WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE

Basic Calculus 11

3
LEARNING QUARTER

MODULE WEEK 5

1
 MODULE IN
BASIC CALCULUS

QUARTER 3
WEEK 5

Rules of Differentiation
Development Team

Writers: Jenny Rose Q. Ancheta Romnick S. Castillo

Editors/Reviewers: Gregorio P. Agatep, Jr. Gerson Jeremy C. Antonio
Myla Fei Q. Martinez
Illustrator: Jeshimon C. Patoc
Layout Artist: Jenny Rose Q. Ancheta
Management Team:
Vilma D. Eda Arnel S. Bandiola
Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao
Marlyn S. Ventura

2
 What I Need to Know

This module will help you understand the concept and know the relationship between
differentiability and continuity of a function, use these differentiation rules, and apply these to
certain functions.

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)

The learner:
1. determines the relationship between differentiability and continuity of a function,
2. applies the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an algebraic,
exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric
functions.
Objectives:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. determine the relationship between differentiability and continuity of a function;
2. apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivatives of algebraic functions;
3. apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivatives of exponential functions;
4. apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivatives of logarithmic functions;
5. apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivatives of trigonometric
functions.

What I Know

Directions: Read each item carefully. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. For each statement below, write True if it is correct and False if otherwise.
For letters 𝑎 − 𝑒, consider the function defined by
𝑥2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1
At 𝑥 = 1, the function is
a. undefined.
b. differentiable but not continuous.
c. continuous but not differentiable.
d. both continuous and differentiable.
e. neither continuous nor differentiable.
For items 2-5, find the derivative of each of the following functions. Choose the correct
answer among the choices given.

2. ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1)
A. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 B. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 4 C. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 5 D. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 5

𝑥5
3. 𝑓(𝑥) =
3𝑥 2 +1
9𝑥 7 +5𝑥 3 9𝑥 6 +5𝑥 4 9𝑥 5 +5𝑥 6 9𝑥 4 +5𝑥 6
A. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 2 B. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = C. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = D. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(3𝑥 +1) (3𝑥 2 +1)2 (3𝑥 2 +1)2 (3𝑥 2 +1)2

3
 ln(4𝑥+2)
4. 𝑦 =
8𝑥−1
′ 4(3𝑥−1)+3(4𝑥+1) ln(4𝑥+2) 4(3𝑥−1)+3(4𝑥+1) ln(4𝑥+2)
A. 𝑦 = C. 𝑦 ′ =
(4𝑥+2)(3𝑥−1)2 (3𝑥−1)2
4(3𝑥−1)−3(4𝑥+1) ln(4𝑥+2) 4(3𝑥−1)−3(4𝑥+1) ln(4𝑥+2)
B. 𝑦′ = D. 𝑦 ′ =
(4𝑥+2)(3𝑥−1)2 (3𝑥−1)2

5. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 tan 2𝑥
A. 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 tan 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 5 sec 2𝑥 C. 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 tan 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
B. 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 tan 2𝑥 + 𝑥 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 D. 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 tan 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥

Lesson DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP

1 BETWEEN DIFFERENTIABILITY AND

CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION

What’s In
We shall learn how to find the derivatives through differentiation rules. But before we
can apply these rules, we need to recognize the exceptions to the rule. Let us recall the
following definitions:

Definition 1 (Continuity at a Number).

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐

A function 𝑓(𝑥), is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if ALL of the following conditions are satisfied:

i. 𝑓(𝑐) is defined;
ii. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists; and
𝑥→𝑐
iii. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐

Definition 2 (Continuity on ℜ).

A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous everywhere if 𝑓 is continuous at every real
number.

Definition 3.
A function 𝑓 is differentiable at the number 𝑐 if

𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim exists.
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

4
 What’s New

Continuity and differentiability are two critical issues. Most, but not all, of the functions
we encounter in calculus will be differentiable over their entire domain. It means that not all
functions are differentiable in their domain. A function is differentiable if and only if its derivative
exists. On the other hand, a function is continuous if it satisfies the different conditions on
continuity, as discussed in our previous modules. Below are several examples of how to
determine whether a function is continuous and differentiable at a number.

What Is It
Identify if the given functions are differentiable at a given value of 𝑐 using the three
conditions.

EXAMPLE 1:
Consider:
(𝑥 − 3)2 + 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 + 4
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 2
𝑥−1
If 𝒙 = 𝟐, then (𝒙 + 𝟒)
𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = =𝟔
𝒇(𝟐) = (𝒙 − 𝟑) + 𝟐 𝒙→𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒇(𝟐) = (𝟐 − 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟑
The function is not continuous at 𝒄 = 𝟐 since 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔, hence the
𝒙→𝟐
limit of 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist.
In this case, it is not continuous; therefore, it is not differentiable.
EXAMPLE 2:
The piecewise function defined by:
2𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4
𝑓(𝑥) = {
5𝑥 − 9 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4
is continuous at 𝑐 = 4. For the reason that,
If 𝒙 = 𝟒, then If 𝒙 < 𝟒, then If 𝒙 > 𝟒, then
𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟓(𝟒) − 𝟗 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 +3 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟗
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒
𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏
𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟏𝟏
Notice that the left side and the right side of the limits are equal, So, that tells us that
the limit as 𝒙 approaches 𝟒 from either side exists and it is equal to 𝟏𝟏.
Since 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟏𝟏, the function is indeed continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟒.
𝒙→𝟒
On the other hand, computing for the derivative,
2𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4
𝑓(𝑥) = {
5𝑥 − 9 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4

2(𝑥+ℎ)+3−(2𝑥+3) 2𝑥+2ℎ+3−2𝑥−3 2ℎ
For 𝑥 < 4, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 = 2
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

5
 5(𝑥+ℎ)−9−(5𝑥−9) 5𝑥+5ℎ−9−5𝑥+9 5ℎ
or 𝑥 > 4, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 − 9 and 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 5 = 5
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

Notice that the left-sided limit and the right-sided limit are not equal. That tells us that
the first derivative 𝑓′(𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥 = 4 which suggests that the original function
𝑓(𝑥) is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 4.
The original function is continuous at 𝑥 = 4 but the original function 𝑓(𝑥) is not
differentiable at 𝑥 = 4 because the first derivative 𝑓′(𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥 = 4.

EXAMPLE 3:
Is the piecewise function defined by:

𝑥2 − 8 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3
𝑓(𝑥) = { continuous at 𝑥 = 3?
4𝑥 − 11 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3

Let us find out.

If 𝒙 = 𝟑, then If 𝒙 < 𝟑, then If 𝒙 > 𝟑, then
𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟒(𝟑) − 𝟏𝟏 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖 and so 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 and so
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙→𝟑
𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖 =𝟏 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟏
The left side and the right side of the limits are equal. So, that tells us that the limit as
𝒙 approaches 𝟑 from either side exists, and it is equal to 𝟏.
Since 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟏, the function is indeed continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟑.
𝒙→𝟑
Now, is the function differentiable at 𝑥 = 3? So, let us begin by finding the first
derivative, that is

𝑥2 − 8 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3
𝑓(𝑥) = {
4𝑥 − 11 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3

2𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = {
4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3

To determine if the original function 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable, we need to analyze the

continuity of the first derivative 𝑓′(𝑥).

We need to use the three-step continuity test on the first derivative function.

1. 𝑓(3) is defined
Substitute 𝑓(3) in 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 11 = 1
Since the given is a piecewise function, we have to check the right hand and left-hand limits.

2. Left Hand Limit Right Hand Limit

𝑓 ′ (3) = lim 2𝑥 = lim 2(3) = 6 𝑓 ′ (3) = lim 4 = 4
𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

Notice that the left-hand limit and the right-hand limit are not equal. Therefore 𝑓′(3)
does not exist (DNE).

6
3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(3)
𝑥→3

Since the conditions are not satisfied, therefore the given function 𝑓(x) is not
differentiable at 𝑥 = 3.

What’s More

Solve if the given function is continuous and/or differentiable at the indicated values
of x. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1.Is the function defined by

𝑥2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 + 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
continuous at 𝑥 = 0?

differentiable at 𝑥 = 0?

2. Is the function defined by

𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = { 4
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1
continuous at 𝑥 = 1?

differentiable at 𝑥 = 1?

3. Consider the function defined by:

3
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
Is 𝑓 differentiable at 𝑥 = 1?

Is 𝑓 differentiable at 𝑥 = 0?

What I Have Learned

In determining the relationship between differentiability and continuity of a function,
always remember that:

(a) If 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐, it does not mean that 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

(b) If 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑓(𝑥) is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
(c) If 𝑓(𝑥) is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐, it does not mean that 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
(d) A function f is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if one of the following is true:
i. 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
ii. the graph of 𝑓 has a vertical tangent line at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
iii. the graph of 𝑓 has a corner or cusp at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

7
 What I Can Do
WRITTEN TASK

For this week, you are required to answer this assessment tool for written work.

To do the task, take note of the learning competency, the question to be answered, and the
rubric on how you will be evaluated. On the CLAIM box, you will state your stand about the
given question. On the EVIDENCE box, you must provide the necessary data supporting your
claim, and on the REASONING box, you must state mathematical concepts/ideas that will
justify your claim.

Learning Competency: Determine the relationship between differentiability and continuity of

a function.
Suppose 𝑓 is a function such that 𝑓’(7) is undefined. Which of the
following statements is always true?
Question a. 𝑓 must be continuous at 𝑥 = 7.
b. 𝑓 is definitely not continuous at 𝑥 = 7.
c. There is not enough information to determine whether or not 𝑓 is
continuous at 𝑥 = 7.

CLAIM

EVIDENCE

REASONING

RUBRIC :

Criteria 4 3 2 1 0
Made an Made an Made an Made an No
accurate, accurate and accurate inaccurate attempt
Claim
complete and complete claim. claim. made
detailed claim. claim.
Provided Provided Provided Provided No
accurate, accurate and accurate inaccurate attempt
sufficient, and sufficient evidence. evidence. made
Evidence
precise evidence to
evidence to support claim.
support claim.
Provided Provided Provided Provided No
reasoning that reasoning that reasoning that reasoning attempt
links the claim links the claim links the that does not made
Reasoning and evidence. and evidence. evidence to link evidence
Includes Includes the claim. to the claim.
appropriate, appropriate Includes
sufficient and and sufficient appropriate

8
 satisfactory mathematical mathematical
mathematical principles/conc principles/conc
principles/conc epts/ideas. epts/ideas.
epts/ideas.

APPLY THE DIFFERENTIATION

Lesson RULES IN COMPUTING THE
DERIVATIVE OF AN ALGEBRAIC,
2 EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC,
TRIGONOMETRIC, AND INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

What’s In

Taking the derivatives of a function is what we mean by differentiating a function. By

differentiation, we mean the process of finding a derivative. In this lesson, we develop rules
for finding derivatives that allow us to bypass this process. We begin with the basics.
RECALL:

Derivatives can be expressed as:

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑓′(𝑥) 𝐷𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)] [𝑓(𝑥)] [𝑦] 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Compute the derivatives of the following functions using the definition given by:

𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim if the limit exists.
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
2
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 5 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3

What’s New
How do we find derivatives?
Computing the derivative using the definition can be challenging and tiring. The
following rules help us find the derivatives easier. We call these rules DIFFERENTIATION
RULES. We use some rules that tell us how to find the derivative of almost any function. In
this lesson, we will introduce these rules.

What Is It
DIFFERENTIATING CONSTANT FUNCTIONS

9
RULE 1: The Constant Rule The derivative of any constant 𝑐 is zero.
′
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐, then 𝑓 (𝑥) = 0. 𝑑
(𝑐) = 0
𝑑𝑥

Example 1:

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 c. 𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝜋 3𝜋
b. ℎ(𝑥) = −√3 d. 𝑓(𝑥) = −
7
𝑓’(𝑥) = 0 ℎ’(𝑥) = 0 𝑔’(𝑥) = 0
𝑓’(𝑥) = 0

DIFFERENTIATING POWER FUNCTIONS

RULE 2: The Power Rule
The derivative of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ power of a variable is the product of 𝑛 and the
(𝑛 − 1)𝑡ℎ power of the variable and multiply it by 𝑥 raised to the next lower integer
power.

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 where 𝑛 ∈ ℝ, then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .

𝑑
(𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 where 𝑛 > 0
𝑑𝑥

Example 2:
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 b. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 12 c. 𝑔(𝑥) =
1
d. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 3
4
𝑥4
Negative exponent Rule: Rational exponent Rule:
𝑚 𝑚
𝟏 𝑛 𝑛
𝒂−𝒏 = 𝒏
𝒂 √𝑥𝑚 = ( √𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛

Solution: Solution: Solution: Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥3 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 12 1 4
𝑔(𝑥) = 4 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 3
𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 3−1 ℎ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 12−1
3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 11 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 −4 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 4
𝑔′ (𝑥) = −4𝑥 −4−1 3 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ( ) 𝑥 4−1
𝑔′ (𝑥) = −4𝑥 −5 4
(avoid a negative exponent ′
3 −1
in the numerator, we need 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 4
4
to simplify) 3 1
4 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = • 1
𝑔′(𝑥) = − 4 4
𝑥5 𝑥
(transform fractional exponent
into radicals)
3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4
4 √𝑥
DIFFERENTIATING A CONSTANT TIMES A FUNCTION
RULE 3: The Constant Multiple Rule
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 • ℎ(𝑥), then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 𝑘 • ℎ’(𝑥).
where 𝑘 = constant and ℎ(𝑥) is a differentiable function.
Example 3:
3
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 c. ℎ(𝑥 ) = −√3 𝑥
Solution: Solution:
ℎ(𝑥) = −√3 𝑥

10
 3
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 4 ℎ′ (𝑥 ) = −(1)√3 𝑥1−1
3 3 ℎ′ (𝑥 ) = −√3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 5. 𝑥 4−1
4
15 −1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4
4

DIFFERENTIATING SUMS AND DIFFERENCES OF FUNCTIONS

RULE 4: The Sum and Difference Rule

The derivative of a sum of a finite number of differentiable functions is a sum of the
derivatives, and the derivative of the difference equals the difference of the derivatives.
Given that 𝑔 and ℎ are differentiable functions,
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) ± ℎ(𝑥) , then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 𝑔’(𝑥) ± ℎ’(𝑥). Let 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable functions
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
then (𝑢 ± 𝑣) = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 4:

a. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 3 + 6
Solution:

We begin by applying the rule for differentiating the

sum of two functions, followed by the rules for
differentiating constant multiples of functions and the
rule for differentiating powers.

𝑑
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (5𝑥3 + 6)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 Apply the sum rule.
𝑓′ (𝑥) = (5𝑥3) + (6)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 Apply the constant multiple rule.
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 5 (5𝑥3 ) + (6)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓′ (𝑥) = 5(5𝑥2 ) + 0 Apply the power rule and the constant rule.
′ 2 Simplify.
𝑓 (𝑥) = 25𝑥

b. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6
Solution:
We begin by applying the rule for differentiating the
sum and difference of functions, followed by the rules
for differentiating powers.
𝑑 2
ℎ ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 6)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑 Apply the Sum and Difference Rule of
ℎ ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 ) + (−4𝑥) + (6)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Differentiation
2−1 Apply the power rule and the constant rule.
ℎ′ (𝑥 ) = (2𝑥 ) − (4𝑥 1−1 ) + (6)
= 2𝑥 − 4 + 0
ℎ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4 Simplify.

c. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 5π
Solution:

11
 We begin by applying the rule for differentiating the sum and
difference of functions, followed by the rules for differentiating
powers.
𝑑 5
ℎ ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 3𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 5π )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 Apply the Sum and Difference Rule of
ℎ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥5 ) + (−3𝑥 4 ) + (2𝑥 3 ) + (−6𝑥) + (5π)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Differentiation
ℎ′ (𝑥) = 5(𝑥5−1 ) − (4)(3)(𝑥 4−1) + (3)(2)(𝑥 3−1 ) − (1)(6)(𝑥1−1 ) + 0 Apply the power rule and the constant rule.
= 5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 6 + 0
ℎ′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥4 − 12𝑥3 + 6𝑥2 − 6 Simplify

DIFFERENTIATING PRODUCTS OF FUNCTIONS

RULE 5: The Product Rule

If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable functions, then If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable functions, then
or 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝐷𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔 ′(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥). (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Remember: Product Rule

The derivative of a product of two functions is the (first function times the derivative of the second
function) PLUS (second function times the derivative of the first function).
Example 5:
a. Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 2)(𝑥 3 − 5𝑥)
Solution.

𝑓′(𝑥) = (𝑥2 − 2)𝐷𝑥 (𝑥3 − 5𝑥) + (𝑥3 − 5𝑥)𝐷𝑥 (𝑥2 − 2) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 2)(𝑥 3 − 5𝑥)
𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 2 𝑣 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥
2 2 3 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 − 5) + (𝑥 − 5𝑥 )(2𝑥) = 2𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 5
or 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= 3𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 2 + 10 + 2𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
+𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 2 − 2)(3𝑥 2 − 5) + (𝑥 3 − 5𝑥)(2𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 2 + 10 + 2𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2
= 5𝑥 4 − 21𝑥 2 + 10
= 5𝑥 4 − 21𝑥 2 + 10

Alternative solution:
You may get the product of the two functions and apply the FOIL Method, then apply
the previous DIFFERENTIATION RULES.

Given:
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 2)(𝑥 3 − 5𝑥)
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 3 + 10𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 7𝑥 3 + 10𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 − 21𝑥 2 + 10
Let:
1 𝑣 = 5𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 5
𝑢 = √𝑥 = 𝑥 2
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥(5𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 5) 𝑑𝑢 1 −1 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑥 2 = 20𝑥 3 − 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:

12
 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣 = (𝑥2 ) (20𝑥3 − 6𝑥) + (5𝑥4 − 3𝑥2 + 5) ( 𝑥− 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
7 5 5 9 5 5 1
= (20𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 2 ) + ( 𝑥2 − 3𝑥2 + 𝑥− 2 )
2 2
7 5 5 9 5 5 1
−
= 20𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥2 − 3𝑥2 + 𝑥 2
2 2
7 5 5 9 5 1
−
= 20𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 2 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 2
2 2

Let:
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 4 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 7𝑥) 𝑢 = 3𝑥 4 − 1 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 12𝑥 3 = 2𝑥 − 7
Solution: 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣 = (3𝑥 4 − 1)(2𝑥 − 7) + (𝑥 2 − 7𝑥)(12𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (6𝑥 5 − 21𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 + 7) + (12𝑥 5 − 84𝑥 4 )
5 5
= 6𝑥 − 21𝑥4 − 2𝑥 + 7 + 12𝑥 − 84𝑥4
5
= 18𝑥 − 105𝑥4 − 2𝑥 + 7

DIFFERENTIATING QUOTIENTS OF TWO FUNCTIONS

RULE 6: The Quotient Rule

If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) be two differentiable If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable functions,

functions with 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0, then then
or
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
𝐷𝑥 ⌊ ⌋= ( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

In quotient rule, (denominator times the derivative of the numerator) MINUS

(numerator times the derivative of the denominator) ALL OVER (square of the denominator).
You may use Memory Aide:
𝑑 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝐷(𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ) − 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝐷(𝐿𝑜𝑤)
⌊ ⌋=
𝑑𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑

(LowDHigh-HighDLow over LowLow)

where: Low = denominator

High = numerator
D = derivative

Example 6: Let:
𝑥+5
a. Assume 𝑓(𝑥) = . Compute 𝑓 ′ (𝑥). 𝑢=𝑥+5 𝑣 = 2𝑥 2 + 3
2𝑥 2 +3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=1 = 4𝑥
Solution: 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

13
 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢 2
𝑑 𝑢
( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑥 + 3)(1) − (𝑥 + 5)(4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2 (2𝑥2 + 3)2
2𝑥2 +3−4𝑥2 −20𝑥
= (2𝑥2 +3)2
−2𝑥 2 −20𝑥+3
= (2𝑥 2 +3)2

Let:
𝑥 2 −4
b. Let ℎ(𝑥) = . Compute ℎ′ (𝑥). 𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 4 𝑣 = 𝑥2 − 4𝑥 − 5
𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 2𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 4
Solution: 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢 2 2
𝑑 𝑢
( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 5)(2𝑥) − (𝑥 − 4)(2𝑥 − 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2 (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5)2
(2𝑥 3 −8𝑥 2 −10𝑥)−(2𝑥 3 −4𝑥−8𝑥+4)
= (𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5)2
2𝑥 3 −8𝑥 2 −10𝑥−2𝑥 3 +4𝑥+8𝑥−4
= (𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5)2
𝑥 3 −8𝑥 2+2𝑥−4
= (𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5)2

RULE 7: DIFFERENTIATING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

I. The derivative of the natural exponential function: The derivative of the
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 . natural exponential function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 is
Example 7: 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
Remember: The derivative of 𝑒 𝑥 is itself.
A.1. Let ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑥4 . Compute ℎ′ (𝑥).

Solution:

𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 4
ℎ′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 ) + (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦
A.2. Let 𝑦 = 5𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 . Compute .
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (5𝑒 𝑥 ) + (4𝑥 3 ) + (−𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 5 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 + 4(3𝑥 3−1 ) − 2𝑥 2−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 5 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

14
 3 𝑑𝑦
A.3. Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − √11𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 6𝜋𝑥 − 𝜋 . Compute .
4 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
3
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − √11𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 6𝜋𝑥 − 𝜋
4
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑥
= 𝑒 − √11(4𝑥 4−1 ) + 2(3𝑥 3−1 ) + 6𝜋 − 0
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑥
= 𝑒 − 4√11𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 6𝜋
𝑑𝑥 4

B. The derivative of the exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) is

𝑑𝑦
(𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5
B.1.Find if 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑢 = 𝑥5
𝑢′ = 5𝑥

𝑑𝑦 5
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5
= 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5
= 5𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 4 −2𝑥 4 +7𝑥 2 −1
B.2. Find if 𝑦 = 2𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑢 = 5𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 2 − 1
𝑢′ = 20𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 3 + 14𝑥

𝑑𝑦 4 −2𝑥 4 +7𝑥 2 −1
(2𝑒 5𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4 −2𝑥 4 +7𝑥 2 −1
= 2𝑒 5𝑥 ∙ 20𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 3 + 14𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4 −2𝑥 4 +7𝑥 2 −1
= 2(20𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 3 + 14𝑥)(𝑒 5𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

C. The derivative of the general exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 , where 𝑎 is any positive real
number not equal to 1, is given by
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥

For any base 𝑎 raised to 𝑥, simply copy the given times 𝑙𝑛 of the given base 𝑎.

C.1.Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥

Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥

15
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 ∙ ln 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 ln 5
(Never multiply the two numbers (5 in 5𝑥 and 5 in ln 5) for they are taken as two different values.)
𝑑𝑦
C.2. Find if 𝑦 = 3𝑒 6𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 15
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑦 = 3𝑒 6𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 15

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 6𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ( 3𝑒 − 5 + 2 + 15𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (3 ∙ 𝑒 6𝑥 ∙ 6) − (5𝑥 ∙ ln 5) + (2𝑥 ∙ ln 2 ) + 15
=
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 18𝑒 − 5 ln 5 + 2 ln 2 + 15
𝑑𝑥

Do not combine 5𝑥 and 2𝑥 for they are taken as two different terms.

D. The derivative of the general exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑢 ,

where:
𝑎 is any positive real number not equal to 1
𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥)
is given by:
𝑑 𝑢
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 ∙ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
Remember:
If the exponent of 𝑎 is no longer just 𝑥, simply copy the given, multiplied to 𝑙𝑛 of
𝑎 multiplied to the derivative of the exponent.

D.1. Find 𝑦 ′ if 𝑦 = 45𝑥

Solution:

𝑦 ′ = 45𝑥 ∙ 𝑙𝑛4 ∙ 5
𝑦 ′ = 5 ∙ 45𝑥 𝑙𝑛4

Always remember that we do not multiply the three numbers (5, 4 in 45𝑥 and 4 in ln 4) for they are taken as three
different values.
𝑑𝑦
D.2. Find 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = 23𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥 − 6𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ( 2 + 𝑒 − 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (23𝑥 ∙ 𝑙𝑛2 ∙ 3) + (𝑒 4𝑥 ∙ 4) − 6
=
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3 ∙ 23𝑥 ∙ 𝑙𝑛2 + 4𝑒 4𝑥 − 6
𝑑𝑥

II. Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

A. The derivative of the natural logarithmic function 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 is

16
 𝑑 1
(𝑙𝑛𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
EXAMPLES:
𝑑𝑦
A.1.Find if 𝑦 = 5 ln 𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥
Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ( 5 ln 𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 9 − 0
= 5∙ +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5
= +9
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
A.2.Find if 𝑦 = 3𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑒 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 4 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
= ( 3 ln 𝑥 − 𝑒 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒 4𝑥 ∙ 4 + 5(4𝑥4−1 ) − 1
= 3∙ −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
= − 4𝑒4𝑥 + 20𝑥3 − 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

B. The derivative of the natural logarithmic function 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑢, where 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) is

𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑢′
(ln 𝑢) = • 𝑢′ or (ln 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑢

EXAMPLES:

𝑑𝑦
B.1. Find if 𝑦 = ln 7𝑥 2 Let 𝑢 = 7𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑢′ = 14𝑥
Solution:

𝑑 1
(ln 𝑢) = • 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2 • 14𝑥
𝑑𝑥 7𝑥
𝑑𝑦 14𝑥
= 2
𝑑𝑥 7𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
B.2. Find if 𝑦 = ln 7𝑥 2 − ln(4𝑥 + 7) + 7𝑙𝑛𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ( 𝑙𝑛3𝑥 − ln(4𝑥 + 7) + 7 𝑙𝑛𝑥 4 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= ( ∙3) − ( ∙ 4) + 7∙( ∙ 4𝑥4−1 )
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥+7
3𝑥 𝑥4

17
 𝑑𝑦 3 4 7 ∙ 4𝑥 3
= − +
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 4𝑥 + 7 𝑥4
𝑑𝑦 1 4 28
= − +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4𝑥 + 7 𝑥

C. The derivatives of the other logarithmic functions:

𝑑𝑦 1
1. 𝑑𝑥 (log𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ln𝑎, where 𝑎 > 𝑜 but 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑑𝑦 1
2. 𝑑𝑥 (log𝑎 𝑢) = 𝑢 ln 𝑎 ∙ 𝑢′ , where 𝑎 > 𝑜 but 𝑎 ≠ 1 and 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥

EXAMPLES
C.1.Find 𝑦′ if 𝑦 = 7 log 5 𝑥 − log 6 𝑥 +8 log 4 𝑥 +4𝑒 5𝑥 − 20

Solution:
𝑦 = 7 log 5 𝑥 − log 6 𝑥 + 8 log 4 𝑥 + 4𝑒 5𝑥 − 20

1 1 1
𝑦′ = 7∙ − 8∙ + 4(𝑒 5𝑥 )(5) − 0
𝑥 ln5 + 𝑥 ln4
𝑥 ln6

7 1 8
𝑦′ = − + + 20𝑒 5𝑥
𝑥 ln5 𝑥 ln 6 𝑥 ln 4

C.2. Find 𝑦′ if 𝑦 = 7 log 8 (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8)

Solution:
𝑦 = 7 log 8 (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8)

1
𝑦 ′ = 7 (3𝑥 2 (3𝑥 + 4)
+4𝑥−8)ln8

21𝑥 + 28
𝑦′ =
(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8)ln 8

RULE 8. Differentiating Trigonometric Functions

𝑑
(a) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(b) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 Note:
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 In identifying derivatives of trigonometric functions, we apply
(c) (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 the formulas for the derivatives of the specified trigonometric
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 functions. As well as the differentiation rules for power, constant
(d) (𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 multiple, sum, product, quotient, and exponential may also be
𝑑
(e) (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 required if needed. In some instances, we go back to some
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 trigonometric identities that we might need in the future.
(f) (𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Example 8:
a. Find 𝑦 ′ if 𝑦 = 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 7𝑐𝑠𝑐 + 5
Solution:
𝑦 = 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 7 csc 𝑥 + 5

18
 𝑦′ = 8(cos 𝑥) + 4(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 7(−𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) + 0
𝑦 ′ = 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 7 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

b. Find 𝑦 ′ if 𝑦 = 3𝑥 7 + 9𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 4 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

Solution:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 7 + 9𝑥 − 4 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 − 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

𝑦′ = 3(7)(𝑥 7−1 ) + 9 − 4(−𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥) − 3(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)

𝑦 ′ = 21𝑥 6 + 9 + 4 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

𝑑
c. Find 𝑑𝑥
if 𝑦 = 8𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Solution:
In this case, 8𝑥 2 and tan𝑥 are two different functions and the operation between them
is multiplication. Therefore, we apply product rule.
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) =𝑢 +𝑣 𝑢 = 8𝑥 2 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢′ = 16𝑥 𝑣 ′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑
(8𝑥2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = (8𝑥2 )(𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥) + (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)(16𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 8𝑥2 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 + 16𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑒𝑥
d. Find 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥)
Note that 𝑒 𝑥 and sec 𝑥 are two different functions in the form . Therefore, we
𝑔(𝑥)
apply the quotient rule.

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2 𝑢′ = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑣′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑑 𝑒𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 )( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)2
𝑑 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥
( )= 2 − 2 = − = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ( ) (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑 𝑒𝑥
( ) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

RULE 9. Differentiating Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(a) ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = (d) ( 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = 2
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(b) ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = − (e) ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(c) ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = (f) ( 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1

Example 9.

19
 a. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = √𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥
Solution:
𝑦 = √𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥

Let: 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
= 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
( 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = (Apply Chain Rule)
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
1
1 1
𝑦′ = (𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥)2−1 ( )
2 1+𝑥2
1
1 1 1
𝑦′ = (𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥)−2 ( ) or 𝑦′ =
2 1+𝑥2 2√𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 (1+𝑥2 )

b. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (5𝑥)

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (5𝑥)

Let: 𝑢 = 5𝑥
𝑑𝑢
=5
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
1
= ∙5
√1−(5𝑥)2
5
=
√1−25𝑥 2
c. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = (√𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥)

Solution:

𝑦 = (√𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥)

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐−1 𝑥) + (𝑠𝑒𝑐−1 𝑥) (𝑥2 − 1)2
𝑑𝑥
(Apply the Product Rule)
𝑑 1 1 1 −1
= (𝑥2 − 1)2 + (𝑠𝑒𝑐−1 𝑥) (𝑥2 − 1) 2
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥2 − 1 2

−1
𝑑 √𝑥2 − 1 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)
= +
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥2 − 1 √𝑥2 − 1

−1
𝑑 1 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)
= +
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥| √𝑥2 − 1

20
 What’s More

Solve the derivatives of the following functions. Show your complete solutions. You
may use separate paper for the solution.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 + 7)(2𝑥 − 8)
4𝑥−7
2. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 +1
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = x ln 𝑥
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = cot 3𝑥 3

What I Have Learned

DIFFERENTIATION RULES
Basic Functions Exponential Logarithmic Trigonometric Inverse Trigonometric
Functions Functions Functions Functions
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑐) = 0 (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑥) = (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′ 𝑑 1
(𝑥)2 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 (ln 𝑢) = • 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 (𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 (log 𝑎 𝑥) = ,
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑐 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 (𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 ∙ 𝑢′ (log 𝑎 𝑢) =
(𝑢 ± 𝑣) = ± 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = 2
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑 1
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

𝑑
(𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 − 1

What I Can Do
Identify the derivatives of the following functions. Show your complete solutions. Use
a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

2𝑥 2 +1 𝑒 2𝑥+1
1. 𝑔(𝑥) = 2. 𝑦 = 5. ℎ(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + cot 𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑒 𝑥 −1

3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 • ln 𝑥 − 1 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = csc 4𝑥

21
 Assessment

Directions: Read each item carefully. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. For each statement below, write True if the statement is correct and False if otherwise.
For letters 𝑎 − 𝑒, consider the function defined by

𝑥3 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
𝑥 +1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
At 𝑥 = 2, the function is
a. undefined.
b. differentiable but not continuous.
c. continuous but not differentiable.
d. both continuous and differentiable.
e. neither continuous nor differentiable.

For items 2-5, find the derivative of each of the following functions. Choose the correct
answer among the choices given.

2. ℎ(𝑥) = (3𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)

A. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 3 − 27𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12 C. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 3 − 27𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
B. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 3 + 27𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12 D. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 3 + 27𝑥 2 − 8𝑥

2𝑥 2 +1
3. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−3
2𝑥 2 −12𝑥+1 2𝑥 2 −12𝑥+1
A. 𝑓′(𝑥) = C. 𝑓′(𝑥) =
(𝑥−3) (𝑥−3)2
2𝑥 2 +12𝑥+1 2𝑥 2 +12𝑥+1
B. 𝑓′(𝑥) = D. 𝑓′(𝑥) =
(𝑥−3) (𝑥−3)2
4. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑥
A. 𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 5 C. 𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + (ln 𝑥)5𝑥
B. 𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + (𝑙𝑛5)5𝑥 D. 𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + (ln 𝑒 𝑥 )5𝑥

5. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 5𝑥
−5 5 −5 5
A. 𝑦′ = B. 𝑦′ = C. 𝑦′ = D. 𝑦′ =
√1−25𝑥 2 √1−25𝑥 2 |5𝑥|√25𝑥 2 −1 |5𝑥|√25𝑥 2 −1

22
Answer Key

23
References:
Department of Education. 2016. Basic Calculus Teaching Guide for Senior High School.
Commission on Higher Education. Quezon City.

Balmaceda, J. M. et al. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Basic Calculus. Quezon
City. CHED.

Eduard M. Albay. 2020. Basic Calculus. Diwa Learning Systems Inc. Makati City.

Pelias, John Gabriel P. 2016. Basic Calculus. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
https://bit.ly/3c2RE3Y

https://youtu.be/glEBX8DZBUQ

Calculus Volume 1. 2016 [online] Availabe at

<https://openstax.org/details/books/calculus-volume1> [Accessed 1 March 2021]

How to Differentiate Exponential Functions [online] Availabe at

<https://www.mathwarehouse.com/calculus/derivatives/how-to-find-derivatives-of-
exponential-functions.php> [Accessed 1 March 2021]

How to Differentiate Trigonometric Functions [online] Availabe at

<https://www.mathwarehouse.com/calculus/derivatives/how-to-differentiate-
trigonometric-functions.php> [Accessed 1 March 2021]

How to Differentiate Trigonometric Functions [online] Availabe at

<https://www.mathwarehouse.com/calculus/derivatives/how-to-differentiate-
trigonometric-functions.php> [Accessed 1 March 2021]

How to Differentiate Inverse Trigonometric Functions [online] Availabe at

<https://www.mathwarehouse.com/calculus/derivatives/how-to-differentiate-with-
inverse-trig-functions.php> [Accessed 1 March 2021]

How to Differentiate Logarithmic Functions [online] Availabe at

<https://www.mathwarehouse.com/calculus/derivatives/how-to-differentiate-with-
logar ithmic-functions.php> [Accessed 1 March 2021]

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Curriculum Implementation Division (CID)
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City 2900
Contact Number: (077) 771-3678
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