CPH Prefinal
CPH Prefinal
CPH Prefinal
Objectives:
Relate public health and the population growth
Identify the global impact of population growth with the depletion of resources and
climate change
Classify the public health response with the growing population
Introduction:
POPULATION
A number of all the organisms of the same group or species who live in a particular
geographical area and are capable of interbreeding.
Population Rate
Difference between the birth rate and death rate
S Pattern
Environmental pressures increase gradually as the
population approaches the number known as the
carrying capacity
J Pattern
The population expands rapidly past the carrying
capacity and then crashes
THOMAS MALTHUS
Raised an alarm that population growth was
outpacing the food supply
PAUL EHRLICH
Published “The Population Bomb”
Environmental pressure opposing population growth
are increasing, especially in developing regions of the
world
“Anyone who believes exponential growth can go on
forever in a finite world is either a madman or an
economist”
PUBLIC HEALTH AND POPULATION GROWTH
UNICEF: the number of children who die before reaching their fifth birthday declined by more
than 45%.
“As the environment is degraded, the size of the population that can be supported shrinks,
leading to further environmental degradation and a vicious circle of hunger, disease and
death.”
Water Supply
One of the factors that limits the Earth’s carrying capacity
Renewable resource, due to cycles of evaporation and precipitation, but the rate at
which water supplies are renewed is fixed
While there are methods of removing the salt from sea water, the technology is
expensive and uses large amounts of energy.
Food Supply
11 percent of the world’s population were chronically or acutely malnourished
Amount of land used for agriculture grew quickly
Expansion of used land slowed down and ceased altogether
“green revolution”
Climate Change
Change in the pattern of weather, and related changes in oceans, land surfaces and ice
sheets, occurring over time scales of decades or longer
Change in the statistical properties of the climate
Due to natural processes, such as changes in the Sun’s radiation, volcanoes or internal
variability in the climate system, or dues to human influences such as changes in the
composition of the atmosphere or land use
SOLUTIONS TO OVERPOPULATION
1. Empowering women and girls
2. Removing barriers to contraceptives
3. Quality education for all
4. Alleviating poverty and global justice
5. Exercising the choice
Objectives
Define airborne diseases
Name the common types of airborne diseases
List the common symptoms of airborne diseases
Identify the prevention and control of airborne disease
COVID- 19
Appeared at the end of 2019 and soon caused a global pandemic
Common symptoms: Shortness of breath, cough, fever and fatigue
Influenza
It spreads easily and becomes contagious before symptoms are even apparent
Common symptoms: fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, headaches
Common Cold
Majority of these cases are caused by a rhinovirus, although many different viruses can
cause colds
Mumps
Very contagious and can be spread before symptoms appear
Common symptoms: Fever, headaches, muscle aches, tiredness and loss of appetite
Chickenpox
Takes up to 21 days to develop after exposure and can spread for one to two days
before rash appears
Common symptoms: fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, headache, and blisters
Measles
Highly contagious, as the virus that causes it can remain active on surfaces or in the air
for up to 2 hours, and it’s transmissible for up to 4 days before and 4 days after rash
appears.
Common symptoms: high fever, cough, runny nose, red and watery eyes
Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection but doesn’t spread easily, requiring long period of close contact with
an infected person
The bacteria rapidly multiply, attack the lungs, and spread to other organs, bones, and
skin through the bloodstream and lymph nodes
Diptheria
Injures the respiratory system and can cause damage to the nerves, kidneys, and heart
Common symptoms: sore throat, swollen glands, difficulty breathing, fever and chills
Vaccines
Have been crucial in reducing the infections and deaths caused by airborne diseases and
are best way to protect both yourself and others
Hygiene
Good hygiene is important to prevent the spread of all infectious diseases, including
practices such as washing your hands often, sneezing and coughing into your mouth or a
tissue, and staying home when you’re sick
Ventilation
Key to prevent the spread of airborne diseases
Example: open windows and doors, clean and maintain your home’s ventilation system
regularly
Masks
People should wear masks or face coverings in public places where other social
distancing measures are difficult to maintain
Symptom Management
Your doctor may recommend that you manage your symptoms with over-the counter
medications
Cold and cough medications can also be helpful to manage symptoms for airborne
diseases, but should be used with caution, especially when paired with other
medications
Rest
Stay home from work or school and get a lot of sleep
Prescription Medications
Antiviral medications may be prescribed in some cases, such as to shorten the severity
and duration of a flu infection
INTRODUCTION
Aging Population
- Poorer health
- Causing great alarm among health sectors
- Medical cost are higher
Challenge for Public Health
1. Improve the health of older people by prevention of disease and disability
2. Confront the issue of how costs can be controlled in an equitable and humane way.
Osteoporosis
- “Porous bones”
- Women are more prone
- Smoking and alcohol consumption
- Obesity
- Medication
- Have no symptoms
- Hip and vertebrae fracture (dowager’s hump)
Falls
- 1/3 of people 65 and older fall each year
- Fracture or head injury
- Mobility (arthritis, stroke and Parkinson’s disease)
- Other risk factors (vision impairment, muscular weakness, problems with balance)
- 4 or more prescription drugs
CONCLUSION
DIARRHEA
Mainly affects children below five years of age
Usually lasts for a couple of weeks and can turn out to be fatal if it goes untreated
Symptoms: dizziness, dehydration, pale skin and loss of consciousness in severe cases
CHOLERA
Occurs predominantly in children, but can also affects adults
Possesses a mortality rate that is alarmingly high among the water-borne diseases.
Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal cramps
TYPHOID
A highly contagious bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting
many organs
Without prompt treatment, it can cause serious complications and can be fatal
Symptoms: episodes of fever, loss of appetite, nausea, headache, constipation, and loss
of body weight
AMOEBIASIS
A common infection of the human gastro- intestinal tract
More closely related to poor sanitation and socioeconomic status than to climate
Symptoms: abdominal cramps and watery stools
HEPATITIS A
Mainly affects the liver and is caused by Hepatitis A virus
Route of contamination is usually oral, while it also spreads through physical contact
with an infected person.
Symptoms: fever nausea and vomiting, but can suffer severe complications if they’re not
treated in time
TRANSMISSION OF WATER-BORNE DISEASES
Climate change plays a crucial role in the outbreaks of such infections
Several instances of the outbreak of epidemic infections after natural calamities such a
flood have been recorded in history
The overflowing of sewage treatment plants during floods becomes the immediate risk
that needs to be curbed
The persistent usage of contaminated water for agricultural purposes results in the
colonization of pathogens in the soil
Global Wash
Provides expertise and interventions aimed at saving lives and reducing illness by
improving global access to healthy and safe water, adequate sanitation, and improved
hygiene
Hygiene
CDC and partners work around the world to promote handwashing with soap and
measure its effects on diarrheal diseases, respiratory diseases, and child development
ANXIETY
Response to dangerous situations that prepares one to evade or confront a threat in the
environment
EXAMPLE
Phobia
Panic Attacks
Generalized Anxiety
Obsessive- compulsive Disorder
Post- traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD)
PSYCHOSIS
Disorder of perception and thought process
Characteristically associated with schizophrenia
SYMPTOMS:
1. Hallucinations – sensory impressions that have no basis in reality
2. Delusion- false belief held despite evidence to the contrary
DISTURBANCE OF MOOD
Sustained feeling of sadness
Or sustained elevation of fluctuation of mood
SYMPTOMS
1. Appetite
2. Sleep Patterns
3. Energy level
DISTURBANCES OF COGNITION
Lose the ability to organize, process, and recall information as well as execute complex
sequences of tasks
EXAMPLE:
1. Alzheimer’s Disease
2. Dementia
CAUSES AND PREVENTION
CAUSES
Biological factors (Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Autism, ADHD)
Psychological factors (PSTD)
Sociocultural factors
PREVENTION
Individual Factors
Family Factors
Community Factors
CHILDREN
BIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS
Intrauterine exposure to alcohol or cigarettes
Environmental exposure to lead
Malnutrition of pregnancy
Birth trauma
Specific chromosomal syndromes
Quality relationships between infants and their primary caregiver
Maternal depression
Child abuse and neglect
AUTISM
Sever, chronic developmental disorder by severely compromised ability to engage in
social interaction.
1 in every 110 children (2009 CDC survey)
Boys is about 4-5 times higher in girls
EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS
Variety of psychotherapy approaches
*Freudian psychoanalysis to cognitive behavioral therapy
Drugs for treatment of depression, anxiety and Schizophrenia
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Most prevalent mental disorder in adults
INCLUDE:
Panic disorders
Agrophobia
Generalized anxiety disorder
Specific phobia
1 year prevalence of anxiety disorders among adults is about 18%
Females have higher rate than males
Treated with COUNSELING or PSYCHOTHERAPY or DRUG
Many veterans of IRAQ and AFGHANISTA wars suffer from PSTD
TYPES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
1. Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE) – involves helping people confront their fears and
feelings about the trauma they experience
2. Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) – patient is asked to recount his or her traumatic
experience and a therapist helps the patient redirect inaccurate or destructive thoughts
about the
MOOD DISORDERS
Includes major depression and bipolar disorder
More prevalent in women than in men
SUICIDE- most dreaded consequence of this disorder
Men complete suicide 4x as often as women; women attempt suicide 4x as often as men
Substance use disorders are also common individuals with mood disorder
Genetic factors are strongly implicated in bipolar disorder
TREATMENT
1. Antidepressant drug
2. Mood stabilizer (LITHIUM)
3. Psychotherapy- often added to pharmaceutical treatment
4. Electroconvulsant Shock Therapy – severe mood disorder
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Profound disruption in cognition and emotion, affecting language, thought, perception, affect,
and sense of self
Affects about 1% of the population
SYMPTOMS: Hallucinations and delusions
Onset generally occurs during young adulthood
Role of genetics
TREATMENT: Antipsychotic Medication combined with Psychotherapy and Family Intervention
Programs
Alzheimer’s Disease
Alcohol and Drug Misuse and Abuse
Anxiety
Late-life Schizophrenia
RISK FACTORS
TREATMENT
Similar to that for younger patients
HOWEVER: -increase the risk of side effects of drug treatment
-interactions with medications used for other disorders of aging also complicate
effective treatment for mental illness
Most people with mental disorders do not seek treatment
PAST: hospitalization was the norm for serious mental illness (ASYLUM)
: Patients became excessively dependent and lost connection to the community
PRESENT: Inpatient units are used for crisis care, focusing on the reducing risk of danger
to self or others and rapid return of patients to
EXAMPLES OF VECTOR:
1. Mosquito
2. Ticks
3. Fleas
4. Snails
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of
the genus Schistosoma
Prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without
access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation
Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stool and urine
LYME DISEASE
Transmitted by the bite of an infected black – legged tick, commonly known as a deer
tick
Most common tick- borne illness
Symptoms: rash, fever, chill, fatigue, body aches and swollen lymph nodes
ZIKA
A mosquito- borne flavivirus that was first identified in Uganda
Also transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, through sexual contact,
transfusion of blood and blood products and organ transplantation
Symptoms: fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise
CHIKUNGUNYA
Transmitted to humans by the bites of infected female mosquitoes
A self- remitting febrile viral illness that has been associated with frequent outbreaks in
tropical countries of Africa and Southeast Asia
Symptoms: high fever, joint pain and swelling, rash, headache, muscle pain, nausea,
fatigue