RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the gathered data, its interpretation and analysis.

Treatment 0 (Control Talugtog)

Table 1 showed that observation from the experiment on Treatment 0

otherwise known as the control treatment of Talugtog from traditional method of

rooting without any additional treatment other than the normal approach of using

standardized soil texture of 40%-40%-20% percentage of soil separates (sand-silt-

clay). As classified, the said soil texture is loam. The regular watering frequency

was 2 watering period within 7 days, 5 watering periods within 14 days and 9

watering periods within 28 days. This was done entirely for the other treatments.

Periodically, the acidity level of the soil was calculated and found that it obtained

6.16 pH within 7 days, 6.22 pH within 14 days and 6.28 pH within 28 days.

Organic matter increased from 0.02 within 7 days up to 0.03 for the 28th day. With

respect to the NPK, only phosphorus and potassium were used as fertilizers

wherein the range of the composition were 3.52 to 3.53 and 10.00 respectively.

The moisture content ranged from 4.16 to 4.21. At the end of the periodic

observation, it was found out that there was no surviving piece of the plant as well

as roots being sprung.

Table 1. Observation Results of Treatment 0 (Control Treatment)
Particulars 7 days 14 days 28 days
Frequency of Watering (f) 2.00 5.00 9.00
Soil Texture (c) Loam Loam Loam
Soil pH (%) 6.16 6.22 6.28
Organic Matter(%) 0.02 0.03 0.03
Nitrogen (mg/kg) - - -
Phosphorous (mg/kg) 3.52 3.53 3.53
Potassium (mg/kg) 10.00 11.00 10.00
Moisture Content (%) 4.16 4.18 4.21
Survival Rate (%) - - -
Number of Roots Develop (f) - - -

It only revealed that even at the control method of propagating a talugtog,

there were considerations to be taken part of such as the appropriateness of the

soil texture, the acidity of the soil, the composition of fertilizer and moisture

contents. As seen from the observations, the timeframe of 28 days or 4 weeks can

visibly see the progress of such plant with regular watering and the sustenance of

the sunlight. However, there were things to be considered also like the soil

texture. Accordingly, loam soil texture is a combination of the 40% sand, 40% silt

and 20% clay. As manifested by many studies, talugtug can be propagated at a

free-lime soil of which it was being doubted that the silt contained in the mixture

of soil could have particles of lime which caused the propagation of talugtug

failed. This plant is prone to lime of which acidity of the soil contributed to the

failure of its propagation. Considering the acidity of the soil, the control

treatment has ranged its acidity from 6.16 to 6.28 which was closed to neutrality.
This only meant that it will not affect the growth of the plant. However, the pH

level also dictated that the availability of nutrients the plant needed could be

blocked. Major nutrient need of talugtug for propagation was phosphorus which

was supplemented under the NPK. Hence, the soil acidity and NPK were both not

affective to the propagation failure. When it comes to moisture content, this was

far more reliable not on rooting specific plant but on the opening of its leaves. The

moisture content can actually be useful to balance how the stomata of the plant

could be closed or be opened depending on the moisture content in reserving

water losses.

Table 2. ANOVA of Treatment 0 (Control Treatment)

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
16.8672 0.36200
Sample 33.73445 2 3 1.107206 5 3.885294
0.04530 0.95740
Columns 0.045301 1 1 0.002974 9 4.747225
Interactio 0.05993 0.99607
n 0.119863 2 1 0.003934 5 3.885294
15.2340
Within 182.8086 12 5
p-value> 0.05

At the end of the observation for the control group, it can be said that only

the soil texture affected the propagation of the talugtug. Soil texture had a

significant influence on the growth of a plant, with talugtug preferring to be on a

lime-free habitat. However, survival on its propagation was significantly lower in

0.36 p-value which was above the 5% significance level. Hence, it can be said
that the control treatment was significantly affected by the soil structure of which

it was propagated. Development of stages in high soil moisture levels was

significantly slower during the 14th day as manifested by moisture content

considering the humidity in Benguet.

Treatment 1 (Talugtog with ANAA)

Table 3 showed that observation from the experiment on Treatment 1

otherwise known as the Talugtog with ANAA used soil texture of 50%-10%-40%

percentage of soil separates (sand-silt-clay). As classified, the said soil texture is

sandy clay. The regular watering frequency was 2 watering period within 7 days,

5 watering periods within 14 days and 9 watering periods within 28 days.

Periodically, the acidity level of the soil was calculated and found that it obtained

5.01 pH within 7 days, 5.07 pH within 14 days and 5.13 pH within 28 days.

Organic matter increased from 0.48 within 7 days up to 0.49 for the 28th day. With

respect to the NPK, only phosphorus and potassium were used as fertilizers

wherein the range of the composition were 3.60 to 3.61 and 30.00 to 32.00

respectively. The moisture content ranged from 8.59 to 8.64. At the end of the

periodic observation, it was found out that there was no surviving piece of the

plant as well as roots being sprung.

Table 3. Observation Results of Treatment 1 (Talugtug with ANAA)
Particulars 7 days 14 days 28 days
Frequency of Watering (f) 2.00 5.00 9.00
Sandy Sandy Sandy
Soil Texture (c) Clay Clay Clay
Soil pH (%) 5.01 5.07 5.13
Organic Matter(%) 0.48 0.49 0.49
Nitrogen (mg/kg) - - -
Phosphorous (mg/kg) 3.60 3.61 3.61
Potassium (mg/kg) 30.00 30.00 32.00
Moisture Content (%) 8.59 8.61 8.64
Survival Rate (%) - - -
Number of Roots Develop (f) - - -

As revealed by the observations within 3-period timeframe of propagating

talugtug using ANAA, it was found out that none of the talugtug obtained roots.

This was similar with the control treatment. By analyzing the observation results,

the acidity of the soil was much lower than the control treatment which ranged

from 5.01 to 5.13 which was relatively to slightly acidic. There was an optimal

balance of major nutrients and trace elements available for plant uptake.

Moreover, the treatment was supplemented by phosphorus and potassium which

were both necessary to improve the growth of the plant. Although the said results

have both the slight acidity and supplemental nutrients for the plants, it still did

not have any survival rate. When it comes to the humidity, the moisture content

was at the range of 8.59 to 8.64. Therefore, the location where the talugtug was
propagated was indeed supplemental also to its propagation. This only meant that

there was nothing more to be investigated but the soil texture. As per

composition, the sandy clay was within the distribution of 50%-10%-40%

respective to sand-silt-clay. Though the possibility that a lime was not present due

to the small percentage of silt, there still possibility even at lower level, hence,

this study observed that it was the soil texture which influenced the failure of

growth of the talugtug.

Table 4. ANOVA of Treatment 3 (Talugtug with ANAA)

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
156.270 0.26764
Sample 312.5402 2 1 1.474103 1 3.885294
0.24430 0.96250
Columns 0.244301 1 1 0.002304 2 4.747225
Interactio 0.21393 0.99798
n 0.427863 2 2 0.002018 4 3.885294
106.010
Within 1272.124 12 3
p-value>0.05

The inorganic material in soil is called mineral matter. Mineral matter

began as rock that was weathered into small particles. Most soils have different

sizes of mineral particles. These particles are labeled sand, silt, or clay, based on

their size. Silt is the mid-size soil particle. Silt has good water-holding ability and

good fertility characteristics. It feels like flour when dry and smooth like velvet

when moist. and, silt, clay, and organic-matter particles in a soil combine with

one another to form larger particles of various shapes and sizes. These larger
particles, or clusters, are often referred to as aggregates. The arrangement of the

soil particles into aggregates of various sizes and shapes is soil structure. Soil

texture determines the rate at which water drains through a saturated soil; water

moves more freely through sandy soils than it does through clayey soils. Once

field capacity is reached, soil texture also influences how much water is available

to the plant; clay soils have a greater water holding capacity than sandy soils. In

addition, well drained soils typically have good soil aeration meaning that the soil

contains air that is similar to atmospheric air, which is conducive to healthy root

growth, and thus a healthy crop. Soils also differ in their susceptibility to erosion

(erodibility) based on texture; a soil with a high percentage of silt and clay

particles has a greater erodibility than a sandy soil under the same conditions.

Differences in soil texture also impacts organic matter levels; organic matter

breaks down faster in sandy soils than in fine-textured soils, given similar

environmental conditions, tillage and fertility management, because of a higher

amount of oxygen available for decomposition in the light-textured sandy soils.

The cation exchange capacity of the soil increases with percent clay and organic

matter and the pH buffering capacity of a soil wherein its ability to resist pH

change upon lime addition, is also largely based on clay and organic matter

content.

Treatment 2 (Talugtog with Honey)

 Table 5 showed that observation from the experiment on Treatment 1

otherwise known as the Talugtog with honey used soil texture of 30%-20%-50%

percentage of soil separates (sand-silt-clay). As classified, the said soil texture is

clay. The regular watering frequency was 2 watering period within 7 days, 5

watering periods within 14 days and 9 watering periods within 28 days.

Periodically, the acidity level of the soil was calculated and found that it obtained

7.54 pH within 7 days, 7.60 pH within 14 days and 7.66 pH within 28 days.

Organic matter increased from 2.89 within 7 days up to 2.90 for the 28th day. With

respect to the NPK, only phosphorus and potassium were used as fertilizers

wherein the range of the composition were 3.59 to 3.60 and 50.00 to 52.00

respectively. The moisture content ranged from 12.61 to 12.66. At the end of the

periodic observation, it was found out that there was no surviving piece of the

plant as well as roots being sprung.

Table 5. Observation Results of Treatment 2 (Talugtug with Honey)

Particulars 7 days 14 days 28 days
Frequency of Watering (f) 2.00 5.00 9.00
Soil Texture (c) Clay Clay Clay
Soil pH (%) 7.54 7.60 7.66
Organic Matter(%) 2.89 2.90 2.90
Nitrogen (mg/kg) - - -
Phosphorous (mg/kg) 3.59 3.60 3.60
Potassium (mg/kg) 50.00 45.00 52.00
Moisture Content (%) 12.61 12.63 12.66
Survival Rate (%) - - -
Number of Roots Develop (f) - - -
 As being observed from the first two treatments, the same followed with

the treatment 3 or the talugtug treatment with honey. No roots ever sprouted from

the treatment and nothing survived. It was investigated that among the factors

which may influence the growth of talugtug, only the soil texture could have been

possible for the failure. Beginning with the soil acidity, it was more than closed to

being neutral as it surpassed the pH level of 6.5. At a high pH, calcium ties up

phosphorus, making it unavailable to plants, and molybdenum becomes toxic in

some soils. Boron may also be toxic in some soils. In addition, the NPK content

also showed that there was abundant supply of phosphorus and potassium. The

humidity of the place was also significantly influential to the growth but it failed

due to the soil texture. As observed from the table, the soil texture was classified

as clay with proportionate distribution of 20%-20%-80% with respect to sand-silt-

clay distribution. Apparently, the soil texture has more possibilities of the

presence of lime as compared with the treatment 1 with 10% silt only. Thus, it can

be evident that this went similar with the treatment 1 which was the talugtug with

ANAA.

Table 6. ANOVA of Treatment 2 (Talugtug with Honey)

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
338.355 0.31419
Sample 676.7106 2 3 1.276992 3 3.885294
2.79818 0.91984
Columns 2.798189 1 9 0.010561 7 4.747225
Interactio 0.98989
n 5.385641 2 2.69282 0.010163 7 3.885294
Within 3179.552 12 264.962
 7
p-value>0.05

Comparative Scale of Treatments

Table 7 revealed that all of the three treatments do not have surviving

talugtog of which none of the treatments ever sprung a single root. All of the

treatments were watered regularly the same way and provided with testing of soil

acidity, organic matter and the composition of NPK and moisture content.

However, the experiment failed to present which treatment is viable in growing

talugtog roots.

Table 7. Comparative Scale of the Three Treatments

Particulars Treatment 0 Treatment 1 Treatment 2
Frequency of Watering (f) 5.33 5.33 5.33
Soil Texture (c) Loam Sandy Clay Clay
Soil pH (%) 6.22 5.07 7.60
Organic Matter(%) 0.03 0.49 2.90
Nitrogen (mg/kg) - - -
Phosphorous (mg/kg) 3.53 3.61 3.60
Potassium (mg/kg) 10.33 30.67 49.00
Moisture Content (%) 4.18 8.61 12.63
Survival Rate (%) - - -
Number of Roots Develop (f) - - -

Seeing from the observation, watering the treatment was done in periodic

basis similarly with the three treatments. Although the three had been placed in

different soil textures, comparative measures of acidity, moisture contents and

NPK established clear connections of the range of procurement. Treatment 1 can

be very vital in the acidity as it has the lowest pH level which may incur stopping

potential growth due to absence of plant nutrients. On the other hand, the

Treatment 2 is more viable. When it comes to NPK, treatment 2 was also very

viable due to large proportion of potassium and phosphorus. Lastly, the humidity

can be more viable to treatment 2 for having higher moisture contents. The only

thing that matters was the soil texture of which Treatment 1 can be viable with

lesser amount of silt which has lesser possibilities of lime which can be influential

to stoppage of the plant growth as far as talugtug habitation was concerned.

Table 8. ANOVA of the Three Treatments

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 0.6755
Groups 142.9371 2 71.46857 2 0.517285 3.354131
Within
Groups 2856.544 27 105.7979
p-value>0.05

The tabulation on the ANOVA affirmed that there were variations on the

results of which each experimental treatment (T1 and T2) can be very viable to

the growth of the talugtug. Prior to the observation, only the improvement of the

soil acidity, moisture content and the composition of the NPK should be taken-

cared of. There may be technologies of assessing partial distribution of NPK

wherein nitrogen should be part of the fertilizing. Since it was found out that the

soil texture was very influential to the treatments, another experiment can be done
by limiting the percentage of the silt in the soil only for the propagation of the

talugtug as the plant was vulnerable to lime-composed soils.

 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendations.

Summary

In answering the objectives of the study, the following summarized the

findings:

For objective #1 “To determine and compare the effects of Alpha

Naphtalen Acetic Acid (ANAA) and honey on the root development of talugtug

cuttings”, it was found out that Alpha Naphtalen Acetic Acid can be used as much

as the acidity of the soil is higher as the higher the PH level of the soil, the more

the presence of essential plant nutrients can be available. This was similar with

the honey that should be focusing on the pH level to maximize the potential

presence of nutrient other than the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The

application of the two treatments enhanced the quality of the nutrients that the

talugtug needed for the propagation. Moreover, both have the characteristics of

boosting the moisture contents of the talugtug.

For objective #2 “To determine the moisture content, texture, pH, and

NPK content of the soil where Talugtug are naturally growing”, it was found out

that only the soil texture could have been the reason for failing the experiment to
the extent that the control treatment could not survive any of the talugtug cuttings.

Therefore, determining the moisture content, soil texture, soil acidity and NPK

contents were very essential in establishing propagation to talugtug.

For objective #3 “To document the frequency of watering and duration

from the start of shoot and root development of talugtug”, it was regularly done

that watering within periodic events as to 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. Watering

the treatments could add to the moisture content and equal distribution of the

NPK within the soil. This will harness the potential growth of the roots as the

water was indeed necessary in the plant management.

For objective #4 “To determine the survival rate of the propagated

talugtug cuttings”, it was found out that none of the treatments were viable in the

survival rate of talugtug cuttings to any of the treatments. There were observed

reasons which pointed to the soil texture.

Conclusions

In permanent habitation situation of some many of the plants, spreading

the lime on the surface and allowing it to work its way into the soil is acceptable.

Surface application is better than no application. Lime responses are generally

seen in the first and second year for cropping systems, but can take up to 5 years

depending on soil type, rainfall and lime quality for permanent pasture systems.
However, there are plants which are not suitable to lime-concentrated soil such as

the talugtug. Talugtug needed higher elevations to find better humidity wherein it

prefers a moist but not boggy humus rich soil in shade or semi-shade. It also

required a peat and moisture that should be requires a lime-free soil.

The cuttings requires a period of cold stratification. Pre-chill for 4 - 10

weeks and then surface sow in a lime-free compost in a shady part of the

greenhouse and keep the compost moist. The seed usually germinates well,

usually within 1 - 2 months at 20°c, but the seedlings are liable to damp off. It is

important to water them with care and to ensure that they get plenty of ventilation.

Watering them with a garlic infusion can also help to prevent damping of.

Recommendations

As recommended, a talugtug cutting can be experimented through a soil

texture distribution of 50%-5%-45% with respect to sand-silt-clay to obtain lower

possibilities of having lime in the soil. Moreover, a compost can also be

established before making any treatment to the talugtug cuttings.

On the onset of the propagation method, the experiment should be well-

established by analyzing the contents and nutrients of the additives such as in

ANAA and in honey to conform with the higher pH level, moisture- humidity

level and balanced NPK with 14-14-14 capacity only.

 In addition to water and air, plants use light energy for the transpiration

process, as it causes liquid water to turn to vapor (evaporation). Greenhouses

often maintain relative humidity levels below threshold values during the day and

night by controlling the water content in the air to maintain a minimum

transpiration rate in plants.

Climate control for plant growth is an essential consideration in regards to

pest and disease management. When conditions are too humid, it may promote the

growth of mold and bacteria that cause plants to die and crops to fail, as well as

conditions like root or crown rot. Humid conditions also invite the presence of

pests, such as fungus gnats, whose larva feed on plant roots and thrive in moist

soil.