Tests of Intelligence

INTRODUCTION:
 Intelligence is the ability to understand the world , think rationally or logically and use of resources
effectively when faced with challenges problem.
 Intelligence comes from the Latin verb “intelligence” which means to understand.
DEFINITION:
“Intelligence is an inferred characteristic of individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from
experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly or to adopt to changes in the environment”.
According to Wechsler, “intelligence is the global capacity of an individual to act purposefully to think
rationally and to deal effectively with his environment”.
According to heim,”it is a mental activity consisting of grasping the essentials in a situation and responding
appropriately to them”.
According to piaget,” intelligence is a biological adaptation consisting of a process of assimilation and
accommodation”.
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE:
According to Sternberg’s triarchic theory of human intelligence (1995), it is of 3 types-
i. Analytical intelligence:
It is academic problem solving skills, ‘based on combined operations of execution, performance, and
knowledge.
ii. Creative intelligence:
It involves insights, synthesis and the ability to react to noval situation and stimuli.
iii. Practical intelligence:
It is the intelligence which operates in the real world. People with this type of intelligence can adapt to,
or shape their environment.
According to garden (1999) proposes 8 types of intelligence-
 Linguistic intelligence: involved in reading, writing, listening, and talking.
 Logical – mathematic intelligence: involved in solving logical puzzles, deriving proofs and performing
calculations.
 Spatial intelligence: involved in moving from one location to another or determining one’s orientation
in space.
 Musical intelligence: involved in playing, composing, singing and conducting. Furthermore, gardener
believes that automechanics and cardiologists may have this kind of intelligence in abundance as they
make diagnose on the careful listening to pattern of sounds.
 Bodily-kinestetic intelligence: involved in using one’s body to perform skillful and purposeful
movement, e.g.- dancers, athletes and surgeons.
 Intrapersonal intelligence: involved in understanding one self and having insight into one’s own
thoughts.
 Interpersonal intelligence: involved in understanding of others and one’s reaction to others.
 Naturalistic intelligence: involved the ability to understand and work effectively in the natural world,
e.g.- biologist, zoologists.
ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE:
Assessment of intelligence is done by various scales, processes and purposes. Some of the intelligence
scales are:
 Standford binet test/ intelligence quotient:
History:-
 Stanford Binet Test (1965) intelligent this is a new version of Binet-Simen test.
 In the 1905 two French Psychologist Alfred Binet and theodore Simen discover this intelligence
test.
 After that it was modified American Psychologist Termon with Binet at Stanford University for
current use of intelligence assessment.
 In 1986 it is known as Stanford Binet intellignce test form.
Objectives:

 The intelligence quotient is the ratio of MA to CA, multiplied by 100 to elimenate the decimal point.
 IQ=MAXCA/100
 An IQ of 100, or average, results when chronological and mental ages are equal. Because it is
impossible to measure age associated changes in intellectual power after the age of 15 with available
intelligence tests, the higher divisor in the IQ formula is 15.
 IQ is a measure of relative intelligence determined by of standardized test. IQ is a measure of present
functioning ability, not necessarily of future potential.
 The most used intelligence test must measure a variety of skills and abilities including verbal and
performance, early learned and recently learned, timed and untimed, culture free, and culture bound.
 The test publisher includes suggested score classifications in the test manual.
Stanford–Binet Fifth Edition (SB5) classification
IQ Range ("deviation
IQ Classification
IQ")
145–160 Very gifted or highly advanced
130–144 Gifted or very advanced
120–129 Superior
110–119 High average
90–109 Average
80–89 Low average
70–79 Borderline impaired or delayed
55–69 Mildly impaired or delayed
40–54 Moderately impaired or delayed
The classifications of scores used in the Fifth Edition differ from those used in earlier versions of the test.
 Wechsler intellience scale:

 The wechsler adult intelligence scale is the best standardized and most widely used intelligence test in
clinical practice today.
 The first popular individual test is the Wechsler Bellevue scale (1938).  Developed by Dr. David
Wechsler, a clinical psychologist  The test measures one’s ability to adapt and constructively solve
problems in the environment.
 Consists of three scales :
1) WAIS -Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test
2) WISC –Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
3) WPPSI –Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
WAIS : to measure intelligence and Cognitive ability in adults and older Adolescents (16-74 years)  WISC
: intelligence test for children between the ages of 6 to 16 years 
WPPSI : intelligence test for children between the ages 4-6 years
 In 1939, Wechsler made a modification of Terman’s formula for IQ. He shifted the Emphasis from
chronological age to the idea of an average score for that person’s group. 
 According To this modified system, I.Q. =(Actual test score/Average score for norm group)*100 .This
is known as Deviation IQ because the score is a measure of how different someone is from the other in
the group.
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS:

Intelligence tests are classified as followed according to the activities prescribed in them:
a) Verbal
b) Non verbal
As the name itself suggests, verbal tests make use of language while the nonverbal tests includes such
activities which do not necessitates the use of language. Both these types are suitable for individual as well
as group tests. Consequently verbal and nonverbal tests are further subdivided into two classes- individual
and group. Thus, finally there are 4 types of intelligence tests:
i. Verbal individual intelligence tests:
 The very name verbal individual intelligence tests suggests that there are intelligence tests given to
individuals or in order words they meant to test the intelligence of individual or in other words they are
meant to test the intelligence of individual.
 This test is divided into several age groups. The higher group use language and its use gradually
declines with the age group. For example the two year group includes the following activities:
a. The form panel with three holes
b. Recognition of objects by name
c. Recognizing the organs of the body
d. Making a tower of blocks
e. Naming an objects from its picture
f. Word order
ii. Nonverbal individual intelligence tests:
 Nonverbal intelligence tests measure nonverbal reasoning. They are used to assess students who have
language processing problems or those with limited English proficiency.
 In these tests, tasks are designed to remove verbal intelligence from the assessment of a child's
reasoning abilities and to isolate and assess a student's visual learning skills. These tests are not
designed to test all students for their nonverbal intelligence.
 They are meant for students who have speech, language, or hearing impairments or who are not verbally
communicative.
 Nonverbal assessments attempt to remove language barriers in the estimation of a student's intellectual
aptitude.
 This is especially helpful in assessing students without speech or who have limited language ability,
those with deafness or who are hard of hearing, and those with English language limitations.
 Students with nonverbal autism are an example of a population where standard IQ tests do not assess
their abilities well. Many who rank as intellectually disabled on standard tests can be better assessed
with a nonverbal intelligence test.
iii. Verbal group intelligence tests:
The tests which necessitate the use of language and are applied to a group of individuals at a time. For
example,
1. Army alpha test (developed during World War I)
2. Army general classification Test (World War II).
iv. Nonverbal group intelligence tests:
These tests do not necessitate the use of language and are applicable to a group of individuals at a time. The
difference between performance tests (used for an individual) and non-verbal tests (used for a group) is one
of the degree as far as their non-verbal nature is concerned.
The individual performance tests require the manipulation by the subject of concrete objects or materials
supplied in the test. The responses are purely motor in character and seldom requires the use of paper and
pencil by the testee.
Uses of intelligence tests:
a. Use in selection:
Results of intelligence tests can be used for selection of suitable candidates for training in educational and
professional skills such as admission to special courses, selection of the trainees, etc.
b. Use in classification:
Intelligence tests help in classifying individuals according to their mental makeup, e.g. in schools, teachers
responsibility is to classify the students in his class as backward, average, bright or gifted, and thus arrange
for homogenous grouping to provide proper educational opportunities.
c. Use in assessment for promotion:
The results of intelligence tests along with the achievement tests can be successfully used for promotion of
students to the next higher grades of classes.
d. Use in provision of guidance:
The results of intelligence tests may be successfully used in providing training to teachers and for personnel
guidance.
e. Use for improving the learning process:
Results of the intelligence testing may prove helpful to teachers to plan the teaching-learning skills.
f. Use for diagnosis:
The other use relates with its capacity to diagnose, distinguish and discriminate the differences in the mental
functioning of individuals.
g. Use in research work:
The intelligence tests can be used in carrying out research in the field of education, psychology and
sociology with different age groups for generalization.
Difference between individual and group intelligence tests:
Summarization :
The two main individual intelligence tests are the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and the Wechsler tests,
i.e. Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for
adults. The individual intelligence tests require one-on-one consultation.
Conclusion:
Intelligence tests come in many forms, and some tests use a single type of item or question. Most tests yield
both an overall score and individual subtest scores. Regardless of design, all IQ tests attempt to measure the
same general intelligence. Component tests are generally designed and selected because they are found to be
predictive of later intellectual development, such as educational achievement. IQ also correlates with job
performance, socioeconomic advancement, and "social pathologies". Recent work has demonstrated links
between IQ and health, longevity, and functional literacy.
Bibliography:
 Anthikad jacob, textbook of psychology for graduate nurses, jaypee publication, 5th edition, page no
198-209.
 Pee vee, textbook of behavioral science, s. vikas and company medical publishers, 5th edition, 2017,
page no 178-181.
 Basavanthappa BT, textbook of psychology for nursing, jaypee publication, page no 364-375.
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com

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What are the different types of intelligence according to Sternberg's triarchic theory?

What are the different types of intelligence according to Sternberg's triarchic theory?

What are the different types of intelligence according to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

What are the different types of intelligence according to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

INTRODUCTION:

Stanford–Binet Fifth Edition (SB5) classification

145–160 Very gifted or highly advanced

130–144 Gifted or very advanced

110–119 High average

80–89 Low average

70–79 Borderline impaired or delayed

55–69 Mildly impaired or delayed

40–54 Moderately impaired or delayed

 Wechsler intellience scale:

TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS:

iii. Verbal group intelligence tests:

1. Army alpha test (developed during World War I)

2. Army general classification Test (World War II).

iv. Nonverbal group intelligence tests:

Uses of intelligence tests:

c. Use in assessment for promotion:

e. Use for improving the learning process:

f. Use for diagnosis:

g. Use in research work:

Difference between individual and group intelligence tests:

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