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Quantitative Methods Module

The document discusses various measures of central tendency and dispersion. It defines the mean, median and mode as measures of central tendency, which provide a middle or typical value for a data set. It also defines measures of dispersion like range, variance and standard deviation, which quantify how spread out the data is. Formulas to calculate each measure are provided along with examples to demonstrate their computation.

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Jean Leyson
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
67 views

Quantitative Methods Module

The document discusses various measures of central tendency and dispersion. It defines the mean, median and mode as measures of central tendency, which provide a middle or typical value for a data set. It also defines measures of dispersion like range, variance and standard deviation, which quantify how spread out the data is. Formulas to calculate each measure are provided along with examples to demonstrate their computation.

Uploaded by

Jean Leyson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

• A central tendency (or measure of central


tendency) is a central or typical value for a
probability distribution. It may also be referred
to as center or location of the distribution. The
term central tendency refers to the “middle” or
perhaps the typical value of the data, and is
measured using the mean, median and mode.
• MEAN
• MEDIAN
• MODE
MEAN
• This is the widely used measure of central
tendency. It is referred to as the average of
the numbers in a given set of data. In
order to calculate for the mean, just get
the sum of the numbers and divide it by
the total number of numbers in the data
set. Mean is denoted by a symbol 𝑥ҧ (x
bar).
FORMULA
The Formula for finding the mean:
σ𝑥
𝑥ҧ =
𝑛

Where, x is the value of an observation;


and
n is the total number of observation.
EXAMPLE 1:
Find the mean of the set of values: 3, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 5

Solution:

σ𝑥 3+4+6+8+9+5
𝑥ҧ = =
𝑛 6
35
𝑥ҧ =
6
ഥ = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑
𝒙
MEDIAN
• The median is the value separating
the higher half of a data sample, a
population, or a probability
distribution, from the lower half. For a
data set, it may be thought of as the
“middle” value. It is denoted by the
symbol md.
EXAMPLES:
• In the data set {1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9}, the
median is 6,

• In the data set: {2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12}


7+8
The median is 𝑚𝑑 = = 7.5
2
MODE

• The mode of a set of data values is the


value that appears most frequent. The
mode is the most commonly occurring
value in a distribution. Mode may exist
sometimes does not. If it exists sometimes
it has one mode or sometimes it has more
than one mode. It is denoted as mo.
EXAMPLES:
• Given the data set {3, 2, 7, 3, 4, 5}
Mode is 3 since 3 is repeated the most.

• Given the data set {4, 5, 3, 4, 7, 5, 6, 3, 8}


Mode is 4, 5, 3 since they are repeated
more than the other item.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
• The terms variability, spread, and
dispersion are synonyms. They refer to
how spread out a distribution is.
Measures of Dispersion tell us how
much the data tend to disperse or
scatter. One measure of dispersions
range.
• RANGE
• VARIANCE
• STANDARD DEVIATION
RANGE

• The range for a set of data is found by


subtracting the smallest value from the
largest value in the given set of data.

Range = Highest no. - Lowest no.


EXAMPLE:
• The grades of the ten students are shown below. The
respective range for male and for female students is
also shown in the Table. Note that the mean is 85.

Female 82 83 85 87 88 Range = 6
Male 70 82 86 90 97 Range = 27
VARIANCE

• The two commonly used measures


of variation that consider all scores
in a given set of data are variance
and standard deviation.
EXAMPLE:
. Let us again consider the grades of
ten students as shown below.

Female 82 83 85 87 88 Mean = 85
Male 70 82 86 90 97 Mean = 85
• Study the Table below. You may tell to yourself that
you are familiar with the procedure .

Females’ Score Difference of the Mean from the Square of the difference of
(𝑥𝑖 ) score (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)
ത the mean from the score
(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)ҧ 2

82 82 – 85 = -3 (−3)2 = 9
83 83 – 85 = -2 (−2)2 = 4
85 85 - 85 = 0 (0)2 = 0
87 87 – 85 = 2 (2)2 = 4
88 88 – 85 = 3 (3)2 = 9
Sum of the Squares of the Difference of the Mean from the
Score

σ𝑛 ത 2 = 26
𝑖=1 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)
• We now divide the sum of the squares of the
difference of the mean (deviation from the
mean) from the score with the number of
scores in the given set of data.

σ𝑛𝑖=1 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 26


= = 5.2
5 5
EXAMPLE:
• The variance of the scores of the 5 male students is
computed and shown below:
variance:
σ𝑛
𝑖=1 (𝑥𝑖 − ҧ
𝑥) 2

(70−85)2 + (82−85)2 + (86−85)2 + (90−85)2 + (97−85)2


=
5
404
= = 80.8
5
STEPS:
To compute the variance for a given set of data, we
must perform these steps.

1. Determine the mean for the given set of data.


2. Determine the deviation from the mean for
each value in the data
3. Square each deviation.
4. Compute the mean of the squared deviations.
STANDARD DEVIATION
• The standard deviation formula is obtained by simply
getting the square root of the variance.

• In summation notation, the formula for the standard


deviation in a population is given by the parameter
σ𝑛𝑖=1 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)ҧ 2
𝜎=
𝑛
Where 𝑥ҧ is the population mean and n is the number of cases.
EXAMPLE:
Let us again consider the grades of ten students below.
Female 82 83 85 87 88
Male 70 82 86 90 97

• From the previous section, the variance for the five-female


student’ scores is 5.2. Hence, the standard deviation for the
five females’ students’ scores is 5.2 or approximately 2.28.
• The variance of the scores of the five male students is 80.8.
Thus, the standard deviation is 80. 8 or approximately 8.99.
• We can say that the scores of the five male students is really
more spread out than the scores of the five female students.

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