IT 111- Introduction to Computing

I. MODULE III - Key Components of a Computer System, Operating Systems

II. Introduction

This lesson introduces the discussion of the key components of a computer

system, and how they work together. There are three main components to a computer
system: hardware, software and peopleware. Computer associated equipment is called
hardware. Computer software is a collection of instructions which tells what to do with
the hardware. However, peopleware are the most important component of a computer
system for some reason people use the computer power. Assessment tasks shall be
performed at the end of the lessonIII. .

III. Learning Outcome

At the end of the chapter, the student should be able to:
 explain the key components of computer system;
 classify the components of computer system;
 distinguish the difference between the hardware, software and
humanware;
 define Operating System;
 identify the basic concepts of an operating system; and
 discuss and enumerate the different types of operating system.

IV. Learning Content

 Hardware
 Software
 Major functions of operating system
 Types of operating system
 Humanware
Computer System

 It is a collection of entities (hardware, software and humanware) that are

designed to receive, process, manage and present information in a meaningful
format.

Figure 3.1. A computer system operates on three significant components.

 It consists primarily of four basic units: the input unit, the storage units, the
central processing unit and the output unit. A computer performs five major
operations or functions regardless of its size and make.
These are:
 It accepts data or instructions as input;
 It stores data and instruction;
 It processes data as per the instructions;
 It controls all operations inside a computer, and ;
 Its gives results in the form of output.

Secondary
Storage

Data/ Primary Output

Input
Instructions Storage Unit
Unit
Information

Arithmetic
Logic Unit

Indicates flow of instructions and data

Control Unit
Indicates the control exercised by the
control unit
 Input Unit. It used for transfers’ raw data and control signals into
Figure
the information processing 3.1. Computer
system System
by the user basic
before Operation
processing and computation. All the input
unit devices provide the instructions and data are transformed into binary codes that is the
primary memory acceptable format.
The functions of the input unit are:
o accept data and set of instructions/command;
o convert the data in a form which the computer can accept; and
o provide this converted data to the computer for further processing.

Central Processing Unit. This is called the brain of the computer system. It consists of
three parts namely, the control unit; the arithmetic logic unit; and the primary storage unit.
a. Control Unit
- It controls, manages and coordinates the operations of the entire
computer system.
b. Arithmetic Logic Unit
- It executes the instructions and performs all the calculations and
decisions.
c. Primary Storage Unit
- It is also called as main memory
- the data which is to be output from the computer system is also
temporarily stored
- it is the storage section that holds the computer programs during
execution
- it Stores temporary results of intermediate processing

Output Unit. It give the results of the process and computations to the outside world.
The output units accept the results produced by the computer, convert them into a human
readable form and supply them to the users.

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Computer hardware – It consists of internal and peripheral devices. All physical parts of
the computer or everything that we can touch.
e.g.:Input devices, output devices, central processing unit and storage
devices
Computer software - also known as programs or applications. It gives “intelligence” to
the computer. They are classified into two classes namely - system
software and application software
 Humanware – it is the person who operates computer. The user commands the
computer system to execute on instructions.

Computer Hardware Components

Hardware. It consists of all the machinery and equipment in a computer system.

In general, computer hardware is categorized according to which of the five computer
operations it performs.
 Input devices
 Processing devices
 Storage devices
 Output devices

Input Devices. It is any electronic devices connected to a computer that produce input
signals. It is also used to enter the data and instructions into the computer.
- It translate data from form that humans understand to one that the computer
can work with.

Classification of Input Devices

a. Input Devices for Texts and Images
Keyboard Scanner Optical Mark Reader

It Scanner
Flatbed is an Handheld
electronically
Scanner
It is the primary input extracting intended data
device that is used to from marked fields, such as
It used to capture a source document and
enter data into a checkboxes and fill-infields,
converts it into an electronic form.
computer or any other on printed forms. OMR
electronic device by Barcode Reader technology scans a printed
pressing keys. It uses It is also known as barcode form and reads predefined
USB or a Bluetooth scanner or point of sale
positions and records
device for wireless (POS) scanner, is an input
device capable of reading where marks are made on
communication to the form.
barcodes.
connect to a computer.
 Graphics Table Digital Camera
Magnetic Ink Character Reader
It is a device used for
machine recognition of numeric
data printed with magnetically
charged ink. It is used on bank
checks and deposit
A device that takes
photographs and stores the
image as data on
It used by artists which
allow them to draw a a memory card.
picture onto a computer
screen without having to
use a mouse or
keyboard. It consists of a
flat, touch-sensitive pad
and a drawing device,
either a pen or stylus.

Figure 3.3. List of Input devices for Texts and Images

b. Input Devices for Audio

Microphone
Is an input device that allows users to input audio into their computers. Here are some uses
of the microphone:
- Audio for video - Computer gaming - Online chatting
- Recording musical instruments -Recording voice for dictation, singing and podcasts
- Voice recorder - Voice recognition - VoIP – Voice over Internet Protocol

MIDI Keyboard
It is a controller keyboard, like a typically a piano-style electronic musical keyboard,
often with other buttons, wheels and sliders, used for sending MIDI signals or
commands over a USB or MIDI 5-pin cable to other musical devices or computers.

Figure 3.4. List of Input devices for Audio

c. Input Devices for Video

CCTV Camera Digital Video Camera

Webcam

Video input are motion images captured into the

computer by special input devices.

Figure 3.4. List of Input devices for Video

 d. Pointing Device

Pointing Device is an input device that allows a user to control a pointer on a screen. A pointer
is a small symbol on the screen whose location and shape change as a user moves a pointing
device

Joyst
ick

Mouse Trackball Touchpad

Figure 3.5. List of Pointing Input devices

Output Devices. Hardware that is capable of delivering or showing information to one

or more users. An output device displays, prints and presents the results of a computers
work.
After processing the inputted data, the computer will give its output. This output
can be in two different formats:
1. Softcopy – Visual (monitor) or Sound (speakers)
2. Hardcopy – Output on a tangible (something you can touch) such as a
printer printout

Different Types of Output Devices

LCD Monitor LED Monitor LCD Projector

LCD Monitor
Therm
al
Printer
Dot Matrix Printer Laser Printer Ink Jet Printer

Woofer Head Earph

set one

Speaker
 Figure 3.7. Different Types of Output Devices

Storage Devices. It is any hardware device that is used for storing, porting and
extracting data files and objects. It can hold and store information either temporarily and
permanently, and can be internal or external to a computer.

Types of Computer Storage

1. Primary storage
2. Secondary storage

1. Primary Storage. Primary storage is the main memory in a computer. It stores

data and programs that can be accessed directly by the processor.
There are two types of primary storage which are RAM and ROM

Figure 3.8. RAM and ROM

Table 3.1. The Difference between RAM and ROM

Random-Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM)
RAM is an acronym for Random- Access ROM is an acronym for Read- Only Memory.
Memory which means the data and The data or program in ROM can only be
program in RAM can be read and written. read but cannot be written at all
RAM stores data during and after ROM is another type of memory permanently
processing. RAM is also known as a stored inside the computer.
working memory.
The data in RAM can be read (retrieved) or All the contents in ROM can be accessed and
written (stored). read but cannot be changed.
RAM is volatile which means the programs ROM is non-volatile. It holds the programs
and data in RAM are lost when the and data when the computer is powered off.
computer is powered off.
A computer uses RAM to hold temporary Programs in ROM have been prerecorded.
instructions and data needed to complete It can only be stored by the manufacturer
tasks. This enables the CPU (Central once and it cannot be changed.
Processing Unit) to access instructions and
data stored in the memory very quickly

2. Secondary Storage - Secondary storage is another alternative storage to save

your work and documents. This can be removable, internal, or external. It is very
useful to store programs and data for future use. It is non-volatile, which means
that it does not need power to maintain the information stored in it. It will store the
information until it is erased.

Figure 3.9. Types of Secondary Story

Types of Secondary Storage

a. Magnetic Medium. It is a non-volatile storage medium. It can be any type of

storage medium that utilizes magnetic patterns to represent information.
Examples of magnetic storage are magnetic disk such as a floppy disk, used for
off-line storage; hard disk, used for secondary storage and magnetic tape such
as video cassette; audio storage reel-to-reel tape.
Flop Magne
py tic
Disk Tape

Hard Disk Video Cassette

Figure 3.10. Types of Magnetic Medium

b. Optical Medium. It is a non-volatile storage media, holds content in digital form

that are written and read by laser. These media include various types of CDs and
DVDs.
Types of Optical Medium
 CD CD ROM DVD CD-R CD-RW DVD-RW DVD-RAM
Figure 3.11. Types of Optical Medium

c. Flash Memory. It is a solid-state, non-volatile, rewritable memory that functions

like RAM and a hard disk drive. Flash memory store bits of electronic data in
memory cells just like DRAM (Dynamic RAM) but it also works like a hard disk
drive that when the power is turned off, the data remains in the memory. Flash
memory cards and flash memory sticks are examples of flash memory.

Types of Flash Memory

Solid State Hard Disc Memory Stick Flash memory Micro Flash Memory
Figure 3. 12. Types of Flash Memory

CAPACITY. It refers to the number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold
1 Byte = 8 Bits 1 KB = 1024 Byte
1 Megabyte = 1024 Kilobyte 1GB = 1024 MB
1 Terabyte (TB) = 1 trillion byte 1 Petabyte (PB) = 1 quadrillion byte
1 Exabyte (EB) = 1 quintillion byte 1 Zetabyte (ZB) = 1 sextillion byte
1 Yotabyte (YB) = 1 septillion byte
Table 3.2. Different Storage Capacity

System Unit
The system unit is a boxlike case that houses the computer’s main hardware
components
Parts of a System Unit
1. Motherboard/Mainboard. The motherboard is the
main circuit board holding the integrated circuits for
the microprocessor, memory, etc. The motherboard
also supports internal connectors for the hard disk
drives & optical drives (CD, DVD), etc, and external
connectors for the mouse, keyboard, printer,
speakers, etc.
Figure 3.13. Motherboard
 2. Hard Disk Drive Storage (HDD). It used as the main
storage device for programs and data when the computer
is not being used. Information is stored on the hard drive
magnetically and the capacity of the device is usually
measured in Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes, etc.
Figure 3.14. Hard Disk Drive

3. Optical Drive (CD/DVD). A DVD drive allows removable

optical discs to be used to store information.

Figure
4. 3.15. Optical Drive
Memory/RAM. Memory is the processor’s working area
and is here all operations actually take place while the
computer is running.
Memory is also called Random Access Memory and
consists of small memory ‘chips’ which fit into slots on the
motherboard.
Figure 3.16. Memory

5. Microprocessor/Central Processing Unit/CPU. This is

the ‘computer on a chip’ and is the device which actually
executes the instructions.

Figure 3.17. Microprocessor/CPU

Components of the CPU

a. Control unit. Coordinates and controls all parts of the computer
system.
b. Arithmetic-logic unit. Performs arithmetic or
logical operations
c. Registers. Temporarily store the most frequently used
Figure 3.18. Processor
instructions and data

6. Computer Power Supply. This supplies the electricity to

all the parts in the computer.
Figure 3.19. Computer Power Supply
7. Heat Sink/Fan. This sits on top of the CPU and draws
heat up into the fins of the Heat Sink, and then the Fan
pulls air up and through the fins cooling them. That is how
the CPU is stays cool, otherwise it would over heat and
shut 3.20.
Figure down Heatthe computer.
Sink/Fan

8. Network card. Attach to the PCI (Peripheral component

interconnect ) slot used for a Broadband connection, like
cable or DSL.
Figure 3.21. Network Card

9. Sound Card. It is a computer expansion card that

facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from
a computer under control of computer programs.
Figure 3.22. Sound Card

10. Graphics Card. It is an expansion card whose function

is to generate and output images to a display

Figure 3.23. Graphics Card

11. Chipset. It is a collection of chips that provide the

switching circuitry needed to move data throughout the
computer.

Figure 3.24. Chipset

12. Cooling Fan. Cooling Fan is used for cooling purposes.

Figure 3.25. Cooling Fan

13. CMOS Battery. It provides CMOS with the power

when the computer is turned off all motherboards
comes with a battery. These batteries mount on the

Figure 3.26. CMOS Battery

 motherboard in one of three ways: the obsolete external battery, the most
common onboard battery, and built-in battery.
CMOS – Complementary Metal Oxide Semi- Conductor

14. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) Controller. It is

responsible for controlling the hard drive and CDROM.

Figure 3.27. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) Controller

15. SATA (Serial Advance Technology Attachment)

Controller. Major upgrade of IDE controller,
responsible for controlling the hard drive and CDROM.
Figure 3.28. SATA (Serial Advance Technology Attachment)

Computer Software Components

Computer Software
It refers to the set of computer programs, procedures that describe the programs, how
they are to be used. We can say that it is the collection of programs, which increase the
capabilities of the hardware. Software guides the computer at every step where to start and stop
during a particular job. The process of software development is called programming.
Computer software is a generic term for organized collections of code representing
instructions executed by a computer. Software is often written first as source code, and then
converted to a binary format that is specific to the device on which the code will be executed.

Categories of Software
Computer software is normally classified into two broad categories.
 System Software
 Application Software

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
 It is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware
components of a computer system so that the other software and the users of the
system see it as a functional unit without having to be concerned with the low-
level details such as transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto
a display.
  These are general programs designed for performing tasks such as controlling all
operations required to move data into and out of the computer.
 It communicates with printers, card reader, disk, tapes etc. monitor the use of
various hardware like memory, CPU etc.
So without system software it is impossible to operate your computer. The following
diagram is shown in Figure 3.29 is the relation between hardware, software and you as a user
of computer system.

Types of System Software

1. Operating System

 It is software that controls and monitors the running of applications

 It provides a “platform” for software developers who have to design
applications with the OS in mind.
 It is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the
Figure 3. 29. Relation between hardware, software and user
sharing of the resources of the computer
 It is an interface between computer and user.

Figure 3.30. Operating System is an interface between computer

and user
Function of an Operating System

The part of the OS that manages the computer’s resources is known as the
Kernel (otherwise known as the supervisor program). It manages the computer’s
resources (CPU, memory and peripherals).

Memory Resource Backing Store Secondary-

Management Allocation and Management Storage
Sharing Management

Process Communication File I/O System

Management Management Management Management

Interrupt Networking Job Device Security

Handling Accounting Management
Figure 3.31. Function of an Operating System@ guru99.com

Most operating systems perform the following tasks:

a. Memory Management. In several programs can be opened at once, the OS
has to allocate memory to each program that is running, including itself.
b. Resource Allocation and Sharing. Some computer systems can “multi-
task”, i.e. several programs can run at once. The OS allocates processing
time, memory and resources to each.
c. Backing Store Management. The OS maintains a directory of the HDD so
that files and free space can be located quickly. The OS controls the transfer
of the data from disk to memory and back again.
d. Interrupt Handling. The OS will detect “interrupts”, e.g. when the printer is
out of paper; when the user is pressing the ESC key; or when a hardware
device or an application is malfunctioning. The OS will display the appropriate
error message and may suggest corrective action to the user.
e. Process management. It helps OS to create and delete processes. It also
provides mechanisms for synchronization and communication among
processes.
 f. File management. It manages all the file-related activities such as
organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.
g. Device Management. It keeps tracks of all devices. This module also
responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the
task of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.
h. I/O System Management. One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the
peculiarities of that hardware devices from the user.
i. Secondary-Storage Management. Systems have several levels of storage
which includes primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage.
Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a
running program can reference it.
j. Security. This module protects the data and information of a computer
system against malware threat and authorized access.
k. Command interpretation. This module is interpreting commands given by
the acting system resources to process that commands.
l. Networking. A distributed system is a group of processors which do not
share memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate
with one another through the network.
m. Job accounting. It keeps track of time & resource used by various job and
users.
n. Communication management. The Coordination and assignment of
compilers, interpreters, and another software resource of the various users of
the computer systems.

Types of Operating System

Figure 3.32. Types of Operating System

1. Batch Operating System

BATCH
U
U JOB
JOBS C
S
S OPERATING P
E
E JOB SYSTEM U
R
R JOBS
JOB BATCH

Figure 3.33. Batch Operating System

 Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To

speed the same process, a job with a similar type of needs are batched
together and run as a group.
 The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with the
computer. In this type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an
offline device like a punch card and submit it to the computer operator.

2. Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating Systems

Word

Web OPERATING C
Browser SYSTEM P
U

Printing

Figure 3.34. Multi-Tasking/Time-Sharing Operating System

 Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different

terminal (shell) to use a single computer system at the same time.
  The processor time (CPU) which is shared among multiple users is termed
as time sharing.

3. Real time
User

Application Program

Real Time Operating System

Hardware

Figure 3.35. Real Time Operating System

 It is also known as embedded operating system and it is totally depending
upon the clock interrupts.
 A real time operating system time interval to process and respond to inputs is
very small. Examples: Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems.

4. Distributed Operating System

Workstation Terminal File Server

Communication
Network

Database Server Computer Node Workstation

Figure 3.36. Distributed Operating System

 It is used in many processors located in different machines to provide very

fast computation to its users.
 It is a model where distributed applications are running on multiple computers
linked by communication network.
 It is also an extension of the network operating system that supports higher
levels of communication and integration of the machines on the network.
5. Network Operating System

Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to

manage data, user, groups, security, application, and other networking functions.
File Server

Client

Client

Figure 3.37. Network Operating System

6. Mobile OS

Figure 3.38. Mobile Operating System

 Is are those OS which is especially that are designed to allows and power
smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices to run applications and programs.
 Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others
include BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.
 Examples of Operating System
a. The Unix Operating System. It was first created in Bell Labs way back
in the 1960s. It became popular in the 1970s for high-level computing,
but not on the consumer level. Since a lot of Internet services were
originally hosted on Unix machines, the platform gained tremendous
popularity in the 1990s. It still leads the industry as the most common
operating system for Web servers.
b. The Macintosh OS (Mac OS). Develop by Apple Computer in January
24, 1984. It is pre-installed on the Macintosh 128K model computer. The
Mac OS is credited for the widely used feature of every OS to date. The
GUI (Graphical User Interface); the use of icons, buttons a pointing
cursor, and a point and click command to execute instructions rather than
the usual command line driven interface.
c. The MS-DOS (Microsoft-Disk Operating System). It commercialized by
Microsoft. It was the most dominant operating system for the PC
compatible platform during the 1980’s. It is command line driven
interface program where the user interacts with the computer through
command prompts to execute different program.
d. Microsoft Windows Operating System. It is first introduced an
operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on
to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interface
(GUI).
e. Linux Operating System. Linux is an open source operating system (OS)
for personal computers, servers and many other hardware platforms that
is based on the Unix operating system. Linux was originally created by
Linus Torvalds as a free alternative operating system to more
expensive Unix systems. Linux has grown since its creation due in part to
its open source roots. Open source software is freely licensed and users
may copy and even change the code.
There are several operating systems that use the Linux
kernel. These include: Ubuntu, Debian, Red Hat, Fedora, Chrome OS
and Android (for smartphones).

2. Utilities Programs
 This are small, powerful programs with a limited capability, they are
usually operated by the user to maintain a smooth running of the computer
system. Various examples include file management, diagnosing problems
and finding out information about the computer etc. Notable examples of
utility programs include copy, paste, delete, and file searching, disk
defragmenter, disk cleanup.
 3. Device Drivers
 Specialized programs that allow communication between a device and the
computer. Loaded into memory each time a computer is started. When a
new device is added, new device drivers must be installed.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE
It is a type of software that performs task to directly benefit or
assist the user. It is installed on top of an Operating System such as
MS Windows.

Types of application software

a. Proprietary Application Software / Customized Software. It is software
designed for a particular customer. In this case we need to hire a computer
programmer or software creator to develop software for the customer.
b. Packaged software. It is the kind of “off-the-shelf application software” program
developed for sale to the general public. It can be purchased programs, leased,
or rented from a vendor that develops programs and sells them to many
organization. The word package is a commonly used term for a computer
program (or group of programs) that has been developed by a vendor and is
available for purchase in a prepackaged form.

Examples of Application Software

1. Word Processing software - Use this kind of tool to create worksheets, type
letters, and type papers. The following examples are MS Word, WordPerfect,
MS Works, and AppleWorks.
2. Desktop Publishing software - Use this software to make signs, banners,
greeting cards, illustrative worksheets, newsletters, etc. The following
examples are Adobe PageMaker, MS Word, MS Publisher, AppleWorks, MS
Works, and Quark Express.
3. Spreadsheet software - Use this kind of tool to compute number-intensive
problems such as budgeting, forecasting, etc. A spreadsheet will plot nice
graphs very easily. The following examples are MS Excel, Quattro Pro, Lotus
1-2-3, MS Works, and AppleWorks.
4. Database software - Use this software to store data such as address,
membership and other text information. A database can be used to easily sort
 and organize records. The following examples are MS Access, Filemaker Pro,
AppleWorks, and MS Works.
5. Presentation software - Use this software to create multimedia stacks of
cards/screens that can effectively present a lesson or a sales pitch. The user
often clicks on buttons to advance to the next screen in a sequence. The
following examples are MS PowerPoint, AppleWorks (slideshows),
HyperStudio, Flash, Director, HyperCard, Digital Chisel, SuperCard, and
Corel Envoy.
6. Internet Browsers - This software allows one to surf the Web. Often they can
read email and create Web pages too. The following examples are Netscape
Navigator (or Netscape Communicator), MS Internet Explorer, AOL Browser,
Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera Web Browser, and Safari Web
Browser.
7. Email programs - These programs send and receive email. The following
examples are Netscape Messenger (part of Netscape Communicator), MS
Outlook Express, MS Outlook, Eudora, and AOL browser.
8. Graphics Programs (pixel-based) - This software allows one to touch up
photographs and create graphics from scratch. The following examples are
Adobe Photoshop, Paint Shop Pro, AppleWorks, MS Works, MS Paint
(comes free on Windows PC's), and Painter.
9. Graphics Programs (vector-based) - This software creates graphics that
are similar to illustrations or cartoon drawings. The following examples are
Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw, AppleWorks, MS Works, and MS Word.
10. Communications software - This software allows two computers with
modems to communicate through audio, video, and/or chat-based means.
The following examples are MS NetMeeting, AOL Instant Messenger, IRC,
ICQ, and CU-SeeMe.
Capabilities of Software
a. Object Linking and Embedding (OLE). It allows information to be shared
between applications, e.g. a spreadsheet created in Excel can be imported into
Word.
b. Portability of Data. People, who have different types of computers with different
operating systems and applications, often need to transfer files and programs
among their computers. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) allows files to be transferred
over the Internet among different types of computers.
c. Upgradability. Software upgrades can provide new and useful features but they
can also cause problems, such as documents may not be compatible versions,
e.g. a Word 6 file can be read in Word 97 but a Word 97 file cannot be read in
Word 6; data formatting may be lost if a Word 97 document is saved to Word 6
format because Word 97 contains new features that Word 6 does not have;
upgraded software frequently required more memory, more disk space and a
faster processor, so hardware need to be upgraded.
 Humanware

It describes the customer experience of software and hardware. More particularly,

it has to do with the facilities of a computer system being developed based on the
interests and needs of a user.

It is also called as the living ware. It refers to the users of the computer system,
either direct or indirect users.

Figure 3.39. Different types of humanware

Computer Engineers.
o they are engage in software design and application to address the needs
of a particular industry or sector. They are primarily responsible for the
update in the software as well as providing additional customization of
current software to ensure the system’s functionality.
Software Engineers
o they are primarily responsible for the design and development of the
software of the computers, as well as its testing and evaluation.
Information Technology Specialists
o they tasked to plan and coordinate the installation, operation,
troubleshooting and maintenance of the computer’s software and
hardware systems.
Website Designer
o they are engage in the construction of the navigation schemes of a
website.
Compute Technicians
o They in charge with the repair and maintenance of computers and its
servers
o They also build or configure new hardware as well as installing and
bringing up to date the software
o They are also tasked with the creation and maintenance of computer
networks.

Computer Operator
o They are responsible for monitoring and controlling computer systems
especially mainframe computer systems in a company or organization.
System Analyst
o They work to solve problems related to computer technology. Many
analysts set up new computer systems, both the hardware and software;
add new software applications to increase computer productivity.
Project Manager
o They are the person who has the overall responsibility for the successful
initiation, planning, design, execution, monitoring, controlling and closure
of a project.
Programmer
o They refer to a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a
generalist who writes code for many kinds of software.
Database Administrator
o They are responsible for the performance monitoring, security, integrity,
troubleshooting, as well as backup and data recovery of a database. They
use specialized software to store and organize data.
Server Administrator
o It has the overall of a server. This is usually in the context of a business
organization, where a server administrator overseas the performance and
condition of multiple servers in the business, or it can be in the context of
a single person running a game server.

Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWoesdg6YNw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7bQKGEfMpI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1LwJRYiaho
https://www.academia.edu/4791802/SYSTEM_CONCEPT_LESSON_27_OVERVIEW_
OF_COMPUTER_SYSTEM
V. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted
Online (synchronous)
//Edmodo, google classroom, moodle, schoology, Podcast etc..
Remote (asynchronous)
//module, case study, exercises, problems sets, etc…

VI. References:
Albano,G., Canlas, R., Fabregas, A. et.al. 2007. Basic Foundation of
Information Technology
http://www.teach-ict.com/gcse_new/computer%20systems/storage_devices/miniweb/pg6.htm
http://jhigh.co.uk/ComputingSG/ComputerSystems/CS_backStorage1.html
http://www.igcseict.info/theory/3/optic/
http://www.ictlounge.com/html/optical_storage_media.htm
http://electronicdesign.com/memory/fundamentals-flash-memory-storage
http://www.tmv.edu.in/pdf/Distance_education/BCA%20Books/BCA%20I%20SE
M/BCA-121%20Computer%20Fundamental.pdf
https://peda.net/kenya/ass/subjects2/computer-studies/form-1/the-computer-
system
https://computer-components.weebly.com/module-3-input.html
https://resources.collins.co.uk/free/IGCSE_ICT/IGCSE-ICT-sampleunit.pdf
https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/note-detail/3539
https://www.niecdelhi.ac.in/uploads/Notes/btech/1sem/Components%20of%20a%20Computer.
pdf

https://www.guru99.com/operating-system-tutorial.html#7
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/functions-of-operating-system/
ISUE__ __ Syl ___
Revision: 02
Effectivity: August 1, 2020