CPH Prefinal

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POPULATION: THE ULTIMATE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ISSUE

Objectives:
 Relate public health and the population growth
 Identify the global impact of population growth with the depletion of resources and
climate change
 Classify the public health response with the growing population

Introduction:

POPULATION
 A number of all the organisms of the same group or species who live in a particular
geographical area and are capable of interbreeding.

Population Rate
 Difference between the birth rate and death rate

GENERAL PATTERNS OF POPULATION GROWTH

S Pattern
 Environmental pressures increase gradually as the
population approaches the number known as the
carrying capacity

J Pattern
 The population expands rapidly past the carrying
capacity and then crashes

THOMAS MALTHUS
 Raised an alarm that population growth was
outpacing the food supply
PAUL EHRLICH
 Published “The Population Bomb”
 Environmental pressure opposing population growth
are increasing, especially in developing regions of the
world
 “Anyone who believes exponential growth can go on
forever in a finite world is either a madman or an
economist”
PUBLIC HEALTH AND POPULATION GROWTH

Public Health Improvements


 Clean water
 Immunization
 Pest control measures
 Inexpensive oral rehydration treatment of diarrheal diseases

Result: major declines in death rates, especially among children

UNICEF: the number of children who die before reaching their fifth birthday declined by more
than 45%.

19th to 20th Century


 Demographic transition

Response to Public Health Measure


 Cultural resistance to contraceptive within some societies
 Religious and political controversy surrounding family planning

Because of continued high birth rates…


 Threatened by crowding
 Migrants from rural areas flock to the cities
 Urbanization
 Governments struggling to provide adequate drinking water and sewage services
 Many of the migrants settle on the outskirts of the cities

Increasing case of the following disease:


 Cholera and other diarrheal diseases
 Malaria
 Tuberculosis
 Measles
 Diptheria
 Polio
 AIDS

GLOBAL IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH-DEPLETION OF RESOURCES

Carrying capacity of the Earth


 Population size that the Earth can support without being degraded
 Determined by a number of factors, some of which can be altered by technological
intervention and human behavior
Factors Related with the Carrying Capacity of the Earth
 Availability of fresh water
 Availability of fuel
 Amount and productivity of used land
 The amount and disposition of wastes (both biological and technological)

“As the environment is degraded, the size of the population that can be supported shrinks,
leading to further environmental degradation and a vicious circle of hunger, disease and
death.”

Water Supply
 One of the factors that limits the Earth’s carrying capacity
 Renewable resource, due to cycles of evaporation and precipitation, but the rate at
which water supplies are renewed is fixed
 While there are methods of removing the salt from sea water, the technology is
expensive and uses large amounts of energy.

Food Supply
 11 percent of the world’s population were chronically or acutely malnourished
 Amount of land used for agriculture grew quickly
 Expansion of used land slowed down and ceased altogether
 “green revolution”

Food Supply from the Sea


 75% of the major marine fish stocks are fully exploited, overexploited, or significantly
depleted
 Pollution of coastal waters
 Waste from penned fish pollutes coastal waters
 Saltwater fish farms incubate microbes and parasites that threaten to infect wild stocks

Climate Change
 Change in the pattern of weather, and related changes in oceans, land surfaces and ice
sheets, occurring over time scales of decades or longer
 Change in the statistical properties of the climate
 Due to natural processes, such as changes in the Sun’s radiation, volcanoes or internal
variability in the climate system, or dues to human influences such as changes in the
composition of the atmosphere or land use

Depletion of the Ozone Layer


 Increase risks in humans of skin cancer, melanoma and cataracts
 Have harmful impact on plant and animal life
 “there is less hope of preventing climate change caused by human activities”
Constituents of Air
Green House Effect
1. Nitrogen
2. Oxygen
3. Argon
4. Carbon Dioxide

Causes of Current Climate Change


 Burning fossil fuels
Result: Release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Dumping of garbage
 Deforestation

VARIOUS CAUSES OF OVERPOPULATION


1. The Decline in the Death Rate
 Root of overpopulation is the difference between the overall birth rate and
death rate in populations
2. Agricultural Advancements
 Allowed humans to increase food production using fertilizers, herbicides, and
pesticides and yields further.
3. Better Medical Facilities
 Illnesses that had claimed thousands of lives until now were cured because of
the invention of vaccines
4. More Hands to Overcome Poverty
 Families that have been through poverty, natural disasters, or are simply in need
of more hands to work are a major factor for overpopulation.
5. Child Labor
 Children being seen as a source of income by impoverished families begin work
too young and also lose the educational opportunities reflected, particularly
when it comes to birth control
6. ----
7. Lack of Family Planning
 Unable to understand the harmful effects of overpopulation, and lack of quality
education prompts them to avoid family planning measures.
8. Poor Contraceptives Use
 Poor family planning on the part of partners can lead to unexpected pregnancies
though contraceptives are easily available in developed countries.
FATAL EFFECTS OF OVERPOPULATION
1. Depletion of natural resources
2. Degradation of environment
3. Conflict and wars
4. Rise of unemployment
5. High cost of living
6. Pandemics and epidemics
7. Malnutrition, starvation and famine
8. Water shortage

SOLUTIONS TO OVERPOPULATION
1. Empowering women and girls
2. Removing barriers to contraceptives
3. Quality education for all
4. Alleviating poverty and global justice
5. Exercising the choice

AIRBORNE DISEASES: AN OVERVIEW

Objectives
 Define airborne diseases
 Name the common types of airborne diseases
 List the common symptoms of airborne diseases
 Identify the prevention and control of airborne disease

What is an airborne disease?


 Are spread when those infected sneeze cough, talk, or even exhale, releasing throat and
nasal secretions into the air.
 Can also hang in the air, so that others nearby- including both humans and animals- can
inhale them and become infected
 Tend to spread more easily than other types of diseases and are thus harder to control

Common Types of Airborne Diseases

COVID- 19
 Appeared at the end of 2019 and soon caused a global pandemic
 Common symptoms: Shortness of breath, cough, fever and fatigue

Influenza
 It spreads easily and becomes contagious before symptoms are even apparent
 Common symptoms: fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, headaches
Common Cold
 Majority of these cases are caused by a rhinovirus, although many different viruses can
cause colds

Mumps
 Very contagious and can be spread before symptoms appear
 Common symptoms: Fever, headaches, muscle aches, tiredness and loss of appetite

Chickenpox
 Takes up to 21 days to develop after exposure and can spread for one to two days
before rash appears
 Common symptoms: fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, headache, and blisters

Measles
 Highly contagious, as the virus that causes it can remain active on surfaces or in the air
for up to 2 hours, and it’s transmissible for up to 4 days before and 4 days after rash
appears.
 Common symptoms: high fever, cough, runny nose, red and watery eyes

Tuberculosis
 Bacterial infection but doesn’t spread easily, requiring long period of close contact with
an infected person
 The bacteria rapidly multiply, attack the lungs, and spread to other organs, bones, and
skin through the bloodstream and lymph nodes

Whooping Cough (pertussis)


 Causes the airways to swell and manifests as a relentless hacking cough
 Common symptoms: Mild coughing, sneezing, runny nose and low fever

Diptheria
 Injures the respiratory system and can cause damage to the nerves, kidneys, and heart
 Common symptoms: sore throat, swollen glands, difficulty breathing, fever and chills

Vaccines
 Have been crucial in reducing the infections and deaths caused by airborne diseases and
are best way to protect both yourself and others

Hygiene
 Good hygiene is important to prevent the spread of all infectious diseases, including
practices such as washing your hands often, sneezing and coughing into your mouth or a
tissue, and staying home when you’re sick
Ventilation
 Key to prevent the spread of airborne diseases
 Example: open windows and doors, clean and maintain your home’s ventilation system
regularly

Masks
 People should wear masks or face coverings in public places where other social
distancing measures are difficult to maintain

Symptom Management
 Your doctor may recommend that you manage your symptoms with over-the counter
medications
 Cold and cough medications can also be helpful to manage symptoms for airborne
diseases, but should be used with caution, especially when paired with other
medications

Rest
 Stay home from work or school and get a lot of sleep

Prescription Medications
 Antiviral medications may be prescribed in some cases, such as to shorten the severity
and duration of a flu infection

INCIDENCE OF AIRBORNE DISEASE


 Airborne diseases happen all around the world and affect virtually everyone
 They spread easily in close quarters, such as schools, markets and grocery stores
 Large outbreaks tend to occur under crowded conditions and in places where hygiene
and sanitation system are poor
 Incidence is lower in countries where vaccines are widely available and affordable

WHAT CAN YOU DO TO PREVENT SPREADING AN AIRBORNE DISEASE AT HOME?


 Avoid close contact with people who have active symptoms of disease
 Stay home when you’re sick. Don’t let vulnerable people come in close contact with you
 If you must be around other, wear a face mask to prevent spreading or breathing in
germs
 Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, Use a tissue or your elbow to cut down
on the possibility of transmitting germs on your hands
 Wash your hands thoroughly (at least 20 seconds) and often, especially after sneezing or
coughing
VACCINE FOR AIRBORNE DISEASES
Airborne diseases that have vaccines include:
 Chickenpox
 Diptheria
 Influenza: vaccine updates every year to include strains most likely to spread in the
coming season
 Measles: usually combined with vaccine for mumps and rubella, and is known as the
MMR vaccine
 Mumps: MMR vaccine
 TB: often given to infants and small children
 Whooping cough
PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE AGING POPULATION
Objectives:
• Identify the health status of the older population
• Name the general approaches to maximizing health in old age
• State the prevention of disease and disability in old age
• Discuss the medical costs of the elderly

INTRODUCTION

Aging Population
- Poorer health
- Causing great alarm among health sectors
- Medical cost are higher
Challenge for Public Health
1. Improve the health of older people by prevention of disease and disability
2. Confront the issue of how costs can be controlled in an equitable and humane way.

THE AGING OF THE POPULATION-TRENDS

Baby-boom (65 and over)


- 20% of the population
- Median age is increasing
- Traditional retirement age
Categories
1. Young old
2. Aged
3. Oldest old

Old Female VS Old Male


• Females increasingly outnumber males in older age group.
• More than twice as many women as men.
• Women have longer expectancy than men.
• After age of 75, most women are widowed and live alone, while most men are married
and live with their wives.

HEALTH STATUS OF THE OLDER POPULATION


Public Health Concern
1. Chronic illness
2. Disability
3. Dependency
Cause of Death
1. Cardiovascular disease and Cancer
2. Vehicular accident and suicide
3. Other Chronic illness (arthritis, diabetes, osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s disease)
• Compression of Mortality
• Compression of Morbidity
CDC Survey Findings
1. Percentage of older people living in nursing homes has declined.
2. Younger generation had less disability than their parents at the same ages.
3. Disease has become more prevalent as deaths from CVD have declined.

GENERAL APPROACHES TO MAXIMIZING HEALTH IN OLD AGE


Study of the University of Pennsylvania (1986)
- 1741 older population participants
- Study subjects surveyed on their smoking habits, BMI, exercise patterns, chronic
conditions, use of medical services and extent of disability
Findings:
The behavior that most significantly affect health in older people are smoking, obesity and
physical inactivity.

Determinants of Health in Old Age


1. Smoking
- Major risk factor for CVD and cancer
- Leading cause of death in those ages over 65
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis and disorders of the mouth

2. Nutrition and Physical Activity


- Affect risk of CVD and cancer
- Overnutrition and lack of exercise
- Diabetes and arthritis
3. Obesity
- Poor diet and lack of exercise
- Adequate calcium and vitamin D

PREVENTING DISEASE AND DISABILITY IN OLD AGE


Preventive Measures
• Vaccination against pneumonia and influenza
• Smoking cessation
• Blood pressure control
• Healthy diet
• Physical activity
• Medications
• Constant check-up
Medications
- With unwanted side effects
- Kidney and liver functions
- Increase risk of overdose
- Need for better coordination and monitoring of medical care

Osteoporosis
- “Porous bones”
- Women are more prone
- Smoking and alcohol consumption
- Obesity
- Medication
- Have no symptoms
- Hip and vertebrae fracture (dowager’s hump)

Falls
- 1/3 of people 65 and older fall each year
- Fracture or head injury
- Mobility (arthritis, stroke and Parkinson’s disease)
- Other risk factors (vision impairment, muscular weakness, problems with balance)
- 4 or more prescription drugs

Recommendation to Prevent Falls


• Exercise regularly
• Reviewed medications
• Yearly eye exams
• Improve the lighting in their homes
• Reduce fall hazards in the home
• Vitamin D supplements

Impairment of Vision and Hearing


- Increases the risk of falls and other injuries
- Social isolation
- Depression and cognitive impairment
- Cataracts: clouding of the lens
- Glaucoma: gradual increase in pressure w/n the eye
- Macular degeneration: breakdown of the light-sensing cells in the macula
- Diabetic retinopathy: high blood sugar damages the blood vessels in the retina
- Reduced sensitivity to higher frequency
Oral Health
- tooth loss, dental carries, periodontal disease, salivary dysfunction, cancer and
precancerous conditions and chronic pain
- Impair ability to chew, taste, and swallow
- Quit smoking, use better oral hygiene selfcare practices, use professional dental services

Alzheimer’s and Other Demetias


- Most dreaded afflictions of old age
- No definitive diagnostic test
- Changes in the brain: characteristic tangles of fibers w/n brain cells and deposits of the
protein plaques in extravascular spaces
- Diabetes and CVD

Preventive Measures Against Alzheimer’s Disease


• Weight control
• Physical activity
• Avoidance of smoking
• Treatment of high blood pressure and cholesterol
• Aspirin

CONCLUSION

Factors that Increase the Risk of Chronic Disability in the Elderly


• Smoking
• Poor diet
• Physical inactivity
• Unsafe driving practices
“The best way to improve quality of life for the elderly would be to devise a way of integrating
public health measures with the medical system to prevent chronic disease in the elderly,
thereby reducing the need and demand for medical care”
WATER – BORNE DISEASES: AN OVERVIEW
OBJECTIVES:
 Define water-borne diseases
 Name the most common water-borne diseases in the Philippines
 Identify its mode of transmission
 List the common way of prevention and control

WHAT IS WATER-BORNE DISEASE?


 Caused by a variety of microorganisms, biotoxins, and toxic contaminants
 Spread via contaminated water
 Transmission of these pathogens occurs while using infected water for drinking, food
preparation, and washing clothes, among others.

COMMON WATER-BORNE DIASEAS

DIARRHEA
 Mainly affects children below five years of age
 Usually lasts for a couple of weeks and can turn out to be fatal if it goes untreated
 Symptoms: dizziness, dehydration, pale skin and loss of consciousness in severe cases

CHOLERA
 Occurs predominantly in children, but can also affects adults
 Possesses a mortality rate that is alarmingly high among the water-borne diseases.
 Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal cramps

TYPHOID
 A highly contagious bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting
many organs
 Without prompt treatment, it can cause serious complications and can be fatal
 Symptoms: episodes of fever, loss of appetite, nausea, headache, constipation, and loss
of body weight

AMOEBIASIS
 A common infection of the human gastro- intestinal tract
 More closely related to poor sanitation and socioeconomic status than to climate
 Symptoms: abdominal cramps and watery stools

HEPATITIS A
 Mainly affects the liver and is caused by Hepatitis A virus
 Route of contamination is usually oral, while it also spreads through physical contact
with an infected person.
 Symptoms: fever nausea and vomiting, but can suffer severe complications if they’re not
treated in time
TRANSMISSION OF WATER-BORNE DISEASES
 Climate change plays a crucial role in the outbreaks of such infections
 Several instances of the outbreak of epidemic infections after natural calamities such a
flood have been recorded in history
 The overflowing of sewage treatment plants during floods becomes the immediate risk
that needs to be curbed
 The persistent usage of contaminated water for agricultural purposes results in the
colonization of pathogens in the soil

WAYS TO PREVENT WATER-BORNE DISEASES


 Use good environmental management
 Practice good personal hygiene (thorough handwashing)
 Take food safety precautions
 Drink properly treated water
 Vaccination

PUBLIC HEALTH ANSWER TO COMMON QUESTIONS ON WATERBORNE DISEASES

HOW MANY ARE AT RISK?


 1.1 billion lack access to an improved drinking water supply; many more drink water
that is grossly contaminated

HOW MANY ARE GETTING SICK?


 4 billion cases of diarrhea occur annually, of which 88% is attributable to unsafe water,
and inadequate sanitation and hygiene

HOW MANY ARE DYING?


 1.8 million people die every year from diarrheal diseases, the vast majority children
under 5 years old

HOW MANY MORE CANNOT ESCAPE POVERTY?


 Lack of safe water perpetuates a cycle whereby poor populations become further
disadvantaged, and poverty becomes entrenched

PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE ANSWER TO COMMON QUESTIONS ON WATERBORNE DISEASES

HOW MUCH OF THIS CAN BE PREVENTED?


 WHO estimates that 94% diarrheal cases are preventable through modifications to the
environment, including through modifications to the environment, including through
interventions to increase the availability of clean water, and to improve sanitation and
hygiene
PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE TO INCREASING NUMBER OF WATERBORNE DISEASES

GLOBAL Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

Global Wash
 Provides expertise and interventions aimed at saving lives and reducing illness by
improving global access to healthy and safe water, adequate sanitation, and improved
hygiene

The Safe Water System


 Protects communities from contaminated water by promoting behavior change and
providing affordable and sustainable solutions

Hygiene
 CDC and partners work around the world to promote handwashing with soap and
measure its effects on diarrheal diseases, respiratory diseases, and child development

LGU’s ROLE IN WATER-BORNE DISEASE PREVENTION WITHIN THE COMMUNITY


 Enforce the implementation of the “Code of Sanitation of the Philippines” (PD No. 856,
December 23, 1975)
 Ensure access of households to safe drinking water, safe water and sanitation facilities
 Inspect food establishments and adherence to standards sanitation practices
 Provide training to food handlers and regulate
 Ensure proper waste disposal
 Establish, operate and sustain local epidemiology and surveillance units
MENTAL HEALTH: PUBLIC HEALTH INCLUDES HEALTHY MINDS

COMMON MENTAL ILLNESS


 Anxiety
 Psychosis
 Mood Disturbance
 Cognitive Deficits

ANXIETY
Response to dangerous situations that prepares one to evade or confront a threat in the
environment

EXAMPLE
 Phobia
 Panic Attacks
 Generalized Anxiety
 Obsessive- compulsive Disorder
 Post- traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD)

PSYCHOSIS
Disorder of perception and thought process
Characteristically associated with schizophrenia

SYMPTOMS:
1. Hallucinations – sensory impressions that have no basis in reality
2. Delusion- false belief held despite evidence to the contrary

DISTURBANCE OF MOOD
Sustained feeling of sadness
Or sustained elevation of fluctuation of mood

SYMPTOMS
1. Appetite
2. Sleep Patterns
3. Energy level

DISTURBANCES OF COGNITION
Lose the ability to organize, process, and recall information as well as execute complex
sequences of tasks
EXAMPLE:
1. Alzheimer’s Disease
2. Dementia
CAUSES AND PREVENTION
CAUSES
 Biological factors (Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Autism, ADHD)
 Psychological factors (PSTD)
 Sociocultural factors

PREVENTION
 Individual Factors
 Family Factors
 Community Factors
CHILDREN
BIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS
 Intrauterine exposure to alcohol or cigarettes
 Environmental exposure to lead
 Malnutrition of pregnancy
 Birth trauma
 Specific chromosomal syndromes
 Quality relationships between infants and their primary caregiver
 Maternal depression
 Child abuse and neglect
AUTISM
 Sever, chronic developmental disorder by severely compromised ability to engage in
social interaction.
 1 in every 110 children (2009 CDC survey)
 Boys is about 4-5 times higher in girls

MOOD DISORDERS (Bipolar Disorder)


 Major depression and suicide are a matter of serious concern for anyone
 Mortality from suicide increases steadily through the teen years, and suicide is the 3 rd
leading cause of death at the age
 Suicide is rare for preteens and young adolescents, but much higher in 15-19 years old
and even higher in ages 20-24 years old.

ADHD (ATTENTION DEFICIT / HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER)


 Most commonly diagnosed behavior disorder for childhood
 Pharmaceutical treatment is more effective when accompanied by behavioral therapy
 Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder

Other Mental Illness


 Separation anxiety
 Social phobia
 Eating disorders
 Obsessive- compulsive disorder
PROJECT HEAD START
 Best known prevention program
 Include better peer relation, less truancy, and less anti-social behavior
 Include prenatal education component

MENTAL HEALTH IN ADULTHOOD


Confidence in one’s own disabilities to cope with diversity is a major contributor to mental
health in adulthood

MOST COMMON PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL STRESSOR


 Breakup of intimate romantic relationship
 Death of a family member or a friend
 Economic hardships
 Racism and discrimination
 Poor physical health
 Accidental and intentional assaults on physical safety

EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS
 Variety of psychotherapy approaches
*Freudian psychoanalysis to cognitive behavioral therapy
 Drugs for treatment of depression, anxiety and Schizophrenia

ANXIETY DISORDERS
Most prevalent mental disorder in adults
INCLUDE:
 Panic disorders
 Agrophobia
 Generalized anxiety disorder
 Specific phobia
1 year prevalence of anxiety disorders among adults is about 18%
Females have higher rate than males
Treated with COUNSELING or PSYCHOTHERAPY or DRUG
Many veterans of IRAQ and AFGHANISTA wars suffer from PSTD

TYPES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
1. Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE) – involves helping people confront their fears and
feelings about the trauma they experience
2. Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) – patient is asked to recount his or her traumatic
experience and a therapist helps the patient redirect inaccurate or destructive thoughts
about the
MOOD DISORDERS
Includes major depression and bipolar disorder
More prevalent in women than in men
SUICIDE- most dreaded consequence of this disorder
Men complete suicide 4x as often as women; women attempt suicide 4x as often as men
Substance use disorders are also common individuals with mood disorder
Genetic factors are strongly implicated in bipolar disorder

TREATMENT
1. Antidepressant drug
2. Mood stabilizer (LITHIUM)
3. Psychotherapy- often added to pharmaceutical treatment
4. Electroconvulsant Shock Therapy – severe mood disorder

SCHIZOPHRENIA
Profound disruption in cognition and emotion, affecting language, thought, perception, affect,
and sense of self
Affects about 1% of the population
SYMPTOMS: Hallucinations and delusions
Onset generally occurs during young adulthood
Role of genetics
TREATMENT: Antipsychotic Medication combined with Psychotherapy and Family Intervention
Programs

 Alzheimer’s Disease
 Alcohol and Drug Misuse and Abuse
 Anxiety
 Late-life Schizophrenia

RISK FACTORS

 General medical conditions


 Admission to a nursing home
 High number of medications taken by many older individual
 Psychosocial stressors (Bereavement or Isolation)
 Depression after loss of spouse: through grief or through participation in self-help group
is effective in improving social adjustment and reducing the use of alcohol and other
drug abuse
SYMPTOMS
 Not specific to any identified syndrome are prevalent in older adults
 Schizophrenia – similar symptoms to those in younger patients

TREATMENT
 Similar to that for younger patients
 HOWEVER: -increase the risk of side effects of drug treatment
-interactions with medications used for other disorders of aging also complicate
effective treatment for mental illness
 Most people with mental disorders do not seek treatment
 PAST: hospitalization was the norm for serious mental illness (ASYLUM)
: Patients became excessively dependent and lost connection to the community
 PRESENT: Inpatient units are used for crisis care, focusing on the reducing risk of danger
to self or others and rapid return of patients to

VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE: AN OVERVIEW


WHAT IS A VECTOR?
An insect or any living carrier that transport an infectious agent from an infected individual
or its wastes to an susceptible individual

EXAMPLES OF VECTOR:
1. Mosquito
2. Ticks
3. Fleas
4. Snails

WHAT IS A VECTOR BORNE DISEASE?


 Human illness that caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by
vectors
 Burden of these diseases is highest in tropical and subtropical areas, and they
disproportionately affect the poorest populations
 Can be caused by either parasites, bacteria or viruses
 Preventable, through protective measures and community mobilization

COMMON VECTOR – BORNE DISEASES IN THE PHILIPPINES


DENGUE
 Are spread to people through the bite of an infected Aedes species
 Widespread through the tropics
 Symptoms: severe headaches, muscle and joint pains, vomiting, swollen glands and rash
MALARIA
 Cause by Plasmodium parasites. The parasites are spread to people through the bites of
infected female Anopheles mosquitoes
 Symptoms: fever, headache, chills, and severe anemia

SCHISTOSOMIASIS
 Is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of
the genus Schistosoma
 Prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without
access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation
 Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stool and urine

LYME DISEASE
 Transmitted by the bite of an infected black – legged tick, commonly known as a deer
tick
 Most common tick- borne illness
 Symptoms: rash, fever, chill, fatigue, body aches and swollen lymph nodes

ZIKA
 A mosquito- borne flavivirus that was first identified in Uganda
 Also transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, through sexual contact,
transfusion of blood and blood products and organ transplantation
 Symptoms: fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise

CHIKUNGUNYA
 Transmitted to humans by the bites of infected female mosquitoes
 A self- remitting febrile viral illness that has been associated with frequent outbreaks in
tropical countries of Africa and Southeast Asia
 Symptoms: high fever, joint pain and swelling, rash, headache, muscle pain, nausea,
fatigue

VECTOR- BORNE DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL


 Using nets at doors and windows to prevent the entrance of insects
 Using a mosquito nets when sleeping outdoors
 Paying attention to the cleanliness of animals
 Maintaining personal hygiene
 Avoiding travelling to the countries/ places stricken by vector- borne diseases
 Making sure to the necessary preventive drugs and vaccines when travelling
PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE
 Providing evidence- based guidance for controlling vectors and protecting people
against infection
 Providing technical support to countries so that they can effectively manage cases and
outbreaks
 Supporting countries to improve their reporting systems and capture the true burden of
the disease
 Providing training (capacity building) on clinical management, diagnosis and vector
control with support from some of its collaborating center
 Supporting the development and evaluation of new tools, technologies and approaches
for vector- borne diseases, including vector control and disease management
technologies

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