Calculus and Differential Equations

Problem Solving Task

MAB126 Mathematics for Engineering

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Calculus and Differential Equations

Problem Solving Task: Written Component

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MAB126 Mathematics for Engineering 1 SM1 – 2011

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

Contents
QUESTION 1................................................................................................................1

Theory applicable..............................................................................................1

Determine Continuity.........................................................................................1

Does f(a) exist?.......................................................................................1

Does limx → afx exist?.............................................................................2

Differentiation.....................................................................................................3

Summary............................................................................................................3

QUESTION 2................................................................................................................4

Reduction Formula............................................................................................4

Using reduction formula.....................................................................................4

QUESTION 3................................................................................................................6

Finding values for (s) for which F(s) is defined..................................................6

Prove the propertyLf '=sL {f }; with f (0)=0........................................................7

Applying Laplace Transform..............................................................................8

Inverse Laplace.................................................................................................9

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 QUESTION 1
Determine if the function
f ( x )= sin ( x ) ,if x <0
{ 3
x −x , if x ≥ 0

is continuous and differentiable at x = 0. Justify your answer by referring to

appropriate definitions.

Theory applicable

To differentiate a piecewise function, the function must be continuous.

For a function to be continuous:

 f (a) must exist,

 lim f ( x ) must exist,
x→ a

and

 f (a) must equallim

x→ a
f ( x ).

Determine Continuity
Does f(a) exist?

The function

f ( x )= sin ( x ) ,if x <0

{ 3
x −x , if x ≥ 0
 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

is a piecewise function where

f (x)=sin( x)when x is less than 0

and

f (x)= x3 −xwhen xis greater than 0

For all x values less than 0, f (x)=sin(x). Therefore any value of x <0 will provide

a solution for f (x) (Figure 1) 1.

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
-2

Figure 1

When x is greater than, or equal to 0, f (x)= x3 −x. Therefore there is a solution for
f (x) for all values greater or equal to 0 (figure 2).

1
Note that the condition to use sin(x) requires the x value to be less than 0. Therefore the graph for
sin(x) is left open at x = 0

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4

-2

Figure 2

Therefore, f (a)exists for all values of x (figure 3).

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4

-2

Figure 3

Does lim
x→ a
f ( x ) exist?

To determine if a limit exists for f(a.) it is necessary to determine the limit by

approaching 0 from above and below. That is finding the limit at f(0).

When approaching from below, x <0 so f (0)=sin (0). Therefore the limit when
approaching 0 from below is:

lim ¿
−¿
x→ 0 sin ( 0) =sin ⁡( 0)¿

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

¿0

When approaching 0 from above, x >0 so f ( 0 )=03 −0 is used. Therefore the limit
when approaching 0 from below is:

lim ¿
+¿ 3 3
x→ 0 x − x=0 −0 ¿

¿0

Therefore the limit for f (0)=0.

As f (a)=0 and the limit for f (a)=0 the function is continuous. Therefore, if possible,
the function can be differentiated.
Differentiation

Each piece of the function needs to be differentiated. So

f (x) f '( x )
sin ⁡(x) cos ⁡( x)
x 3−x 3 x 2−1

Hence

f ' ( x )= cos2 ( x ) , if x< 0

{
3 x −1 ,if x ≥ 0

The differentiated function is graphed in figure 4

Substituting x=0 :

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

f ' ( 0 )= cos2( 0 ) ,if x <0

{3∗0 −1 ,if x ≥ 0

So

f ' ( 0 )= 0 , if x <0
{−1 ,if x ≥ 0

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4

-2
Figure 4

Summary

Although the function

 f (a) exists,
 lim f ( x ) exists,
x→ a

and

 f (a) equals lim

x→ a
f ( x ).

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

when x=0, the function is not differentiable because the left and right side of the
piecewise function do not equal the same when x=0.

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

QUESTION 2
Define the integral
∫ x n e x dx
Using integration by parts, or otherwise, derive the formula
I n=x n e x −n I n

Hence obtain
∫ x 3 e x dx

Reduction Formula

The rules for integration by parts state that

∫ udv=uv−∫ vdu

Let u=x n and dv =e x dx, so du=n x n−1 and v=e x .

Therefore

∫ x n e x dx=x n e x −n∫ xn−1 e x dx

If

I n=∫ x n e x dx

Then

I n=x n e x −n∫ x n−1 e x dx

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

The integrand on the RHS nearly repeats the original integrand and can be modeled
as ¿n −1

Using reduction formula

n x 3 x
Applying∫ x e dx=∫ x e dx , then n=3.

Using the reduction formula derived in a) then

I n=x n e x −n I n

I 3=x 3 e x −3 I 2

I 2=x 2 e x −2 I 1

I 1=x e x −I 0

I 0=e x

Therefore:

∫ x 3 e x dx=x3 e x −3 I 2

¿ x 3 e x −3(x 2 e x −2 I ¿ ¿ 1) ¿

¿ x 3 e x −3 ¿ ¿

¿ x 3 e x −3 ¿

¿ x 3 e x −3 x 2 e x +6 x e x −6 e x

¿ e x ( x 3−3 x 2+ 6 x−6)

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

QUESTION 3
Finding values for (s) for which F(s) is defined
The Laplace transform of a function f is defined by the improper integral
∞
L { f } ( s )=F ( s )=∫ f ( t ) e−st dt
0
Using this definition, calculate the Laplace transform of f (t)=e � �−at and give the
values of s for which F (s) is defined (i.e. for which the improper integral converges).

Given

f (t)=e � �−at

then

∞
L { e−at } =F ( s )=∫ e−at e−st dt
0

∞
¿ ∫ e(−a −s)t dt
0

1 ∞
¿ [ e (−a −s) t ]0
(−a−s)

If ( – a−s )> 0,

1 [ (−a−s) t ]∞
e
−a−s 0

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

e(−a−s ) ∞ e(−a−s )0
¿ −
−a−s −a−s

∞ 1
¿ −
−a−s −a−s

¿∞

As the improper integral approaches ∞ it is not defined when( – a−s )> 0.

If ( – a−s )< 0,

1 [ (−a−s) t ]∞
e
−a−s 0

e(−a−s ) ∞ e(−a−s )0
¿ −
−a−s −a−s

0 1
¿ −
−a−s −a−s

1
¿
a+ s

1
So when(−a−s)<0, the improper integral converges at . Therefore F (s)is
(a+ s)
defined whenℜ s>−a.

Prove the property L { f ' } =sL {f }; with f (0)=0

A key property of the Laplace transform is that it turns differential equations

into algebraic equations. Using integration by parts and the definition of the
Laplace transform, prove the property
L { f ' } =sL {f }; for functions with f (0)=0 :

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

If

∞
L { f } =∫ e−st f ( t ) dt
0

then

∞
L { f ' }=∫ e−st f ' ( t ) dt
0

Integration by parts rule

∫ u v ' dx=uv −∫ v u' dx

Let

u=e−st ∴u ' =−se−st

and

v=f ( t ) ∴ v '=f ' (t )

So

∫ e−st f ' (t ) dt
0

∞
−st
¿e f ( t ) + s∫ e−st f ( t ) dt
0

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

∞
¿ [ e−st f (t)]0 + sL(f )

¿ f ( 0 )+ sL( f )

As f ( 0 )=0

L { f ' }=sL( f )

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

Applying Laplace Transform

The following differential is for the voltage v( t) in an electric circuit, with a

capacitor and a resistor, subject to an applied voltage which is switched
on at t=0 and decays with time. The differential equation

v ’ ( t ) +3 v ( t ) =4 e−5t ; v (0)=0 :

Use the results of (b) to find V (s) the Laplace transform of the voltage in
the circuit. You may also assume that the Laplace transform of a sum of
terms is the sum Laplace transform of each term and that the Laplace
transform of a constant multiplied by a function is the constant multiplied
by the Laplace transform of a function, i.e.

L {f + g }=L {f (t) }+ L{g (t) }; L {cf (t )}=cL{f (t)}.

Let g ( t ) =4 e−5 t so

v ’ ( t ) +3 v ( t ) =4 e−5t

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

¿ L { v ' } +3 L { v }=L {g ( t ) }

∞ ∞ ∞
¿ ∫ v ' (t)e−st +∫ 3 v (t) e−st =∫ g (t)e−st
0 0 0

∞ ∞ ∞
¿ ∫ v ' (t)e−st +∫ 3 v (t)e−st =∫ 4 e−5 t e−st
0 0 0

4
¿ sL { v } +3 L {v }=
5+ s

4
¿ s V (s )+ 3V (s)=
5+ s

∴ V ( s ) [ 3+s ] = ( 5+4 s )
∴ V ( s) = ( 5+4 s )( 3+1 s )
4
¿
( 3+s ) (5+ s)

Inverse Laplace

(d) Using the result of (a) hence find the functionv( t), which has the

Laplace transform ). (Hint: use partial fractions)

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

L−1 { F ( s ) }=f (t )

From the Table of Laplace transforms when

1
F ( s) =
s−a

then

f (t)=eat

1
Applying partial fraction expansion to get form
s−a

4
( 3+s ) (5+ s)

Let

4 A B
= +
( 3+s ) (5+ s ) (s +5) ( s+3)

Multiplying both sides by ( s+3)( s+5) gives

4= A (s +3)=B( s+5)

To solve for A and B, let s=−3 and s=−5 successively.

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

4= A ( 0 )=B (−3+5 )=2 B

4= A (−5+ 3 )=B ( 0 )=−2 A

To solve for A=−2 and B=2 giving

4 −2 2
= +
( 3+s ) (5+ s ) (s +5) ( s+3)

¿−2
( ( s+15) )+2( ( s +31 ) )

When

L {cf (t )}=cL{f ( t)}

then

L−1 { cF ( s) }=cf ( t )

Let cF ( s )=2
−1
( ( s+5 )) and cG ( s)=2( ( s+31 ) ) then
f ( t ) + g ( t ) =L−1 { cF( s)+cG (s) }

1 1
¿L
−1
{ ( s+5) ( s+3 ) )}
−2( )+ 2(

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 Calculus and Differential Equations
Problem Solving Task

Given that

L { f + g }=L { f ( t ) } + L { g ( t ) }

and

L−1 { F ( s ) }=f (t )

then

L−1 { F ( s ) +G ( s ) }

¿ f (t )+ g (t)

¿ e at +e bt

So

1 1
v(t)=L
−1
{ ( ) ( )}
−2
( s+5 )
+2
( s +3 )

¿−2 e−5 t +2 e−3 t

¿ 2(e ¿ ¿ 5 t−e3 t ) ¿

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