STATISTICS

1. Find the preferred measure of central location for the sample whose observations 18, 10, 11, 98, 22, 15, 11, 25, and 17
represent the number of automobiles sold during this past January by 9 different automobile agencies. Justify your
choice (10 points)

Ans. Mean is the ideal solution to solve for the central location of the given data for the set of data given is not all distinct.

Solution:
Mean (X) = ∑X ÷ N
= 18 + 10 + 11 + 98 + 22 + 15 + 11 + 25 + 17
= 227 ÷ 9
= 25.22

2. At a recent convention in Daytona Beach, delegates could choose one of three optional recreational tours:
Disneyworld, Marineland, and St. Augustine. Determine the modal choice of 15 delegates who made the following
decisions : Disneyworld, St. Augustine, Disneyworld, Disneyworld, Marineland, St. Augustine, Marineland,
Disneyworld, Marineland, Marineland, Disneyworld, St. Augustine, Disneyworld, Marineland, and Disneyworld. (10
points)

Ans. Mode can be determined by identifying the frequently repeated or variable. For the situation, Disneyland appears to be
chosen seven times (7) than Marineland which was chosen by five (5) delegates and St. Augustine which was selected by
three (3) delegates.

Solution:
Options/Choices Disneyland Marineland St. Augustine
Score 7 5 3
Mode (Mo) = 7 ; Disneyland

3. How many teachers have efficiency grades of mean and above based on the given data?
98 93 88 83 78
97 92 87 82 77
96 91 86 81 76
95 90 85 80 75
94 89 84 79 74

Answer: Thirteen (13) out of 25 teachers have efficiency grades of mean (86) and above.
Mean (X) =2, 150 / 25 = 86

4. Workers A and B, doing the same job, show the following results over a long period:

A B

Mean time of completing the job (in hours) 5 4

Standard deviation (in hours) 1.50 1.50

a. Who appears to be more consistent in performance?

Ans. Worker B

b. Who is more efficient from an over-all point of view?

Ans. Worker B is more efficient than Worker A since Worker B can finished the job for a short period compared to
Worker A. Thus, implicates that less time consumed to finish a job, more efficient the worker can be.

5. A statistical test of significance would have no useful purpose in a purely descriptive study in which sampling was not
involved. Do you agree? Why?

Yes because descriptive studies do not allow us to make conclusions beyond the data we have analyzed or reach
conclusions regarding any hypotheses we might have made. Therefore the test of significance is not useful since
there is no need for inferential data. The aim is purely descriptive.

6. When a statistical test determines that a finding is significant with the 0.05 level, it indicates that there is a 5/100
probability that the relationship was merely the result of sampling error. Do you agree? Why?
 Ans. Yes, because it implies error is committed or error may occur at 0.05 level which is 5 out of 100 probability of
committing the certain error.

7. Any hypothesis that can be rejected at the 0.05 level of significance can surely be rejected at the 0.01 level. Do you
agree? Why?

Ans. Yes. A hypothesis rejected at 0.05 level of significance means that it commits more than 5% error in the conduct of the
study. Therefore, this hypothesis could surely be rejected at 0.01 level of significance since it only requires 1% error.

8. Study the given data below:

Sex Age Fam Educat Place Atti English Grade Achieve

ily In ional of Resi tude ment Test
co Attain dence
me ment

1 21 1 1 1 1 86 45

1 19 1 1 1 1 87 42

1 18 1 1 1 1 89 34

1 22 2 2 1 1 90 35

2 18 3 2 1 1 88 46

2 20 2 2 2 2 85 42

2 19 1 3 2 2 80 39

2 20 2 3 1 2 78 38

1 21 3 3 1 2 79 34

2 21 3 2 2 1 89 37

2 22 2 1 2 1 90 39

2 19 1 3 2 1 91 34

2 21 1 2 1 2 93 37

1 21 2 2 1 1 87 36

1 20 1 1 1 1 86 35

a. How many variables are there in the data? What are they? (10 points)

Ans. There were 8 variables namely, sex, age, family income, educational attainment, place of residence, attitude,
English grade, and Achievement test.

b. Indicate the scale or level of measurement for each data.

Ans.
a. Sex – it identifies what is the major respondents of the study

1 – Male2 - Female

b. Age – identifies the average age of the respondents

1 = young 12 and below
2 = teenager 13 – 19
3 = adult 20 and above

c. Family income – measures the average income of the family

1 = low 10 000 and below
 2 = average 10 000 – 20 000
3 = high 20 000 and above

d. Educational Attainment - identifies the educational status of the respondents

1 = Elementary Graduate
2 = High School Graduate
3 = College Graduate

e. Place of residence – identifies the major residency of the respondents

1 = rural
2 = urban

f. Attitude – identifies the frequent attitude of the respondents

1 = positive 3.01 – 5.00
2 = negative 1.00 – 3.00

g. English grade – identifies the average grade of the respondents and the highest English grade
1 = low 80 & below
2 = average 81-85
3 = high 86 & above

h. Achievement test – identifies the highest achievement test score result

1 = poor 0 – 20
2 = good 21 – 40
3 = excellent 41 – 50

c. What is the total number of samples (2 points each)

Ans.
a. Sex = 15
b. Age = 15
c. Family Income = 15
d. Educational Attainment = 15
e. Place of residence = 15
f. Attitude = 15
g. English grade = 15
h. Achievement test = 15

d. Prepare a cross-tabulation table for the attitude (1-positive and 2-negative) and English grade of students (80 and
below, 81 – 85 and 86 and above). (10 points)

Attitude vs English Grade

English Grade
Total
Attitude 80 & below 81-85 86 & above
f % f % f % f %
Positive 0 0 0 0 10 100 10 100
Negative 3 60 1 20 1 20 5 100
Total 3 20 1 6.67 11 73.33 15 100

e. Which of the variables are considered numeric and string variables? (8points)

Ans. Numeric variables – English grade & Achievement test

String variables – sex, age, family income, educational attainment, place of residence, and attitude

f. What is the appropriate measure of relationship between English grade and achievement test? Why? (10 points)

English Grade as the independent variable will give an interval data and Achievement Test as the dependent variable
will also give an interval data. Based on this information, it is appropriate to use the Pearson Product-Moment
coefficient of correlation to measure the relationship between these variables.
9. In a 3 x 4 chi-square test contingency table, it was found out that socio-economic status was significantly related to
educational attainment of the respondents. Can we claim that the two variables are independent from each other?
Why? (5 points)

Ans. No, since they were found to be significantly related therefore they where dependent to each other.

10. State a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis for each research objective below.

a. To test the effect of peer counseling on the personality and behavior of children with behavioral problems.

Null hypothesis: Peer counseling has no significant effect the personality and behavior of children with behavioral
problems.
Alternative hypothesis: Peer counseling has a less effect the personality and behavior of children with behavioral
problems.
b. To describe the identified male and female homosexuals in terms of mental ability, personality and career
preferences.
Null hypothesis: There is no difference in male and female homosexuals in terms of mental ability, personality and
career preferences.
Alternative hypothesis: There is a difference in male and female homosexuals in terms of mental ability, personality
and career preferences.
c. To study how English writing skills of pupils whose language teacher followed a new teaching strategy compare
with those of pupils whose teacher followed the traditional strategy.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference English writing skills of pupils whose language teacher followed a
new teaching strategy compare with those of pupils whose teacher followed the traditional strategy.

Alternative hypothesis: There is a difference in English writing skills of pupils whose language teacher followed a new
teaching strategy compare with those of pupils whose teacher followed the traditional strategy.

d. To compare the temperament of subjects who are classified as smokers and non-smokers.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the temperament of subjects who are classified as smokers and
non-smokers.

Alternative hypothesis: There is a difference in the temperament of subjects who are classified as smokers and non-
smokers.
e. To determine whether social orientation programs develop personal and interpersonal awareness among college
students.
Null hypothesis: Social orientation programs do not develop personal and interpersonal awareness among college
students.
Alternative hypothesis: Social orientation programs develop personal and interpersonal awareness among college
students.
11. Below are the hypothesis stated in different ways. Answer the following questions about each item.
a. In what form is the hypothesis stated?
b. Does it use a directional or non-directional test?

1. There will be significant difference in mean scores between boys and girls in a Reading Achievement Test.
a. Alternative hypothesis b. Non- Directional test

2. The proportion of males will not differ significantly from the proportion of females in their attitudes toward birth
control.
a. Null hypothesis b. Directional test

3. There is a positive relationship between ranks of children on a social adjustment instrument as judged by two
teachers.
a. Alternative hypothesis b. Non- Directional test

4. The low scorers in a Self-Concept test will also be the low scorers in an intelligence Test.

a. Alternative hypothesis b. Non-Directional test

5. There is no significant difference of performance in a math Concept test among low IQ and high IQ students.
 a. Null hypothesis b. Directional test

12. The data below show the cross-tabulation between frequency of smoking and risk of lung cancer.

Risk of Lung Cancer

Total
Frequency of Smoking High Moderate Low

f % f % f % f %

Often 25 55.56 12 26.67 8 17.78 45 100

Sometimes 10 18.18 15 27.27 30 54.55 55 100

Never 6 0.92 12 29.33 40 61.54 65 100

Total 41 24.85 46 27.88 78 47.27 165 100

Gamma value = 0.76 p<0.05

a. What are the variables involved in the data? (5 points)

Ans. The variables are the Risk of Lung Cancer & the Frequency of Smoking

b. What level of measurement are they? (5 points)

Ans. They are classified under the ordinal level of measurement.

c. What appropriate test is used? Why? (5 points)

Ans. Goodman and Kruskal's gamma it is a measure of rank correlation, i.e., the similarity of the orderings of the data
when ranked by each of the quantities. It measures the strength of association of the cross tabulated data when both variables
are measured at the ordinal level. It makes no adjustment for either table size or ties. Values range from −1 (100% negative
association, or perfect inversion) to +1 (100% positive association, or perfect agreement). A value of zero indicates the
absence of association.

d. Discuss the result of the data. (10 points)

Ans. The result showed that most of the respondents have the low risk of lung cancer since most of them never smoke as
observed to the frequency of smoking of the respondents.