SPM

ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 4
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MODUL 4

2.1 CONCEPT MAP 2

2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS
and 3

2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots 4

Exercises 1 4

2.2.2 Determine the sum of the roots and product of the roots of the 5
following quadratic equations.
Exercises 2 5

2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION 6

2.3.1 Determine the types of roots for each of the following 6

quadratic equations
Exercises 3

2.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b2 - 4ac ) 7

2.4.1 Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic 7

equations which has two equal roots
Exercises 4 7

2.4.2 Find the range of values of h for each of the following 8

quadratic equations which roots are different
Exercises 5 8

2.4.3 Find the range of values of m for each of the following 9

quadratic equations which has no roots
Exercises 6 9

2.5 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS 10

2.6 ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES) 12

ANSWERS 14

CHAPTER 2 : QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MODUL 4

2.1 CONCEPT MAP

1
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

GENERAL FORM

ROOTS
.x = and x =

FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATION

FROM GIVEN ROOTS

S The quadratic equation

Sum of the roots

Product of the roots

The quadratic equation

TYPES OF ROOTS

2.2 FORMING A QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS and

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Notes

If x1 = a and x2 = b The quadratic equation with roots

Then (x – a) = 0 and (x – b) = 0 and is written as
(x – a)(x – b) = 0
.x – bx – ax + ab = 0
2
.x2 – ( )x + = 0 …….(1)
.x2 – (a + b)x + ab = 0
Sum Product
of the .of the
Sum Product roots
roots
of the .of the
roots roots

From general form ax2 + bx + c = 0

+ + =0

.x2 + + = 0 ……………………(2)

Compare with the equations (1) and (2) .x2 – ( )x + = 0 ……….….(1)

x2 + + = 0 ……………………(2)

– ( )=

( )=- ( The sum of the roots)

= ( The product of the roots)

2.2.1 Form a quadratic equation with the roots

Exercises 1
Roots Sum of Product of
and .the roots .the roots The puadratic equation
( ) .x2 – ( )x + =0
Example 1

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 3 , 2 5 6 x2 – (5)x + 6 = 0

Example 2
, -3 + (-3) (- 3) = .x2 – x+ =0
4x2 + 11x – 3 = 0
= =

a) 4 , -7

b)
1
2,
3

c)

d)

e)
3k,

2.2.2 Determine the sum of the roots and product of the roots of the following

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 quadratic equations.

Exercises 2
The puadratic equation Sum of Product of
.the roots .the roots

Example 1
.x2 – 6x + 9 = 0 6 9

Example 1
.9x2 + 36x - 27 = 0
+ - =0 -(4) = -4 -3
.x + 4x – 3 = 0
2

a) .x2 + 73x - 61 = 0

b) 7x2 - 14x - 35 = 0

c) 2x(x + 3) = 4x + 7

d) 2x + =

e)
4x2 + kx + k – 1 = 0

2.3. TYPES OF ROOTS QUADRATIC EQUATION

.x = 5
 .b2 - 4ac

. b2 - 4ac > 0 . b2 - 4ac = 0 . b2 - 4ac < 0

. Two different . Two equal root . No real roots

2.3.2 Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic equations

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

a) . x2 – 12x + 27 = 0 b) .4 x2 – 12x + 9 = 0 c) .2 x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
. a = 1, b = -12 , c = 27 . a = 4, b = -12 , c = 9 . a = 2, b = -7 , c = 10

.b2 - 4ac = (-12)2 – 4(1)(27) .b2 - 4ac = (-12)2 – 4(4)(9) .b2 - 4ac = (-7)2 – 4(2)(10)
= 144 – 108 = 144 - 144 = 49 – 80
= 36 > 0 = 0 = - 31< 0

Thus, x2 – 12x + 27 = 0 Thus, 4x2 – 12x + 9 = 0 Thus, 2x2 – 7x + 10 = 0

Has two different roots Has two equal roots Has no real roots

Exercises 3
1. 2x2 - 8x + 3 = 0 2. -2y2 + 6x + 3 = 0

3. 3x2 = 7x - 5 4. 4x2 = a(4x - a)

2.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING (.b2 - 4ac )

The discriminant b2 - 4ac of the quadratic equation can be used to

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 a) find an unknown value in an equation

Example 1 Example 2

The quadratic equation x2 - 2px + 25 = 0 The quadratic equation x2 – 2kx = -(k – 1)2
Has two equal roots. Find the value p Has no roots. Find the range of values of k

x2 - 2px + 25 = 0 x2 – 2kx = -(k – 2)2

Thus, a = 1, b = -2p , c = 25 x2 – 2kx + (k – 2)2 = 0
Using .b2 - 4ac = 0 Compare with ax2 + bx + c = 0
(-2p)2 – 4(1)(25) = 0 Thus .a = 1, b = - 2k , c = (k – 2)2
4p2 - 100 = 0 Using b2 - 4ac < 0
4p2 = 100 (-2k)2 – 4(k2 -2k + 1)< 0
p2 = 25 4k2 - 4k2 + 8k – 4 < 0
p = 8k – 4 < 0
p = 8k < 4
.k < 4

2.4.1 Find the values of m for each of the following quadratic equations which
has two equal roots

Exercises 4

1. mx2 - 4x + 1 = 0 2. x2 – 6x + m = 0

3. x2 – 2mx + 2m + 3 = 0 4. x2 - 2mx - 4x + 1 = 0

5. x2 + 6x - 9 = m (2x - 3) 6. x2 + 2(x + 2) = m(x2 + 4)

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2.4.2 Find the range of values of h for each of the following quadratic equations
which roots are different

Exercises 5

1. x2 - 6x - h = 0 2. hx2 – 4x – 3 = 0

3. x2 + 6x + h + 3 = 0 8. 2hx2 + 4x + 1 = 0

5. x(5 – 2x) = h + 2 6. 2(hx2 – 1) = x(x – 6)

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2.4.3 Find the range of values of m for each of the following quadratic equations
which has no roots

Exercises 6

1. 2x2 + 2x - m = 0 2. mx2 + 3x - 3 = 0

3. x2 + 2x + m - 3 = 0 4. 3x2 + 1 = 2(m + 3x)

5. (h + 1)x2 + 8x + 6 = 0 6. (m - 3)x2 + 2(1 – m)x = -(m + 1)

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2.5 PASS YEARS QUESTIONS

SPM 2001/P1 Question 4

1. Given that -1 and h are roots of the quadratic equation

(3x – 1)(x – 2) = p(x – 1), where p is a constant, find the values of h and p

SPM 2002/P1 Question 4

2. Given that 3 and n are roots the equation (2x + 1)(x – 4) = a(x – 2),
where a and n are constants, find the values of a and n.

SPM 2002/P1 Question 12

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 3. It is given that and are roots of the quadratic equation px(x – 1) = 3q + x
If = 12 and = 3, find the values of p and q

SPM 2004/P1 Question 4

4. Form a quadratic equation which has the roots – 5 and ,

Give your answer in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 ,
Where a, b, and c are constans

2.6 ASSESSMENT (30 MINUTES)

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1. Form a quadratic equation which has the roots 3 and - 4

2. Given that -3 and 4 are roots of the quadratic equation x2 + ax = b

Find the values of a and b

3. The quadratic equation x2 - kx + 2k = 4 has roots 2 and 6

Find the values of k

.4 Find the values of h if the equation x2 = 4hx - 36 has equal roots

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5. The quadratic equation kx2 - 2(3 + k)x = 1 – k has no real roots.
Find the range of vales of k

6. The quadratic equasion x(x – 2m) = - ( 3m + 4) has equal roots, find

a) the value of m
b) the roots

ANSWERS

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Exercises 1
a. -3, -28, x2 + 3x – 28 = 0 b. , , , 3x2 -5x – 2 = 0

c. , , 6x2 - 5x + 1 = 0 d. , , 15x2 + 7x – 2 = 0

e. , , 5x2 - 21kx – 18 k2 = 0

Exercises 2

a. -73 , - 61 b. 2, - 5
c. -1, , d. ,1

e. ,

Exercises 3

1. Two different roots 2. Two different roots

3. No real roots 4. Two equal roots

Exercises 4

1. m=4 2. m = 9
3. m = 3 and -1 4. m = - 3 and -1
5. m = 3 and 6 6. m= and

Exercises 5
1. h> - 9 2. h >
3. h < 6 4. h < 2
5. h< 6. h >

Exercises 5

1. m< 2. m <
3. m > 4 4. m < -3

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5. m> 6. m >

PASS YEARS QUESTIONS

1. P = - 6 , h =
2. a = -7 n= 3

3. p = , q=

4. 4x2 + 17x – 15 = 0

ASSESSMENT

1. x2 + x - 12 = 0
2. a = -1, b = 12
3. k=8
4. h= 3
5. k <
6. m = 4, -1
x = 4, -1

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