DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANISATION NOTES

1] DEFINE IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION.

Ans: The terms immigration and emigration refers respectively to movement into or out of particular
territory , and are used only in connection with international migration.
Thus migrants leaving India to settle down in United states are Immigrants to United states and
Emigrants from India.

2] CALCULATE THE CRUDE DEATH RATE OF DELHI IF THE NUMBER OF DEATHS IN

1981 WAS 85000 AND THE MID-YEAR POPULATION SIZE WAS 7821000.
no . o f deaths∈a year
Ans:C D R= X 1000
total mid year population

85000
¿ X 1000
7821000

=108.68 per thousand persons.

3] DEFINE MIGRATION. MENTION FACTORS FOR MIGRATION.

Ans: Migration is a form of spatial mobility of people from one geographical region to another. It may
involve permanent migration involving change of residence or temporary migration for seasonal work,
contract jobs, education etc.
Factors for Migration:
Environmental – Better climate, calamities, and natural disasters
Economic – career path, better opportunities, poverty.
Cultural – Religious freedom, education.
Political – Civil war, stability and good governance.
Social – better quality of life, health facilities.

4. MENTION THE FACTORS AFFECTING FERTILITY?

Ans: (a) Ecological factors;
=regional differences in fertility
= rural-urban residence and fertility
(b) Socio-Economic factors
=education attainment and fertility
=economic status and fertility

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=occupation of the husband and fertility.

5) DEFINE INFANT MORTALITY RATE MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE?
Ans: The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths under one year of age occurring among the live births in a
given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 live births occurring among the population of the given
geographical area during the same

Number of deathof children under one year

IMR= X 1000
Number of live birth∈the same year .
Maternal mortality in a region is a measure of reproductive health of women in the area. Many women in
reproductive age-span die due to complications during and following pregnancy and childbirth or
abortion.
Number of female death during pregnacy
M MR= X 1000
total number of female population of reproductive age

6) DEFINE IN-MIGRATION AND OUT-MIGRATION?

Ans: In-migration: In-migration is the process of people moving into a new area in their country to live
there permanently. 
Out-migration : Out-migration is the process of people moving out of an area in their country to move
to another area in their country permanently.

7) DEFINE LIFE EXPECTANCY?

Ans: Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based
on the year of its birth, its current age, and other demographic factors like sex.
The average life expectancy in India is 69.09 years.

8) MENTION THE SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA?

Ans: 1. Population Census: The most important source of demographic data is the census. The word
“census” is derived from the Latin word censere which means “to assess”.
2. Vital statistics or Registration of vital events: Another source of population data is the registration of
life or vital statistics. Every person is required by law to register with a specified authority such
demographic events as birth, death, marriage, divorce, etc.
3. Sample Surveys: In a sample survey, information is collected from a sample of individuals rather than
from the entire population. A sample consists of only a fraction of the total population. Several different
population samples can be drawn on the basis of sample surveys such as the number of abortions,
contraceptives used, etc. for the study of fertility.
4. Dual report System
5. National Population Register

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9) DEFINE DEPENDENCY RATIO?

Ans: The dependency ratio is a measure of the The percentage of children (aged under 15 years), and the
older population (aged 65+), dividing that percentage by the working-age population (aged 15-64 years),
multiplying that percentage by 100.
This demographic indicator gives insight into the number of people of non-working age, compared with
the number of those of working age.
It is also used to understand the relative economic burden of the workforce and has ramifications for
taxation. The dependency ratio is also referred to as the total or youth dependency ratio

YD+ OD
Dependency ratio= X 100
People of working class

10. DEFINE DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY

Ans: Variation in fertility of different groups or classes in the population relation of economic status to
differential fertility.
11. DEFINE CHILD WOMAN RATIO AND SEX RATIO
Ans: The child-woman ratio of a population is defined as the number of children under age 5 per
1,000 women ages 15-44 or 15-49 in a population in a given year. This crude fertility measure, based
on basic census data, is sometimes used when more specific fertility -related information is not available.
SEX RATIO

The sex ratio is the ratio of male to females in a population.

POPULATION OF MALES
SEX RATIO= X 100
POPULATION OF FEMALES
According to census 2011 the sex ratio in India is 940females/1000males.
12. DEFINE LIFE TABLE
Ans: Life table is a mathematical sample which gives a view of death in a country and is the basis for
measuring the average life expectancy in a society. It tells about the probability of a person dying at a
certain age, or living up to a definite age.

According to Bogue, “The life table is a mathematical model that portrays mortality condition at a
particular time among a population and provides a basis for measuring longevity. lt is based on age
specific mortality rates observed for a population for a particular year.”

13. WHAT IS EXPANSIVE PYRAMID AND STATIONARY PYRAMID

Ans: EXPANSIVE PYRAMID: Expansive pyramids represent a population that has a large percentage of
young people. With a wide base expansive pyramid usually depicts a population with a high fertility rate
and lower life expectancies. The number of people in the older age group is usually low and thus has a
narrow top.
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STATIONARY PYRAMID: A stationary pyramid or stable pyramid is created if the rate of birth and
death remains the same in a population over time. This is usually a rectangular or square shaped
graphical representation where it is slightly tapering at the top of the graph. This is very usual since
deaths occurring among the elderly is more.

14. DEFINE POPULATION FORECASTING

Ans: It is referred to an demographic projection of population based on estimates calculated from

statistical data obtain through several population surveys. Public facilities such as Design of water
supply and sanitation scheme is based on the projected population of a particular city, estimated for the
design period.

Factors affecting changes in population are,

 Increase due to births

 Decrease due to deaths
 Increase or decrease due to migration
 Increase due to annexation

15. DEFINE URBANIZATION? MENTION FACTORS AFFECTING URBANIZATION?

ANS- Urbanisation refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in
the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It is
predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people
begin living and working in central areas.
Factors effecting Urbanization:
Migration of rural people to urban areas.
Employment opportunities in urban centres.
Transport and communication facilities.
Educational facilities.
Increase in the standard of living.

16. WHAT IS URBAN AND RURAL CONTINUUM?

ANS- Rural-Urban continuum, the merging of towns and country, a term used in recognition of the fact
that in general there is rarely, either physically or socially, a sharp division, a clearly marked boundary
between the two, with one part of the population wholly urban, the other wholly rural.
17. DEFINE URBAN AGGLOMERATION?
ANS-An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining
outgrowths, or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such
towns. An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all
the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census.
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18. DEFINE PRIMATE CITY?

ANS – It is a major city that works as the financial, political, and population centre of a country and is
not rivaled in any of these aspects. A primate city must be at least twice as population as the second
largest city in the counter.
Or
Mark Jefferson defines a primate city as being“ at least twice as large as the next largest city and more
than twice as significant.” A primate city is number one in its country in most aspects, like politics,
economy media, culture and universities.

19. WHAT IS METROPOLIS, MEGAPOLIS?

Ans: A metropolis is a major city together with its suburbs and nearby cities, towns and environs over
which the major city exercises a commanding economic and social influence.
A metropolis is a large city which is a significant economic, political and cultural centre for a country or
region, and important hub for region or international connections, commerce and communication.
A megapolis is a very large city, typically with a population is excess of 10 million.
A megapolis is typically defined as a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan area, which may be
somewhat separated or may merge into a continuous urban region.

20. DEFINE VITAL EVENTS, VITAL RECORDS, VITAL STATISTICS?

Ans: A person’s entry into the world (by birth) and a person’s departure from it (by death) are
considered as a vital event.
Vital records may be defined as those concerned with vital events or those which have recorded vital
events such as births, deaths, still births, marriages, divorces etc., The occurrence of a vital event is
reported by the persons concerned to the appropriate authorities.
Vital statistics include data on the number of births and deaths, birth rates, death rates, the age
distribution of the deceased, infant mortality rates, causes of death. Etc.

21. DEFINE URBAN AREA ACCORDING TO CENSUS?

Ans: The definition of urban areas is:
a. All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc.
b. All other places which satisfied the following criteria:
i) A minimum population of 5000
ii) At least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits
iii) A density of population of at least 400 person per sq.km

22. DEFINE RANK SIZE RULE?

Ans: If all the settlements of a country are ranked according to population size, the sizes of the
settlements will be inversely proportional to their rank.
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If all the cities in a country are placed in order from the largest to the smallest, each one will have a
population half the size of the preceding city.
23. DEFINE A REGION?
Ans: A region is a perceived segment of space which is different from others on the basis of one or more
defining features. The defining characteristics may be natural or may be cultural or economic.
Region is an imaginary boundary with homogenous activity/characteristics. No particular administrative
boundary with dependency and interaction.
24. EXPLAIN COMPLEMENTARY AREA?
Ans: Each town or city exerts its influence over surrounding areas. People come from the surrounding
area to the town for goods, services and jobs. The area over which the town exerts its influence has been
termed complementary area.

25. DEFINE RURAL FRINGE?

Ans: The rural-urban fringe is an area of mixed rural & urban population & land uses, which begins at
the point where agricultural land use appear near the city & extends to the point where villages have
distinct urban land uses.
26) List the problems faced by primate city?
Ans:
Imbalance in development – usually a progressive core, lagging periphery, on which primate city
depends for labour and other resources.
Increase in land value resulting in price rise.
Concentration of power supplies.
Urban rural inequalities.
Pollution.
Crime.
Traffic congestion.
House shortages.
27) What is Rank size rule? Give the formula?

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Ans: RANK SIZE RULE: If all the cities in a country are placed in order from the largest to the
smallest, each one will have a population half the size of the preceding city.
THE RANK SIZE RULE - FORMULA

Pr = Pi / r
where, Pr = population of rth rank size.
Pi = population of the largest city
r = rank of the city
28) Define crude birth rate and crude death rate ?
Ans:
CBR is the number of live births occurring among a population of given geographical area during a
given year for every 1,000 mid year population of same area during same year.
no . Of births∈a year
CBR= X 1000
total mid year population

CDR is the number of live deaths occurring among a population of given geographical area during a
given year for every 1,000 mid year population of same area during same year.
no . Of deaths∈a year
C D R= X 1000
total mid year population

29) Define live births?

Live birth is the delivery of a child that breaths or shows any sign of life regardless of the length of
pregnancy. It indicates that fetus exists maternal body along with vital signs such as heartbeat, pulsation
etc.
30. MENTION THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
URBANIZATION?
Ans: The recommendations of national commission on urbanization are;
(1) Dimensions of urbanization
(2) Spatial planning
(3) land
(4) urban poverty
(5) finance
(6) transport
(7) water and sanitation
(8) energy

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4 MARKS
1. MENTION THE CONTRIBUTION OF MALTHUS? EXPLAIN MALTHUS THEORY?
Ans:
Contribution of Malthus-
Thomas Robert Malthus was born on February 14,1766.
 An Essay on the Principle of population 1798.
 “An Essay on the Principle of Population as it affects the future improvement of society”
Thomas Malthus, Essay on Population (1798)
 Poverty was the natural consequence of population growth.
 Malthus’s “law” of population: population grows geometrically(1,4,8,16,32,64,128); food and
resources grow arithmetically . Thus food supply in same time frame of 25 years will be starting from
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9…and so on. Resources grow at slower rate.
 Increase in population , will effect on the society and also that can destroy human habitation.

 . A Malthusian crisis is a situation in which the population in a given area has exceeded its food
supply and therefore mass starvation results. This lowers the population and the cycle continues until the
population and its food supply are once again in balance
 at the point where population reaches its limit of food supply
 there will be war,disease.
 The Technological innovation and better agriculture technology can delay the point of crisis.

2. MENTION THE REASONS FOR HIGH MORTALITY IN THE PAST? EXPLAIN?

Ans:Trends in mortality rates can reflect changes in disease occurrence or treatment, in which case they
represent something real about a population's health. However, trends can also reflect alterations in how
causes of death were defined or coded.
 Developed countries.
 Developing countries.
REASONS FOR HIGH MORTALITY RATE in past
 Famines and food storage.
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 Epidemic.
 Wars.
 Poor sanitary condition.
 Level of nutrition: the children especially under 5 years of age, die due to lack of nutrition food. A
balanced diet is a must for a healthy living.
 Health services: most of the people in rural areas are deprived of health services due to Various
reasons. The reasons may be their affordability and availability of health services.
 Health education: The health knowledge, attitude and the practice of people help to make the
surroundings and life of the people neat, clean and healthy.
 Race: racial minority and living below the poverty line as key factors that contribute to higher
mortality for many reasons.

3. EXPLAIN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING MORTALITY?

Ans:
Health is concerned primarily with mans interaction with social and economic environments. social –
economic factors related to mortality such as nutrition, occupation ,urbanization education and culture ,
availability of medical service and made of living that smoking habits.
a) Education –
the place of death varied according to time period, demographic factors ( age -gender ) , material status
and causes of death. Individuals with higher levels of education died more frequently at home. however ,
the self employed and farmers were more likely to die at home. Also a significant reasons for having
children is the financial cost. A couples ability to find a child and it need one of the main economic
factors for high or low birth rate.

b) Level of nutrition
The children, especially under five years of age , die due to lack of nutrition foods. A balanced diet is a
must for a healthy living. there are deficiency diseases caused by proteins, energy , carbohydrates,
malnutrition and also by micro -nutrient deficiencies . these are the causes of high death rate.

c) Health service
Most of the people in rural areas are deprived of health service due to various reasons . the reasons may
be their affordability and availability of health service .even if the health service are available, they are
not aware of the health hazards and health case due to lack of health, education. People die of air and
water borne diseases, unhygienic surroundings and unhealthy sanitary conditions

d) Health education
The health knowledge ,attitude and the practice of the people help to make the surrounding and life of
the people neat , clean and healthy ,if people have no knowledge about it , they do not practice and death
rate increases.

4. MENTION THE THREE DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES? EXPLAIN EACH ?

Ans:
1. Fertility
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2. Mortality
3. Migration

Fertility
Production of a live birth (natality).
Fertility Measurement: Sources of Data
 Censuses
 Vital registration systems
 Nationally representative sample surveys
 World Fertility Surveys (WFS),
 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)

Measures of FERTILITY-
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
• General Fertility Rate (GFR)
• Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
• Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)
• Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)
MORTALITY TRENDS-
• Trends in mortality rates can reflect changes in disease occurrence or treatment, in which case they
represent something real about a population's health. However, trends can also reflect alterations in how
causes of death were defined or coded.
• Developed countries.
• Developing countries.
Measures of mortality rate –

1. CRUDE DEATH RATE

2. INFANT MORTALITY RATE
3. AGE-SPECIFIC DEATH RATE
4. NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE & STANDARDIZED DEATH RATE

Migration

Movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or
temporarily in a new location.

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Types of migration
 Internal Migration- Rural-Urban
 Seasonal migration
 Planned migration
 International migration

5. EXPLAIN FACTORS AFFECTING RURAL URBAN MIGRATION

 In rural areas, less employment opportunities, low wages, drought, lack of basic amenities,
landlessness, social factors act as push factors and more employment opportunities, higher income,
better wages, better facilities activities as pull factors towards the rural to urban migration.
 Factors responsible for voluntary rural-urban migration include urban job opportunities, better housing
conditions, rural land tenure and inheritance patterns, better education opportunities, better health
services, extreme poverty etc. ... This acts as incentives for out-migration especially among youths.
 It’s a dynamic issue and depends on various changing factors over time.
 The present study is an attempt to explore the present factors that cause laborer migration.
 Migration is regarded as the movement of person(s) from one ecological region to another region,
which might be on temporary or permanent origin.
 The movement of people from rural to urban areas is a common episode in South Sudan. The
movement sometimes poses some calamities in the rural as well as in the urban areas even though;
there are benefits derivable from it. In most rural areas, the impact of rural-urban migration was a rapid
deterioration of the rural economy leading to chronic poverty and food INSECURITY.
6. ENUMERATE THE ADVANTAGES OF POPULATION STUDY?
Ans:
1. Political:
In the political field on the basis of demographic studies concerned leadership and authorities come to
know about the rate at which number of voters,male and female,is increasing how the generation gap is
gradually influencing nations and international politics.
2 Planning:
Most of the advanced countries are now accepting the concept of planning development.thus planning of
resources has become an avoidable process.
It is accepted that limited human and national resources must be utilised in a planning manner in the best
interested of the society.
But no planning can be a success unless the planners are aware of the population growth rates and the
areas in which population studies that the planners can allocate resources to avoid regional imbalances.
Again it is with the help of population data that it becomes possible for the planners to provide for more
educational institutions,hospitals,transport, and essential services and to ensure that the people whether
the number is increasing or decreasing get what is essentially needed by them.
3. Economic:

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The importance of study of population in the economic field is imminse , it is with the help of population
studies that the nation comes to know how far the rate of population growth is keeping pace with that of
economic development and in case both are not keeping pace with each other ,how to adjust these,so that
economic problemes do not seriously threat the nation .
Its obviously if population growth rate is faster than economic crisis ,poverty and shortages.
The population growth can be checked or by speeding up economic development plans.
4. Social :
In is here that society comes to know what basic social needs are unavoidable for growing population.
Its population study which can help in finding out extra electricity,roads,water , housing ,schools,
shopping centers, hygienic facilities etc.
5. Essential for checking regional imbalances
6. Advantages of admenistrators :
Population study is essential for fendey out populatoin migration trends which results in creating
regional imbalance ,due to man migration .migration from rural to urban , urban to rural , due to
industrial activities.

7. MENTION THE SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA? EXPLAIN ABOUT CIVIL

REGISTRATION METHOD?
Ans: There are three Main Sources of Demographic Data in India
1. Census:
2. Civil Registration System:
3. Sample Surveys:
Civil Registration System:
 The Civil Registration System is another important source of demographic data in India. The
registration of deaths was started in India by the Britishin the middle of the 19th century. The death
rate was very high in those days due to bad sanitary and public health conditions and lack of adequate
medical facilities.
 The Sanitary Commissioner of the Government of India in his report in 1863 recommended the
collection of information of death rate and causes of diseases leading to deaths in order to undertake
sanitary reforms.
 The system of registration of deaths and causes responsible for them was started in the Central
Provinces of British India in 1866. The Bengal Births and Deaths Registration Act, 1873 was the first
law to be implemented which was later extended to Bihar, Orissa and Punjab. The registration of births
and deaths was efficiently done in Bengal and Punjab.
 It was in 1886 that the Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act was enacted for the whole of
British India. But this law was not effective because registration was optional under it. However,
registration of births and deaths continued in towns and cities with Municipal Committees.

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 But in rural areas, the registration was done under the Revenue Codes and Police Manuals in those
cases which fell under their jurisdictions. The main aim of such registrations was to collect information
in order to control diseases and epidemics.
 The registration of births, deaths and marriages in India began in right earnest with the establishment
of the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner in May 1949. It has the Vital
Statistical Division which collects reliable data of births and deaths and evaluates the methods of data
collection by different government agencies.
 It also holds meetings and discussions at different levels with State organisations to make the
registration method more effective and reliable.
 In India at present, it is compulsory to inform and register births and deaths. The information regarding
birth or still birth has to be registered within 7 days of the event and regarding death within 2 days.
The registration is done by Municipal Committees, Municipal Corporations, Town Area Committees,
and Notified Area Committees in towns throughout India.
 The same work is being done by the Village Panchayats in rural areas. These, in turn, send the data to
the Vital Statistical Division of the Office for the Registrar General and Census Commissioner for
tabulation and publishing.

8. WRITE SHORT NOTE ON NATIONAL FAMILY HEALTH SURVEY?

Ans: The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a
representative sample of households throughout India. Three rounds of the survey have been conducted
since the first survey in 1992-93.
 The survey provides state and national information for India on fertility, infant and child mortality, the
practice of family planning, maternal and child health, reproductive health, nutrition, anaemia,
utilization and quality of health and family planning services.
 Each successive round of the NFHS has had two specific goals: a) to provide essential data on health
and family welfare needed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and other agencies for policy
and programme purposes, and b) to provide information on important emerging health and family
welfare issues.
 The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India, designated the
International Institute for Population Sciences(IIPS) Mumbai, as the nodal agency, responsible for
providing coordination and technical guidance for the survey.
 IIPS collaborated with a number of Field Organizations (FO) for survey implementation. Each FO was
responsible for conducting survey activities in one or more states covered by the NFHS.
 Technical assistance for the NFHS was provided mainly by ICF (USA) and other organizations on
specific issues. The funding for different rounds of NFHS has been provided by USAID, DFID, the
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, UNICEF, UNFPA, and MOHFW, GOI.
09. What is life table? Enumerate the importance of life table.
ANS-
 Life table is the life history of a hypothetical group or a cohort of people which, over a period of
time, gradually decreases in size because of deaths of its members till all it’s members have died.
 The record begins at the birth of each member and continues until all members have died.
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 Importance of Life table:

a) It is useful in alnalyzing the population data.
b) The 0e0 of life of the life table indicates the average expectation of life for new born baby.
c) The value derived is independent of age and as such can be used for comparision of the mortality
experiences of various populations.
d) In the analysis of fertility, nuptiality the use of some functions of the life table is often made.
e) Life table techniques are used for the analysis of labour force, neuptiality, evaluation of family
planning methods etc.

10. What are population Pyramid? Explain types of population pyramid with neat sketches.
ANS- It is also called the age sex pyramid, it is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of
various age groups in a population.
Types of Population pyramid:
i. Expansive Pyramid (Rapid Growth): A population pyramid that is very wide at the younger ages,
characteristics of countries with very high birth rate and very low life expectancy, high death
rate.
- The population is said to be fast growing and each size birt cohorts gets large than size of
previous year.

Expansive Pyramid Constructive Pyramid

- This type of graph has triangular shape, with a very wide and pointed apex.
ii. Constructive / Negative Pyramid: A constructive pyramid is the opposite of an expansive
pyramid, with a slight construction in its younger age groups.
- There is a high life expectancy and good living condition in such a country, leading to higher
number of older people, despite there is a lesser number of births taking place, which is
outnumbered by the number of deaths.
iii. Constrictive
iv. Stationary
‘
11. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON POPULATION CENSUS.
ANS:
 It’s compiling, evaluating, analyzing and publishing demographic, economic and social data
pertaining at specific time, to all persons in a country.
 In other words the enumeration of the entire population of country or a region at particular
time is known as census.
 The Indian census is the most credible source of information on demography (population
characteristics) economic activities, literacy and education, literacy, mortality and fertility
and many other socio-Cultural data.
 It provides information for planning and formulation policies for central and the state
governments and is widely used by national and international agencies.
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 Census is the basis for reviewing the country’s progress in past decade, monitoring the
ongoing schemes of the government and mostly important, plan for the future.
 Decision-Making that facilitates the development of socio-economic policies enhance the
welfare of the population.
 Population census also constitutes the principle source of records for use as a sampling frame
for the household surveys during the years between censuses.
12. ENUMERATE THE IMPORTANCE OF FIVE YEAR PLAN.
ANS:
IMPORTANCE OF FIVE YEARS PLAN
Economic planning in India aims at bringing about rapid economic development in all sector.the key sector
are agriculture industry , power and transport through rapid economic development the country aims at
increasing national and per capita income thus poverty will be removed and the standard of living improved

ECONOMIC EQUITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

Two aspects of social justice involves the reduction of poverty and the reduction in the equality in the
distribution of income and wealth.

Growing concentration of economic power in hands of a few people with rising national income is not
desirable in an otherwise capitalist framework, in equality in the distribution of income and wealth is
inevitable

Indian plans aims at reducing such inequalities so that benefits of economic development spread to the poor

3) FULL EMPLOYMENT

The removal of underemployment is considered to be another important objectives of Indians five year plan.
But unfortunately it never received the priority it deserved.

In the sixth plan (1978-83) the govt gave employment a place of pride for the first time these was
employment generation for the number of unemployed.

4) ECONOMIC SELF RELIANCE

Self reliance or for the matter self sufficiency refers to the elimination of external assistance

India is always at disadvantage so for as the term of trade are concerned this result in draining one precious
foreign exchange e servers hence the necessity of economic self reliance fourth plan (1967-73) aimed at
elimination of import of food grouts by 1971

The basic aim of 5th year plan was attend of self reliance to achieve this goal the fifth plan aims at
increasing production of food grains, necessary consumption goods, raw material and export. Emphasis on
the need for establish import - substitute industries as an important factor of economic self reliance
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(5) MODERATION :

The new objective was categorically for the first time in the sixth plan. mentioned

Modernization means such a variety of instructions and institutional changes in the economic activities that
can change a economy economy feudal and colonial into a progressive and modren that produces various
types of goods.

This require the setting up of a wide variety of industries. It also refers to an advancement of technology.

13. WRITE A BRIEF NOTE ON THE ROLE OF STATE-LEVEL AND NATIONAL-LEVEL

POLICIES?
Ans:
 To develop a planned, quality, progressive, and Sustainable City.
 To develop and strengthen an urban economy.
 To create a conducive environment to encourage tonal development.
 To eradicate urban poverty.
 To strengthen the planning, implementation, and monitoring system.
 To strengthen urban management & administration institutions.
14. MENTION THE EFFECTS OF URBANISATION? EXPLAIN EACH? (chinmayi)
15. ENUMERATE THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON URBANIZATION IN
INDIA?
Ans: With a high rate of urbanization, significant changes have taken place. The effect of urbanisation
can be summed up as follows:
Positive effect:
i. Migration of rural people to urban areas
ii. Employment opportunities in urban centres.
iii. Transport and communication facilities.
iv. Educational facilities.
v. Increase in the standard of living.
Urbanization can yield positive effects if it takes place up to a desirable. limit. Extensive urbanisation or
indiscriminate growth of cities may result in adverse effects. They may be as follows:
i. The problem of overpopulation: The concentration of population is a major problem in cities. It
has resulted in accommodation problems, the growth of slums etc.
ii. The disintegration of the Joint family: The joint families can't be maintained in cities on account
of the high cost of living. People prefer to live in nuclear type of families.
iii. Cost of living: The high cost of living is a major problem in cities. In Metro cities like Mumbai,
Bangalore etc. it is very difficult for lower-income groups to maintain a decent standard of living.

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iv. Increase in Crime rates: Urban centres are known for their high rates of crimes. Theft, Dacoity,
Murder, Cheating, Pickpocketing, rape etc. are common in urban centres.
v. Impersonal relations: Urban centres are characterised by highly secondary relations. The concept of
neighbourhood, community life is almost absent in cities. Urban life is highly monotonous. This
may have an adverse psychological effect on individuals. People are often self-centred and they
have no concern for their fellow human beings.
vi. The problem of Pollution: In industrialized cities pollution is a major problem. It may be caused
by industries or by excessive movement of vehicles.
vii. Stress: Urban life is characterised by stress which may even strain family relations. In cities
employment of women is almost inevitable to meet the increasing cost of living. The changing role
of women in the family creates stress in the family which may result in divorce or strained relations.
Thus, urbanisation has its own merits and demerits. Urbanization can't be avoided. But the negative
effect of urbanization can be minimised.
16. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE NATIONAL URBANIZATION POLICY?
Ans: The potential for urban growth has to be planned in the best possible way in tandem with advances in
technology and the challenge of globalization to maximize its contribution to the national. economic
growth.
 Various physical and social problems are faced in Urbanizing due to an imbalance of development.
In this, a comprehensive & Integrated framework to guide the process of urbanization for the nation
should be formulated using a National Urbanisation policy.

Need for National Urbanization Policy (NUE)

 The NUP will guide and coordinate the planning and urban development of the country. to be more
efficient and systematic particularly to handle the increase in the Waban population by 2000 with
emphasis on balancing the social, economic, and physical development within urban areas. It also serves
as the foundation to encourage integration and solidarity for those who will reside in the urban areas.
 This policy will ensure the thrust, policy, measures, and implementation plan to coordinate and
manage the urbanization process of the country.
Challenges:
In the process of urbanization, there are several major cities encountered by towns nationwide.
 The rapid rate of Urbanisation.
 Degradation of Environmental Quality
 Less competitive Urban Economy
 Inefficient Transportation system
 The decline in quality of living for Urban dwellers
 lack of emphasis on Urban Design and
 Conservation of heritage
 Insufficient urban governance.
17. URBANIZATION PROCESS AS INFLUENCED BY SOCIAL- CULTURAL,ECONOMIC,
EXPLAIN?

Ans:

Urbanization is a much a social process its an economic and territorial process.it transference social
organizations the role of the family demographic structures the nature of work and the way choose leave
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and with whom. It is also modified domestic roles and situations with in the family and redefine concept
of individual and social responsibility.

The fertility rate in cities is often lower than in rural areas due to absences of agriculture the cost of
children , food and living space in cities and family planning, better health facilities in urban areas tend
to pull the people from rural to urban mainly due health facilities.

As city grows, the cost of housing and infrastructure also grow, since there are water, land and
building materials available and greater congestion problems. As city decays in this way, government
often do not meet in service needs of residences needs and urban development is dominated by private
capital.

Economic and social change such as institutionalization,urbanization and increased education

accelerated a decline in morality.However. urbanization affected fertility.

Many social factors such as attraction of cities, better standard of living, better educational facilities
need for status also induce people to migrate cities .

ECONOMIC FACTORS

Thriving towns and cities an essential elements of a prosperous national economy. The gathering of
economic and human resources in one place.stimulates innovation and development in bushiness,
science, technology and industry.

The development and diversification of the commercial activities, plus the opportunity of creating
new jobs.

Bridging the gap between bushiness people.

Access to new technology and to the various are of activity, which ensures rising income and
development of individual.

18. EXPLAIN THE PUSH AND PULL FACTOR OF MIGRATION?

Push and pull factor

Better climate conditions

Political stability
Better social environment and cultural conditions
Better economic possibilities
Better employment opportunities
Better facilities for education, health

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Push factors

Climatic disasters , farmers life, recurring war,poverty.

CAUSES OF MIGRATION

 Environmental – Better climate, calamities, and natural disasters are examples of environmental
causes or reasons.

 Economic – Moving to find work or moving to follow a particular career path is an example of
economic cause or reason.

 Cultural – Religious freedom and education is an example of cultural cause or reason.

 Political – Civil war.

 Social – Moving for a better quality of life or moving closer to a family member or friend is an
example of a social cause or reason.

19. EXPLAIN THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF URBANIZATION?

Ans: CAUSES OF URBANIZATION

Expansion in government services as of the second world war

Migration of people during partition of India
The industrial revaluation
Eleventh five years plan aimed at urbanization for the economic development of India
Economic opportunities are just one reason people move into cities
Infrastructure facilities in the urban area
Growth of private sector 1990
Growth of employment in cities is attracting people from rural areas as well as smaller cities to large
towns
According to MC Kinsey India's urban population will grow from 340million in2008 to590 million in
2000.
Therefore it is driven by economic compulsion where people move out from economic advancement
to areas offering better job opportunities
It is also driven by fragmentation, villages being erased due to roads and highway construction,dam
construction and other activities.

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CONSEQUENCES OF URBANIZATION

They are facing problems of an urban centre ranging from traffic congestion to poverty, increasing
crime rates, especially theft, vandalism, air pollution, despoliation of the physical environment, housing
problems and financial problems
urbanization leads to massive growth of slum followed by misery, poverty, unemployment,
exploitation, inequalities, degradation in the quality of urban life. 
Slums and associated problems
Transport system
Problem of garbage
Sewerage problems
Water supply
Environmental problems

20. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON HISTORY OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA?

Ans: Urbanization in India began to accelerate after independence due to country adoption of a mixed
economy who gave rise to development of the private sector.

India is not an exception to the phenomenon of rapid urban growth and its too witnessing massive
urbanization. In 2010 India accounted for 11 percent of worlds urban population. The united nation
projects it to be 15 percent by 2030.

Over the five decades since independence India's population increased by three and half times tripled
from 350million in 1947 to 1200million in year in 2011.during same period, the urban population grew
almost twice as fast from about 60million to 377 million.

21. DEFINE PRIMATE CITY? ENUMERATE CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMATE CITY?

 Geographer Mark Jefferson developed the ideology of the primate city in 1939. Jefferson defined a
primate city as the city that is twice as large as the next city and twice as significant. Primate cities are
the face of the country, they tend to host international events and develop better infrastructure that other
cities or town.
 “The city which is more popular and dominant both economically and politically over rest of the
cities in a particular country”-John and Turner
 A primate city is an extensive urban environment that is disproportionately the larger city in the
country or the region. Primate cities brag of dominance over other cities, they are unrivalled political and
economic hubs, and in most cases, they are the capital and the administrative centres of the country.

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Characteristics of Primate City

1. International familiarity for a political sub-division. 

2. Actively participate in international events. 
3. Having a fairly large population. 
4. Having a major international airport.
5. Advanced transportation system.
6. International culture and community. 
7. International financial institution.
8. A lively cultural seen. 
9. Having powerful media.
10. Storing sporting community.
11. Sports of international pilgrim.

24) GIVE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL-URBAN FRINGE?

Characteristic :
A. Land use characteristic :
1) There is constantly changing pattern of land use.
2) Residential expansion is rapid.
3) Farms are small with intensive crop production.
4) Service and other public facilities are inadequate.
5) Science and business parks development.

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6) Airport expansion.
7) Speculative building is common.

B. Social characteristic :
1) Segregation : Rural urban fringe also known as “ Greenfield site “ ( undeveloped sites outside the
existing built up urban area ) which are favoured by large firms seeking locations for new developments
such as headquarters, offices, housing and industrial estates. So there is functional and social segregation
of land use.
2) Selective Immigration : The rural urban fringe attracts middle class residents who form a small but
powerful and economically important proportion of the city population. Service and other public
facilities are inadequate in fringe region which lead to immigration.
3) Commuting : People living in fringe area commute daily to their place of work. This creates the dual
problem of traffic congestion in the city . the city govt. is faced with the task of providing transport
service handling peak load.

25) EXPLAIN URBAN AGGLOMERATION AND OUT GROWTHS

URBAN AGGLOMERATION
It is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths or 2 or more
physically contiguous towns together and any adjoining urban outgrowth of such towns.
An urban agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population ( i.e all the
constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per 2001 censes.
In varying total conditions there were similar other combinations which have been treated and urban
agglomerations satisfying the basic conditions of contiguity.
Example Greater Mumbai, Delhi UA
OUTGROWTHS
an outgrowth is a viable unit such as a village Ora hamlet or an enumeration block made up of such
villages or hamlet and clearly an identifiable in terms of its boundaries and location some of the
examples are railway colony, university campus, port area, military camp which have come up near
statutory towns outside its statutory limits but within the revenue limits of a village Or a villages
contiguous to the town.
While determining the outgrowth of a town it has been insured that it possesses the urban features in
terms of infrastructure and amenities such as pukka roads electricity taps drainage system for disposal of
waste water etc educational institutions post offices medical facilities banks etc such towns together with
its outgrowths is treated as an integrated urban area and is designated as an urban agglomeration.

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26) WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON CRITICISM OF THE MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF

POPULATION
1) Population Growth :- The gloom and doom forecasts put forward by Malthus have not played out.
In western Europe, populations have grown (not at the rate Malthus Predicted) and food production have
also risen because of technological advancement.
2) Global Trade :-Malthus’s theory on food production constraints was largely based on the limited
availability of food.
3) Calculations :- Malthus did not provide calculations for the geometric growth of food. Since then,
experts have pointed out the growth rates are not consistent with Malthus predictions
4) His religious beliefs prevented him from gasping the possibility of the underpriced Use of
contraceptives.
5) Malthus under-estimated the importance of industrial development, and did not take into
consideration the faster the more reliable modes of transport which helped colonial empires provide
additional raw materials, an explorable land supply and new markets for manufacturing products.
6) He placed undue emphases on the limitation of the supply of land. The agricultural revolution of
nineteenth century, which brought in its wake the system of rotation of crops, chemical fertilizers, plant
ad animal breeding and improvements in the quality of livestock brought about a tremendous, increase in
agricultural production. The gloomy predictions of Malthus therefore did not come true.
27) WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION?
Ans) Social consequences
 Migration results in intermixing of diverse cultures and leads to the evolution of composite culture
 It breaks the narrow thoughts and widens the mental horizon of the people
 In history, India received migrants from different cultural groups causing different cultural groups
causing different culture
Economic consequences
 Migration changes the resource population ratio
 If the people are moving from an over populated area to underpopulated area, results in balanced
resource-population ratio.
 If the people are moving from underpopulated area to overpopulated, results in harmful to both the
areas.
Environmental consequences
Large scale movement of people rural to urban areas causes overcrowding in cities and puts heavy
pressure on resources. It causes hazardous growth of cities and causes slums lacking basic infrastructural
facilities such as safe drinking water, electricity, sewage.
Overcrowding is also responsible for any environmental problems of air, water, land and noise pollution,
disposable and management of solid waste

Demographic consequence
 Birth and death rate varies
 Variation in sex-age ratio

Male population /female population= sex ratio

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28) HOW MUCH SOCIAL STRUCTURE, LIFE STYLE AND OCCUPATION AFFECT
MORTALITY RATE? EXPLAIN?
Ans) Social structure
Social structure is the patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and
determinant of the actions of the individuals.
(Upper class, Middle class, Poor)
Self-employed and farmers were more likely to die (Maternal Mortality and Infant mortality) due to lack
of nutritious, quality of life, lack of neat, clean, hygiene surroundings etc.
Ability to receive adequate medical care and nutrition and their life expectancy

LIFE STYLE
Life style affects the mortality rate. The life style such cigarette smoking, being overweight & no light to
moderate alcohol intake and low diet quality score etc. (This life style in women will affect maternal
mortality and Infant mortality rates)
Causing Cardiovascular disease, cancer etc. in both men and women.

OCCUPATION
А man's occupation is related to his education, his income depends on his occupation. Both income and
education may influence his diet (nutrition food) his housing influence conditions and habits.

Mortality differentiates based on occupation clan and social clan.

E.g.; Workers in coal mines are more likely to suffer from tuberculosis of lungs cancer, those in
sedentary occupation face the risk of heart diseases.

The infant mortality rate is higher for infant of illiterate mother and the lowest for infant whose mother
has higher education

Occupation affects the mortality rate manufacturing workers.

Farmers, fishery and service workers the cerebrovascular disease and cancer were smaller in these
occupation, when compared to manufacturer.

10MARKS
1) EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEASURES OF FERTILITY AND FACTORS
AFFECTING FERTILITY?
TYPES OF FERTILITY MEASURE:
The analysis of fertility is basically carried out in two ways: one is in a period perspective and the other in a
cohort perspective. The events that occur in a given period of time (calendar years) are studied in relation to
the durations of exposure of the population during that period. In cohort the events and duration of exposure
are studied for well-defined cohorts as they move over time. The term “cohort” indicates a group of people
who have a similar experience at the same time. Two types of cohorts are generally used in demography –
Birth cohorts and marriage cohorts.

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 Period measures: They are related to a period and based on data on the number of births in that
period. These include Crude Birth Rate (CBR) General fertility rate (GFR), and Child Women Ratio
(CWR).
 Cohort measures: In any sample fertility survey, a question is usually asked about number of children
ever born (CEB) to women up to a time in the reproductive age groups. Using this approach, fertility
is estimated indirectly on the basis of age and sex distribution of the population. These include Total
Fertility Rate (TFR), Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR), and Net Reproduction Rate (NRR).
MEASURES BASED ON PERFORMANCE DURING ONE YEAR
1. CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR): It is defined as the ratio of total births in a year in a specified area
divided by total mid-year population of the same specific area in the same year multiplied by a constant
K.
CBR= B/P*1000
Where B= the total number of live births in a year
P = the total population in the middle of the year and
K= is constant, usually 1000.
Example : 𝐂𝐁𝐑 = 𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟕 𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟒 X 1000 = 16.9

Advantages and Disadvantages of CBR :

CBR is an important measure of fertility, for it directly links fertility to the growth rate of population.
Computation of CBR is easy and quick, and requires minimum data. CBR also indicates the level of fertility
in a population. A major weakness of CBR is that it is not very sensitive to small fertility changes; in fact it
tends to minimize them.
CBR is affected by many factors: age, sex, and marital status. It is also influenced by age structure of the
population, and by level of fertility and age pattern of fertility.
2. GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR) :The relative frequency of childbirth varies significantly with
the age of parents. The age at which maximum fertility occurs may be different for the males and
females. Further, fertility is highest among couples who have established some type of cohabitation
(legal marriage, or common law marriage) than among persons not in such a union (single). Conversely,
specific fertility rates are given separately for female parents and male parents.
Usually, children are born to women between the ages of 15 and 45 years, which is known as the
reproductive age group. The fertility rate for this group, called the “General Fertility Rate” (GFR), is
calculated as the ratio of total number of yearly births to the total number of females (mid-year
population) of child bearing ages (15-44 or 15-49 years).
𝐆𝐅𝐑 = 𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫/𝐌𝐢𝐝 − 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟒𝟗 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where B is the total number of births that occur during a calendar year and F 15-44 is the female
population of child bearing ages (15-44 or 15-49 years) in the middle of the calendar year. K is a
constant, usually taken as 1000. The purpose of having a GFR is to restrict the denominator to potential
mothers, but too not restrictive for analysis.
3. AGE-SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE: The age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) addresses the
limitations of GMFR. AFSR is calculated in the following manner:
ASFR = Births to women aged (x, x + n) in a year in a year /Mid − year female population aged (X, X +
n) X 1000
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The reproductive age interval 15-49 can be either divided into single or five year or wider intervals and
rates could be made specific for each age group. Because of the wide variations in fertility by age, age
specific fertility rates have been found to be very useful. Generally five year age groups of women are
used for calculating the ASFR, resulting in seven numbers, one for each age group -15-19, 20-24,----,
45-49. For the calculation of this measure, it is necessary to have births classified by the age of the
mother as well as all women by the same age group.
The ASFR obtained for the women in the age group 20-24 is given below. ASFR (20-24) = (223656 /
1543523) x1000 = 144.9

4. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE : ASFR can be calculated from a single year’s age data as well as for
broader age groups. Usually, the reproductive age span is divided into age groups in five-year intervals.
Thus, there would be six or seven groups, depending on the upper limit of the reproductive age span.
This makes comparison between two or more populations a cumbersome exercise. Thus, we use the
Total Fertility Rate (TFR), a summary measure of ASFR, to facilitate comparison. TFR is obtained by
multiplying the sum of ASFR by the width of the age group, and then dividing the product by the value
of radix (i.e., 1,000). Consider the following:
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 DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANISATION NOTES

TFR = {(∑ ASFR) n}. 1/K, where ‘n’ is the width of the age group and ‘K’ is the value of the radix.
Thus, TFR refers to the total number of children a woman will produce during her childbearing age
span if she is subjected to a fertility schedule as prescribed by the age-specific fertility rates. TFR, together
with ASFR, can be further used to construct several useful measures for the study of fertility changes (Rama
kumar, 1986:89).
5. THE GROSS REPRODUCTIVE RATE (GRR): The total fertility includes all births, both male and
female. The GRR shows how many girls babies, potential future mothers, would be born to 1000 women
passing through their child bearing years, if the age specific birth rates of a given year remained constant
and if no women entering the child bearing period died before reaching menopause. It represents the
average number of daughters who would replace their mothers, assuming that the age and sex specific
fertility rate for the current period were to continue indefinitely .
GRR indicates the number of daughters that every woman is likely to bear during her entire childbearing
age span, if she is subjected to a fertility schedule as prescribed by given sex and age specific fertility
rates. Also considered as replacement index, this measure is generally used while comparing current
fertility in different populations.
Calculation of GRR requires data on the number of live births by sex along with distribution of women
in different age groups in the childbearing age span. In case the data is available, GRR can also be
worked out by simply multiplying the TFR by feminity ratio (the ratio between the number of female
babies born and the total live births in a population). In India, for example, 105 male babies are born for
every 100 female babies. Thus, the feminity ratio is 0.4878 (i.e., 100/205).
Then, GRR will be calculated from the following formula: GRR = TFR X Feminity Ratio
As with TFR, GRR also assumes that women in the reproductive age group will survive till the end of
their child-bearing period. GRR, thus, indicates the number of daughters a woman is expected to
produce, if there is no attrition in the cohort due to mortality (Bhende and Kanitkar, 2000:262)1 . This is,
however, not a realistic assumption.
2. DEFINE MIGRATION? DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON URBAN GROWTH
AND ITS CONSEQUENCES IN INDIAN CITIES?
Ans: Migration: Movement of people from one place to another intentions of with settling permanently or
temporality in a new location.
SOURCES OF MIGRATION DATA :
 Census
 Sample Surveys Population Registers.

CAUSES OF MIGRATION :
Environmental and natural Better climate, calamitus disasters all examples of Envionmental causes or
reasons. forestland deated for Cuttivalen, resource, have resulted One Exploitation of in landslides, soil
erosion, drought, Climatic changes are Consequences of migratory.
Economic :- Moving to find to follow a particular. work of moving career path is an example of economie
cause of reasons.
Cultural :- Religious freedom and Education an example of Cultural
Political :- Wars. (Recurring) cause of reason.

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 DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANISATION NOTES

Social: Moving for a better quality of life of moving closer to family a an example of friends is or reason. a
member of loual cause

PUSH AND PULL FACTORS: Conditions

1. Better Climatic d. Political Stability
2. Political stability
3. Better Social Environment & Cullutal Conditions.
4. Better Economic possibilities.
5. Better Employement opportunities.
6. Better facilities for Education, healthy

PUSH FACTORS
climatic disasters, War, Poverty, farmers Life, Recurring.

Consequences of Migration:
Social Consequences :
Migration results in intermixing of diverse cultures and leads to the evolution of composite culture.
It breaks the narrow thoughts and widens the mental horizon. of the people.
In history, India received migrants from different cultural groups causing different Culture.
Economic consequences:
Migration changes the resource population ratio
If the people are moving from an overall populated area to under populated area results in balanced
resources-population ratio if the people are moving from under populated area to over populated area results
in harmful to both the areas.
Environmental consequences:
Large scale movement of people from rural to urban areas causes over crowding in cities and puts heavy
pressures on resources.

3. URBANIZATION PROCESS AS INFLUENCED BY SOCIO CULTURAL, ECONOMIC,

POLITICAL, AND ADMINISTREATIVE FACTORS. EXPLAIN?

Cities are social artifacts and stand apart from the countryside, in terms of the higher degree of its
acceptance of foreign and cross-cultural influences. It is a melting pot of people with diverse ethnic,
linguistic, and religious backgrounds. Seen in this light, urbanization is a socio-cultural process of
transformation of folk, peasant, or feudal village societies.

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India has a continuous history of urbanization since 600 BC. Over this period, three major socio-cultural
processes have shaped the character of her urban societies. These are Aryanization, Persianization, and
Westernization.

The Aryan phase of urbanization generated three types of cities

a) the capital cities, where the secular power of the kshatriyas was dominant;

b) the commercial cities dominated by the vaishyas; and

c) the sacred cities, which, for a time, were dominated by Buddhists and Jains, who were kshatriyas, and
later by brahmins.

With the advent of the Muslim rules from the 10th century AD, the urban centers in India acquired an
entirely new social and cultural character. The city became Islamic; Persian and later Urdu was the official
language of the state and Persian culture dominated the behavior of the urban elite.

The impact of 150 years of British rule in India, that is, Westernization, is clearly visible in various aspects
of city life today – in administration, in education, and in the language of social interaction of the city people
and their dress and mannerisms. Urbanism is clearly identified with westernization.

Urbanization as a Political – Administrative Process

The administrative and political developments have played an important role in urbanization in the past and
they continue to be relevant today. From about the 5th century BC to the 18th century AD, urban centers in
India emerged, declined, or even vanished with the rise and fall of kingdoms and empires. Patliputra, Delhi,
Madurai, and Golconda are all examples of cities that flourished, decayed, and sometimes revived in
response to changes in the political scene. The administrative or political factor often acts as an initial
stimulus for urban growth; which is then further advanced by the growth of commercial and industrial
activities.

Urbanization as an Economic Process

Urbanization in modern times is essentially an economic process. Today, the city is a focal point of
productive activities. It exists and grows on the strength of the economic activities existing within itself. It is
the level and nature of economic activity in the city that generates growth and, therefore, further
urbanization.

Urbanization as a Geographical Process

The proportion of a country’s total population living in urban areas has generally been considered as a
measure of the level of urbanization. Population growth in urban areas is partly a function of natural increase
in population and partly the result of migration from rural areas and smaller towns. An increase in the level
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of urbanization is possible only through migration of people from rural to urban areas. Hence, migration or
change of location of residence of people is a basic mechanism of urbanization. This is essentially a
geographical process, in the sense that it involves the movement of people from one place to another.

There are three major types of spatial moments of people relevant to the urbanization process. These are

a) The migration of people from rural villages to towns and cities leading to macro-urbanization

b) The migration of people from smaller towns and cities to larger cities and capitals leading to
metropolisation.

It is essentially a product of the centralization of administrative, political and economic forces in the country
at the national and state capitals. It is also a product of intense interaction between cities and the integration
of the national economy and urban centers into a viable independent system

c) The spatial overflow of the metropolitan population into the peripheral urban feigned villages leading to a
process of sub-urbanization. It is, essentially, an outgrowth of metropolization and here there is a reverse
flow of people from the city to the countryside.

4. DEFINE AN URBAN AREA AS ADOPTED CENSUS OF INDIA. AND EXPLAIN WITH

EXAMPLE STATUTORYTOWN, CENSUS TOWN, URBAN AGGLOMERATION AND
OUTGROWTH?

Towns:

For the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area is as follows; 1. All places with a municipality,
corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc. 2. All other places which satisfied the
following criteria:

i) A minimum population of 5,000;

ii) At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits;
and
iii) A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km. The first category of urban units is
known as Statutory Towns. These towns are notified under law by the concerned State/UT
Government and have local bodies like municipal corporations, municipalities, municipal
committees, etc., irrespective of their demographic characteristics as reckoned on 31st December
2009.
Examples: Vadodara (M Corp.), Shimla (M Corp.) etc. The second category of Towns (as in
item 2 above) is known as Census Town. These were identified on the basis of Census 2001 data.
Urban Agglomeration (UA): An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting
a town and its adjoining outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous towns together
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with or without outgrowths of such towns. An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at least a
statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less
than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census. In varying local 2 | P a g e conditions, there were similar
other combinations which have been treated as urban agglomerations satisfying the basic
condition of contiguity.
Examples: Greater Mumbai UA, Delhi UA, etc.
Out Growths (OG): An Out Growth (OG) is a viable unit such as a village or a hamlet or an
enumeration block made up of such village or hamlet and clearly identifiable in terms of its
boundaries and location. Some of the examples are railway colony, university campus, port area,
military camps, etc., which have come up near a statutory town outside its statutory limits but
within the revenue limits of a village or villages contiguous to the town. While determining the
outgrowth of a town, it has been ensured that it possesses the urban features in terms of
infrastructure and amenities such as pucca roads, electricity, taps, drainage system for disposal of
waste water etc. educational institutions, post offices, medical facilities, banks etc. and physically
contiguous with the core town of the UA.
Examples: Central Railway Colony (OG), Triveni Nagar (N.E.C.S.W.) (OG), etc. Each such
town together with its outgrowth(s) is treated as an integrated urban area and is designated as an
‘urban agglomeration’. In the 2011 Census, 475 places with 981 OGs have been identified as
Urban Agglomerations as against 384 UAs with 962 OGs in 2001 Census.

NUMBER OF UAS/TOWNS AND OUT GROWTHS (OGS):

At the Census 2011 there are 7,935 towns in the country. The number of towns has increased by 2,774 since
last Census. Many of these towns are part of UAs and the rest are independent towns. The total number of
Urban Agglomerations/Towns, which constitutes the urban frame, is 6166 in the country.

5. MENTION THE RECOMMENDATION OF NATIONAL COMMISSION ON URBANIZATION?

EXPLAIN.

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Ans - i. Dimensions of Urbanization:The commission recommended for promoting 329 new growth
centres and emphasized upon strengthening of the existing larger metropolises. It recommended the
following measures:

a. Creating employment

b. Opening up hinterlands

c. Generating wealth with equity.

d. Be engines of growth

e. Be the catalysts of social transformation and modernization of economy and society.

ii. Spatial Planning:

A weak urban development and management agencies had created a number of spatial problems. It was
found that proper spatial use would reduce the magnitude of many problems of urbanization.

The process will be like first to have a General Spatial Plan (GSP) for a period of 10 to 15 years and
secondly an Integrated Spatial Plan (ISP) within the framework of GSP for a period of five years coinciding
with the Five Year Plans. This decentralized approach to planning has really helped to reduce a number of
urban spatial problems.

iii. Land:

Land is another important element in urban areas. Its management guides its proper use making available the
required areas for various activities. The commission rightly treats it as a resource particularly in urban
sectors. Following are some recommendations:

A major recommendation of the Commission is regarding the land acquisition act trying to make it more
stringent and not challengeable in the courts of law.

Amendments in the Land Ceiling Act of 1976 were suggested. Mainline of approach was to make it more
effective deleting all exemptions, clauses and putting taxes on vacant land. Effective enforcement would
yield sufficient land for urban necessities.

There should be one Settlement Survey of India (SSI), which will make scientific surveys of land and
classify, and suggest the most appropriate use for different types of land.

The land-use pattern should clearly coincide with the wishes and interests of the people living in those cities.

Various forms of land assembly through land exchange scheme, layout approval and other similar measures
have to be encouraged.

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iv. Urban Poverty:

The Commission recommended the amelioration of urban poverty on par with rural poverty. To achieve this
end, the government should strive to increase the income and reduce unemployment; provide basic services
including shelter, water supply and sanitation; improve public distribution system; and extend social security
with the involvement of non-governmental organizations

v. Finance:

The commission advised for strengthening of the financial position of urban local bodies for which it
suggested the following measures:

Developing a mechanism for devolution of funds to local bodies from state budgets.

Allocating more finance in the Five Year Plans.

Strengthening the taxation base.

Providing policy incentives and disincentives to ward off the burden on city services.

Transport:

The Commission suggested some measures to manage and finance the transportation system. It also
recommended for setting up of Urban Transport Authority, which was entrusted with the work of solving die
problems of urban transportation within the urban centres.

Water and Sanitation:

Most of the measures suggested are to increase the efficiency of the use of water. One notable point is the
recommendations regarding the nationalization of sub-surface water regulating private withdrawal. The
following are some recommendations.

A holistic rather than a compartmentalized view of water resource management should be taken.

Water being an absolutely critical input for human survival must be treated as such and accorded high
priority in the planning process.

Energy:

Energy saving has become necessary because of the shortage of its supply. This can be done using new
technology planning practices and optimum use. Energy supply, planning and pricing can be used to
influence the location of industries, which effect the urban growth and urbanization. The Commission made
the following recommendations on this issue:

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Energy demands of urban areas must be anticipated and advance action taken to meet them to optimize
energy usage.

Land-use planning should be used as the means of reducing the energy need of the transport sector.

Development control rules and building byelaws should be modified to ensure the construction of energy
efficient buildings.

6. DEFINE MORTALITY RATE? EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEASURES OF

MORTALITY?
Ans: Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in
general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size
of that population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units
of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.
 In mortality rates can reflect changes in disease occurrence or treatment,
in which case they represent something real about a population's health.
However, trends can also reflect alterations in how causes of death were
defined or coded.
MEASURES OF MORTALITY:
1. CRUDE DEATH RATE
2. INFANT MORTALITY RATE
3. AGE-SPECIFIC DEATH RATE
4. NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE
5. STANDARDISED DEATH RATE
CRUDE DEATH RATE-
• The crude death rate is the number of deaths occurring among the population
of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total
population of the given geographical area during the same year.
CDR = Number of DEATH X K Total population (mid)
INFANT MORTALITY RATE-
 The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths under one year of age
occurring among the live births in a given geographical area during a
given year, per 1,000 live births occurring among the population of the

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given geographical area during the same

IMR = Number of death of children under one year X 1000 Number of live
birth in the same year
AGE-SPECIFIC DEATH RATE -
• age-specific death rate is the total number of deaths to residents of a specified
age or age group in a specified geographic area (country, state, county, etc.)
divided by the population of the same age or age group in the same geographic
area (for a specified time period, usually a calendar year) and multiplied by
1000. ASDR = Total death in specified age group X 1000 Total population in
same specified age group.
NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE-

Probability of dying during the first 28 days of life, expressed per 1,000
SDR =expected death in standard population X 1000 Total standard
population.

NMR = No of death children during the first 28 days of life X 1000
No of live birth in the same year.
STANDARDISED DEATH RATE-

Probability of dying during the first 28 days of life, expressed per 1,000
SDR =expected death in standard population X 1000 Total standard
population.

SDR =expected death in standard population X 1000 Total standard
population.

8] EXPLAIN IN DETAIL THE CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

OF WALTER CHRISTALLER

Walter Christaller made some assumptions to make his theory

easy) to understand and form the basis for other theories. These

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assumptions were necessary and hold good to explain the Structure of settlements. These also take into
account the growth and development of towns,human behavior and fundamentals of economics.

Assumptions:

 An even (flat) terrain— A hilly and uneven terrain poses difficulty in development thus a flat area
which promotes the growth of the town

 Evenly distributed Population — residents are not concentrated at one particular place and no
preference exists for a particular town

 Evenly distributed resources — no place has an advantage of resources, all placed will compete under
perfect market conditions

 Similar purchasing power — along with the population and resources, wealth is also fairly distributed.
Because of this people have similar purchasing power

 Preference for the nearest market — people will buy products from the nearest market and avoid the
long commute. This keeps price constant as per other assumptions

 Equal transportation cost (proportional to distance) — the cost incurred in transportation of goods is
equal for all and is proportional to the distance

 Perfect competition — price is decided on basis of demand and supply. People will buy at the lowest
price which market has to offer, no seller has an advantage over another seller.

Two main concepts of Central Place Theory

Central Place Theory is based on 2 fundamental concepts which are “Threshold” and

“Range”

Threshold — The minimum population needed to make a

service viable at a particular

place. If this size is not reached then a particular activity will

not start or it will be closed

down,

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Range — This is the maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to purchase

good or avail a service, beyond this distance consumer will not travel as the distance

travelled for good/service will outweigh the benefit.

Central place theory gives 3 principles which are the MARKETING PRINCIPLE,

TRANSPORT PRINCIPLE AND ADMINISTRATIVE PRINCIPLE for orderly arrangements

and the formation of hierarchy.

Settlements are regularly spaced — equidistant spacing between same order centers, with larger

centers farther apart as compared to smaller centers. The market area is hexagonal shaped as it

is free from overlapping, most efficient in both number and function.

The different layouts predicted by Christaller have K- values which show how much the Sphere

of Influence of the central places takes in — the central place itself counts as 1 and each portion

ofa satellite counts as its portion:

> Marketing Principle (K=3): As per this the market area of a higher order occupies one-third (1/3 part) of
the

market area of each of the consecutive lower size place(node) which lies on its neighbor. The

lower size nodes (6 in numbers and 2nd larger circles) are located at the corner of the largest

hexagon around the high-order settlement. Each high-order settlement gets 1/3rd of each

satellite settlement (which are 6 in total), thus K= 1 + 6x1/3 =3,

With K=3 the transport network is not efficient even when the distance traveled is reduced.

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This is because of the absence of transport links (network) between the larger places (nodes).

> Transport Principle/ Traffic Principle (K=4): This provides for most efficient transport network. High
order place half of the market area of 6 neighbouring lower order places located on the edge of the hexagon
formed by high order. There are located on main transport roiutes connecting the higher order centre. The
transportation principle involves the minimization of roads connecting central places at all hierarchy levels.

» Administrative Principle (K=7): According to K = 7 administrative principle (or political-social principle),

settlements are nested according to sevens. The market areas of the smaller settlements

are completely enclosed within the market area of the larger settlement. Since tributary

areas cannot be split administratively, they must be allocated exclusively to a single

higher-order place. Efficient administration is the control principle in this hierarchy.

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7. PRIMATE CITY IN A COUNTRY – ELABORATE. MENTION IMPORTANT FACTORS

GIVING RISE TO PRIMATE CITIES. DOES INDIA HAVE PRIMATE CITY?
Primate city “the primate city is commonly atleast twice as large as the next largest city and more than
twice as significant. -mark jefferson
Primate city: it is a major city that works as the financial, political, and population centre of a country
and is not rivalled in any of these aspects
FACTORS WHERE PRIMACY DEVELOPS
 Agrarian economy
 Large population and high population pressure
 Low per capita income
 Former colonial states
 Small territorial extents
FACTORS ENCOURAGING PRIMACY
 Spread of colonialism
 Strong centralized government
 Economic factors
 Industrial agglomeration
 Efficiency of modern transport
 Rural urban migration
PRIMACY IN INDIA

 India does not have primate cities. In India instead of primacy, multiple primacy is found due
to:
 Large geographical extent
 Multi-ethnic, multi-lingual country with regional consciousness.
 Growth of four different megalopolis at four different quadrants.
 Distance decay factor.
 Four different cities have a history of development through colonization.
 Mumbai/Kolkata=1.1 (No Primacy)
 Constitutional right to settle anywhere
 Federal state.
 In India there is no primacy at the national level, it exists at the state level as a norm.
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 State capitals invariably operate as primate cities, but again there are exceptions. E.g.
 In Uttar Pradesh despite its low development status, it has Varanasi, Allahabad, Lucknow, and
Kanpur which are large and comparable (this may be due to the size of Uttar Pradesh)
 Tamil Nadu has Madurai, Coimbatore, Chennai, where Chennai is the largest but not
disproportionately very large (because Tamil Nadu has the better record in the dispersal of
development)
 Kerala– despite of being a relatively more developed state and also with a small territorial size, it
does not have a primate city (Thiruvananthpuram, Kochi, Calicut are all comparable). This may be
due to the fact that the entire area is the hilly region with narrow coastal plain with no region having
extra advantage or disadvantage over other.
 Most of the other states have state capitals as their primate city. E.g. Jaipur in Rajasthan, Bangalore
in Karnataka, Gandhinagar/ Ahmadabad in Gujarat.

9. ELABORATE RANK SIZE RULE WITH HELP OF GRAPH AND FORMULA?

Rank Size Rule ;This is an attempt to find a numerical relationship between population size of settlements
within an area such as a country or county Settlements are ranked in descending order of population size,
with the largest city first
Assumptions
The 2nd ranked city will have 1/2 the population of the 1st
The 3rd ranked city will have 1/3 population of the 1st
The 4th ranked city will have a ¼ population of the 1st ranked city
Example;
The largest city has a population of 1,000,000
The 2nd largest city: 1,000,000/2= 500,000
The 3rd city: 1,000,000/3= 333,333
The 4th city: 1,000,000/4= 250,000
And so on….
Formula This allows us to express the rank size rule as:
Pn= Pl /n (or R)
Pn= The population of the City
Pl= The population of the largest city
N (or R)= The rank size of the city

Settlements in a country may be ranked in order of their

size. The ‘rule’ states that, if the population of a town is
multiplied by its rank, the sum will equal the population
of the highest ranked city. In other words, the population
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of a town ranked n will be 1/nth of the size of the largest city—the fifth town, by rank, will have a
population one-fifth of the first.

It is usually possible to relate the ranks and sizes of the central places in country by using a regression
analysis
log Pk = log P1 – b log k
where P1 is the population of the largest city or town, Pk is the population of the kth town by rank, and b is a
coefficient which must be established empirically for each investigation. The greater the value of b, the
steeper the slope, and the greater the primacy of the largest city or town. Many developing countries show a
sharp fall from the largest, primate city to the other cities, and this is known as the primate rule.
The theoretical rank size rule pattern is a straight line.
In urban primacy, a single city dominates and is much greater than the next large center (primary pattern).
In Binary pattern two or more cities are larger than the predicted size.
In Stepped order pattern there are series of levels and steps (conurbations, cities, towns etc.)
The concept of Rank-Size Rule or Rank-Size Distribution
The Rank-Size Rule was revealed in both developed and underdeveloped countries when the cumulative
frequency of cities with a population of greater than twenty thousand people was ranked against the size of a
city on a log-normal scale.
The distribution of city sizes in terms of population in both underdeveloped and developed countries has
recently come under close examination by specialist in many academic fields and under settlement
geography. The advent of general systems theory has proved to be an invaluable analytical approach to the
study of city size distribution, in that it incorporates stochastic growth theory, and the concept of entropy.
The two aspects of general systems theory have been very useful in explaining some of the empirical
regularities observed of city size distribution, especially the rank size distribution.
10. MENTION THE SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA. EXPLAIN ANY TWO.
Ans- Sources of demographic data are:
i. Vital statistics or registration of vital events.
ii. Population census.
iii. Sample surveys.
Vital statistics or registration of vital events.
 The registration of vital events is another important source population information. (Vital
records, vital statistics)
 Vital statistics are statistics on live births, deaths, marriages and divorces.
 The occurrence of a vital events is reported by persons concerned to the appropriate authorities.
 Recording or registration of vital events is known as the vital registration system.
 The registered events are compiled and the resulting statistics are known as vital statistics.
 The vital registration is an important tool for studying the dynamics of population.
 Along with the vital events, some information is also recorded.
Sample surveys.
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 The demographic sample surveys is another method of data collection of population studies.
 In a sample survey , information is collected only from a sample of the population ,which is
representative of the whole and from which conclusion is drawn by the use of scientific
methods.
 The collection of data through sample surveys has several advantages.
a) In the first place , with the help of specially trained interviewers and carefully prepared questionnaires ,
some of the aspects of the population can be studied in depth.
b) The quality of data obtained through a sample survey is better than that obtained from a census because
they` are collected by a comparatively small number of well trained interviewers.

Population census
Modern Definition Of Census:
 Collecting, Compiling, Evaluating ,•Analyzing and Publishing Demographic, Economic and
Social data .At a specific time, to all persons in a country.
 The enumeration of the entire population of a country or a region at a particular time is known as
a census.
 A census implies that each individual is separately, but only once, enumerated and that some
important characteristics of each person are separately recorded.
 Population census is the primary source of basic national population data.  Required for
administrative purpose.
 For many aspects of economic and social planning and research.
 It provides us with information on
Trends in population growth.
Change in the age and sex structure of the population.
The course of mortality and fertility, migration and urbanization.

11) EXPLAIN FIVE YEARS IN INDIA?

Five years plan are centralized and integrated national economic programs. The first five plan was one of the
most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after independence

The first Indian prime minister jawaharlal neharu presented first year plan to parliament of India.The first
five year plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of primary sectors. The first five
year model was based on the Harrod domar modal with few modification

1) IMPORTANCE OF FIVE YEARS PLAN

Economic planning in India aims at bringing about rapid economic development in all sector.the key sector
are agriculture industry , power and transport through rapid economic development the country aims at
increasing national and per capita income thus poverty will be removed and the standard of living improved

2)ECONOMIC EQUITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

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 DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANISATION NOTES

Two aspects of social justice involves the reduction of poverty and the reduction in the equality in the
distribution of income and wealth.

G roving concentration of economic power in hands of a few people with rising national income is not
desirable in an otherwise capitalist framework, in equality in the distribution of income and wealth is
inevitable

Indian plans aims at reducing such inequalities so that benefits of economic development spread to the poor

4) FULL EMPLOYMENT

The removal of underemployment is considered to be another important objectives of Indians five year plan.
But unfortunately it never received the priority it deserved.

In the sixth plan (1978-83) the govt gave employment a place of pride for the first time these was
employment generation for the number of unemployed.

4) ECONOMIC SELF RELIANCE

Self reliance or for the matter self sufficiency refers to the elimination of external assistance

India is always at disadvantage so for as the term of trade are concerned this result in draining one precious
foreign exchange e servers hence the necessity of economic self reliance fourth plan (1967-73) aimed at
elimination of import of food grouts by 1971

The basic aim of 5th year plan was attend of self reliance to achieve this goal the fifth plan aims at
increasing production of food grains, necessary consumption goods, raw material and export. Emphasis on
the need for establish import - substitute industries as an important factor of economic self reliance

(5) MODERATION :

The new objective was categorically for the first time in the sixth plan. mentioned

Modernization means such a variety of instructions and institutional changes in the economic activities that
can change a economy economy feudal and colonial into a progressive and modren that produces various
types of goods.

This require the setting up of a wide variety of industries. It also refers to an advancement of technology.

FIVE YEAR PLAN HIGHLIGHTS

1. 1st Five year plan - (1951-56) → Priority of Agriculture

2. 2nd Five year plan (1956-61)→ Priority of Industries Sector

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 DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANISATION NOTES

3. 3 3rd FYP L1961-66)- Self Reliance

4. Fourth year plan (1969-74)- Removal of Poverty.Growth with Justice

5. Fifth year plan (11974-1979)- Removal of Poverty Self Reliance.

6. sixth FYP (1980-90)- emphasis same as 5th plan

7. SEVENTH FYP (1985-90)- Food production employment productivity

8. Eight FYP( 1992-97)- employment generation control of population

9. Ninth FYP( 1997-2002) -growth rate of 7 percent

10. Tenth FYP(2002-2007) -self employment resources and development

11. Eleventh FYP (2007-2012)- comprehensive and faster growth

12th FYP(2012-2017) - improvement of health education and sanitation main theme of 12th FYP “faster
sustainable and more inclusive growth

SALIENT FEATURESOF INDIA'S FIVE YEAR PLAN:

1. Democratic :

The first important feature of Indian planning. is totally democratic. India being the largest democratic
country in the world has been maintaining such a planning Setup where. every basic invest related to its five
year plan is determined by denioratio elected Government

(2) Decentralized Planning

Although Source the inception of first plan. the importance of decentralize planning was emphasized so as to
achieve active people. participation in the planning process, but treat introduction of decentralize…

3)Regulatory Mechanism:

The central planning authorial that is the planning commission of India which plays the role of regulatory
mechanism, so as to provide itinerary direction and regulation planning system.

4)Existence of Central Plan & State Plan:

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 DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANISATION NOTES

Another importance feature of Indian planning es that there is the co-existence of both the central Plan &
state plan. In every five year plan of the country, separate on hay is earmarked both for the Central Plan and
also for the state plan.

Central Plan is under the exclusive control.of planning control of which also commission state Plan State
Planning and the central Govt, under the exclusive board & State gout requires usual approval from the
planning commission

5)Public Sector $ Private Sector plan

6)Periodic Plan

One of the important feature. of Indian planning is that it has adopted a periodic plan of 5 year period
having few depute Annual plan component

7) Balanced Regional Development:- Importance on balanced regional development • Development. of

backward regions is one of the important objectives of Indian planning

8)Perspective Planning Problems. on Basic Issues of problems

12) WRITE SHORT NOTES ON NATIONAL FAMILY HEALTH SURVEY, POPULATION

PYRAMID, FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN AREA, IMPORTANCE OF LIFE
TABLE.

I] NATIONAL FAMILY HEALTH SURVEY

The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a
representative sample of households throughout India. Three rounds of the survey have been conducted
since the first survey in 1992-93.
 The survey provides state and national information for India on fertility, infant and child mortality, the
practice of family planning, maternal and child health, reproductive health, nutrition, anaemia,
utilization and quality of health and family planning services.
 Each successive round of the NFHS has had two specific goals: a) to provide essential data on health
and family welfare needed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and other agencies for policy
and programme purposes, and b) to provide information on important emerging health and family
welfare issues.

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 DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANISATION NOTES

 The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India, designated the
International Institute for Population Sciences(IIPS) Mumbai, as the nodal agency, responsible for
providing coordination and technical guidance for the survey.
 IIPS collaborated with a number of Field Organizations (FO) for survey implementation. Each FO was
responsible for conducting survey activities in one or more states covered by the NFHS.
 Technical assistance for the NFHS was provided mainly by ICF (USA) and other organizations on
specific issues. The funding for different rounds of NFHS has been provided by USAID, DFID, the
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, UNICEF, UNFPA, and MOHFW, GOI.

II]POPULATION PYRAMID
It is also called the age sex pyramid, it is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age
groups in a population.
Types of Population pyramid:
v. Expansive Pyramid (Rapid Growth): A population pyramid that is very wide at the younger ages,
characteristics of countries with very high birth rate and very low life expectancy, high death
rate.
- The population is said to be fast growing and each size birt cohorts gets large than size of
previous year.

Expansive Pyramid Constructive Pyramid

- This type of graph has triangular shape, with a very wide and pointed apex.
vi. Constructive / Negative Pyramid: A constructive pyramid is the opposite of an expansive
pyramid, with a slight construction in its younger age groups.
- There is a high life expectancy and good living condition in such a country, leading to higher
number of older people, despite there is a lesser number of births taking place, which is
outnumbered by the number of deaths.
vii. Constrictive
viii. Stationary

III] FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN AREA

Ashok Mitra, a former registrar General of the Census of India, attempted a comprehensive classification
of all Indian cities. He grouped the seven industrial categories of workers into three broad groups;
A] Manufacturing towns- percentage of workers in iii, iv, v, vi put together is greater than the percentage in
vii+viii or ix.
B] Trade and transport towns- percentage of workers in vii+viii is greater than ix or iii+iv+v+vi put
together.

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C] Service towns- where percentage of workers in ix is greater than workers in iii+iv+v+vi or percentage in
vii+viii.
The points within the first circle show highly diversified functions; points between first and second circle
are moderately diversified, points between second and third represent specialized predominant function and
the points outside the outer circle show highly specialized predominant function.

The classification of 2528 towns shows that as many as 736 were agriculture, total number of workers
exceeding the number of workers in three non-agricultural groups and of 1792 non-agricultural towns, 655
were manufacturing towns, 708 as trade and transport towns and 429 as service towns.
Figure shows the classification of one lakh cities. There are 80 manufacturing cities, 48 trading and 81 are
service cities.
According to the 1961 and 1971 censuses, all towns are provided for 9 industrial categories of workers.
The categories are;
1. primary sector
 Cultivation
 Agricultural labour
 Forestry, fishing, plantation.
 Household industry
2. Secondary sector;
 Manufacturing other than household
 Construction
3. Tertiary sector
 Trade and commerce
 Transport, storage and communication

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 Services

The functions of towns have been investigated within a number of conceptual framework including central
place theory and the urban economic base.

According to aurousseau’s (1924) there are six urban functions;

1. Administrative functions
2. Defence functions
3. Cultural functions
4. Production functions
5. Communication functions
6. Recreation functions

In india, census has classified ten main urban functions,

Primary
 Cultivators
 Agricultural labourers
 Livestock, forestry and fishing
 Mining

Industry
 Manufacturing
 Processing
 Servicing and repair
 construction

Trade
 Trade and commerce

Transport
 Transport
 Storage
 Communication

IV] IMPORTANCE OF LIFE TABLE

Life table is a table of statistics relating to life expectancy and mortality for given category of people.
Described as the biometer of the population by Willian Farr.It is a means of describing mortality, survival
and other vital events in the population.

Importance:
 Life table is used to protect future population on the basis of the present death rate.
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 It helps in determining the average expectation of life based on age specific death rates/
 The method of constructing a life table can be followed to estimate the cause of specific death rates,
male and female death rates.
 The survival rates in a life table can be used to calculate the net migration rate on the basis of age
distribution at 5or 10 years interval.
 Life table can be used to compare population trends at national and international levels.
 By estimating a life table based on the age at marriage, marriage patterns and changes in them can be
estimated.
 Instead of a single life table, multiple decrement life tables relation to cause specific death rate, male
female death rates can be constructed for analyzing socio-economic data in a country.
 Life tables are particularly used for formulating family planning programmes relating yo infant
mortality, material deaths, health programmes etc. They can also be used for evaluating family
planning programmes.
 Life tables are used by the life insurance companies in order to estimate the the average life
expectancy of people seperately for male and female. They help in determining the amount of
premium to be paid by person falling under specific age group.

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