally provided for the purpose of
assembling the model. In an assembly, components such as bolts and shafts are
inserted into the hole. In solid edge, holes are created by first specifying the type of
hole that you are require and them specifying the location of the hole feature in the
model using the sketched environment.

Holes Types
A. Simple Hole
B. Threaded Hole
C. Tapered Hole
D. Counter bore Hole
E. Countersink Hole

Fig 6.10(a) Types of Holes

Fig 6.10(b) Ribbon bar for Creating Holes

Fig 6.10(c) Window for type of Hole Selection

 Fig 6.10(d) 2D and 3D sketches Window for type of Hole Selection

d. Creating Rounds: Toolbar: Features > Round

You can add fillets or rounds to the sharp edges of the model using the round
tool. This tool allows you to create four different types of rounds. You can select the
type of round you want to create from the round option dialog box.

Fig 6.10(e) Ribbon bar for Creating Rounds

Fig 6.10(f) Round Radius Selection Fig 6.10(g) Example for Rounds
e. Creating Chamfer: Toolbar: Features > Round > Chamfer
Chamfering is defined as the process of bevelling the sharp edges of a model
to reduce the area of stress concentration. In solid edge, the chamfers are created
using the chamfer tool.

Fig 6.10(h) Ribbon bar for Creating Chamfers

Fig 6.10(i) Ribbon bar for Creating Chamfers

6.8 2D Draft Environment:

After you have created a solid model or an assembly, you can generate their
two- dimensional (2D) drawing views. Solid Edge has a separate environment called
Draft environment. Which is used for generating drawing views. this environment
contains the tools to generate, edit, and modify drawing views.

Following are important steps used for draft generation.

I. Open New Draft File

Fig 6.11(a) Opening 2D drafting Environment

II. Drawing Sheet Setup

Fig 6.11(b) Opening 2D Drafting Environment

II. Types of Views
a. Base view: The base view is the first view and is generated using a parent model or
an assembly. This view is independent view and is not affected by the changes made
in any other view in the drawing sheet.
b. Principal view: The principal view is an orthographic view that is generated using
any other view present in the drawing sheet. This is the most common view generated
after the base view.
c. Auxiliary view: The auxiliary view is the drawing view that is generated by projecting
lines normal to the specified edge of an existing view. These views are mainly used
when you want to show the true length of an inclined surface.
d. Section view: The section view is generated by cutting the part of an existing view
using a plane or a line and then viewing the parent view from a direction normal to
the section plane.
e. Detail view: The detail view is used to display the details of a portion of an existing
view. This portion is selected from the parent view. The portion that you select will be
scales and placed as a separate view.
f. Section view: After you create a part view, you can use it to create a section view. A
section view displays a cross section of the 3D part or assembly model. Sectioned areas
are automatically filled.
Before you can create a section view with the Section View command, you must
create a cutting plane on the part view you want to use as the basis for the section
view using the Cutting Plane command.

Fig 6.11(c) Section View

Steps followed to generate Drawing Views:

1. Start a New Draft file to create a drawing view.

2. Set the drawing sheet size and background sheet size to A4 sheet size by
choose the sheet setup from the menu bar to display the sheet setup dialog
box.

3. From the drop-down list, select A4 size.

4. Select the Background tab in the dialog box, make sure A4 Sheet is selected in
the Background sheet drop-down list.

5. Choose View > Background Sheet from the menu bar.

6. Choose the Drawing View Wizard button from the Drawing View toolbar to
display the select model dialog box.

7. Select the Part file / Assembly file and choose the open button to display the
Drawing View Creation Wizard dialog box.

8. Accept the default options and choose the next button from the Part View
Option.

9. From the Drawing View orientation page, select Front and choose the next
button.

10. Select the views from the Drawing View Layout page and them choose the
Finish button.

11. Place the drawing views on the sheet.

12. Select one of the views and then invoke the short cut menu. Choose the
properties option to display the properties dialog box.

13. Modify the value of scale to 1:2. Naming the views by using Add Text
command.

14. Save and close the file.

Fig 6.11(d) Drawing View Creation Wizard

Fig 6.11(e) Drawing View Selection Wizard

Fig 6.11(f) Drawing Custom Orientation Wizard

Fig 6.11(g) Drawing View Layout Wizard

Solved Problems

Exercise 1: Create 3D Model shown below and generate front, top and side view for
the given 3D Model.

Procedure:
1. Select a new part file.
2. Choose the Sketch command from features toolbar and select front plane as
sketching plane and invoke the sketching environment.

3. Draw the profile of the model using sketching tools from Draw toolbar.
4. Add dimensional and geometrical relationship to the sketch by selecting
dimensioning commands from Draw toolbar.

5. Choose Return button from the ribbon bar, the sketching environment is
closed and the Sketch ribbon bar is displayed. Also, the current view is
automatically changed to the isometric view.

6. Choose the protrusion command from the features toolbar; the protrusion
ribbon bar is displayed and plane or sketch step is active by default.

7. Select the select from sketch option from the Create-From Option drop- down
list in the ribbon bar; you are prompted to click on a sketch chain.

8. Select the sketch either select one by one sketch entities or chain loop option;
the selected loops are highlighted.

9. Right-click to accept the selection; the extent step is invoked and you are
 prompted to click to set the distance or key in a value in Distance edit box.

10. Specify the point in front of the sketching plane to define the direction of
adding depth to the sketch.

11. Choose Finish from the ribbon bar and then cancel to exit the Protrusion tool.
12. Save the file.
13. Start a new Draft file to create a drawing view.
14. Generate the drawing views using drafting commands from drawing toolbar.
15. Generate the dimensions. create the remaining dimensions that are not
generated, add annotations to the drawing views.

16. Save the drawing file.

17. Print the hard copy of drawing views.
Exercise 2: Create 3D Model shown below and generate front, top and side view for
the given 3D Model.

Exercise 3: Create 3D Model shown below and generate front, top and side view
for the given 3D Model.

Exercise 4: Create 3D Model shown below and generate front, top and side view
for the given 3D Model.
Exercise 5: Create 3D Model shown below and generate front, top and side view
for the given 3D Model.

Exercise 6: Create 3D Model shown below and generate front, top and side view

for the given 3D Model.

Exercise 7: Create 3D Model shown below and generate front, top and side view

for the given 3D Model.