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Laboratory Assignment 1

This assignment is the first in a series of assignments, which will carry 5-7 points (5%-
7%) each towards your grade. A comprehensive report is due one week after you
complete each assignment. Each report will be evaluated based on the quality of both
the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the analysis and conclusions presented in
your report. Therefore, thoroughly document all your observations and tabulate the
measurements as appropriate. Analyze the data through building charts/graphs as
needed and use them to support your analysis and conclusions.

Objective: In this assignment, you will study the flow of electrical power in a small
segment of a power system.

The segment of the power system includes following components:

1. One Generator
2. Two Buses
3. Two transformers, one step-up and one step-down transformer
4. A medium length transmission line
5. An inductive load
The specifications of each component mentioned above are as follows:
Generator:
Configuration: 3-φ, Y-connected
Rating: 500 MVA
Nominal voltage: 19.92 KV (line-to-line)
Series impedance:
Actual: 0.015 + j 0.159 Ω (0.422 mH)

Transformer 1 (T1):
Rating: 500 MVA
Configuration: 3-φ, Y-connected
11.5 KV/230 KV
Series impedance: (referred to the primary)
Actual: j 0.119 Ω (0.3156 mH)

Transmission Line:
Line impedance:
Actual: 6 + j 50 Ω (132.6 mH)

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Transformer 2 (T2):
Rating: 500 MVA
Configuration: 3-φ, Y-connected
230 KV/4.6 KV
Series impedance: (referred to the primary)
Actual: j 47.51 Ω (126 mH)

Load :
Configuration: 3-φ Y-connected
Rating: 150 MW
Nominal voltage: 7.97 KV (line-to-line)
Series impedance:
Actual: 0.271 + j 0.203 Ω (.538 mH)

Base Quantities (PU System)

S3-φ, base = 500 MVA
VLL, base = 19.92 KV

Note: Rated power is 3-phase, rated/nominal voltage is line-to-line voltage, and

impedances are per phase impedances.

Figure 1 shows the one-line diagram of the segment of a power system under study. The
configuration of this segment is as follows: The generator is connected to a transmission
line through a step-up transformer. The transmission line carries the electrical power to
the load. The electrical power is delivered to the load after lowering the voltage through
a step-down transformer. Figure 2 shows the impedance diagram derived from the one-
line diagram. This assignment is divided in several parts.

Part I:
In part one, you will complete the following tasks:

1. Develop an equivalent circuit from the impedance diagram that can be

implemented on Multisim.

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2. Run the equivalent circuit of the power system on Multisim measure/calculate

the following quantities.
a. Current at the sending side, Is
Is=4.733kA
b. Apparent power at the sending side, Ss
S=54.42MVA
c. Real and reactive power (Ps, Qs) supplied/absorbed at the sending side
Q=38.35MVAR
P=38.616MW
d. Phase angle of the current at the sending side, ∅ I s

∅ I =44.7976
s

e. Power factor at the sending side, PFs

=0.7096
f. Real power absorbed by the line, Pline
P=336.020KW
g. Reactive power absorbed by the line, Qline
Q=335.033KVAR
h. Line voltage drop, Vline
V=12.086KV
i. Phase angle of the line voltage drop, ∅ V line

∅ V =83.23 line

j. Load current, Iload

I=11.832KA
k. Apparent power at the load side, Sload
S=47.668MVA
l. Real and reactive power (Pload, Qload) supplied/absorbed at the load
P=37.944MW, S=36.7MVA
m. Phase angle of the current at the load side, ∅ V ld

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∅ V =37.8
ld

n. Phase angle between the sending and receiving side voltages, ∅ V sr

∅ V =37 sr

o. Phase angle between the load voltage and current, ∅ ld

∅ ld =42
p. Power factor at the load PFload
PF=0.7968

3. Find the voltage regulation at the generator, the secondary of the transformer
T1, the primary of the transformer T2, and at the load.
V −V fl
Voltage Regulation= nl ×100 %
V fl

4. Compute power (real) efficiency of the power system

Note: You may not be able to find all the quantities needed for the analysis through
direct measurements. In such cases, you’ll need to use a combination of direct
measurements and calculations to get all the information for the analysis.
Now proceed with running the equivalent circuit of the power system and record your
observation/measurements in white columns of appropriate tables (shaded areas on
the table represent calculated quantities).
Compute the voltage regulation and power efficiency using the following formulas:
V nl −V fl
Voltage Regulation= ×100 %
V fl
and
P¿ −Ploss
Power Efficiency=η= × 100 %
P¿
Where,
Vnl and Vfl are the voltages at the terminals of interest under no load and full load
condition, respectively,

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Figure 1: One-line diagram of the power system.

Figure 2: Impedance diagram of the power system.

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 Pin is the total real power provided by the generator,

 Ploss is the real power lost along the way from the generator to the load.

Table 1: Voltage regulation.

Location Full load No load V nl −V fl

Voltage Regulation= ×100 %
voltage, Vfl voltage, Vnl V fl
(KV) (KV)
Terminals of the
generator
Secondary of
transformer T1

Primary of
transformer T2

Load

Now you will find the information that you could not measure in Multisim.

Table 2: Source side calculations

Q g=√ S g −P g
( ) ( )
Ep Ig S g=E p × I g Pg 2 2
−1 Pg Pg
(Pin) ∅ g=cos P F g=cos ( ∅ g ) =
Sg Sg
11500

Table 3: Load side calculations

Ql= √ S2l −P 2l
( ) ( )
Vl Il Sl=V l × I l Pl
−1 Pl Pl Ploss=P g−Pl
∅ l=cos P F l=cos ( ∅ l ) =
Sl Sl

Now calculate the power efficiency.

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P¿ −Ploss
Power Efficiency=η= × 100 %=¿
P¿

5. Use phaser diagram to find the phase difference between the generator voltage
and the load voltage.
6. Reduce the load in 5% step until the load voltage is with 5% of the rated load
voltage (follow table 4 for measurements).
7. Analyze the data in table 4 and draw your conclusion regarding the power
system.
Table 4
Load Load (Actual) Vload,actual V load , actual−V load , nominal
(%) Voltage margin= ×100 %
V load , nominal
100 0.271+ j 0.203
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5

Part II:
In this part, you will perform calculations to:
1. Compute the following quantities.
a. Current at the sending side, Is
b. Apparent power at the sending side, Ss
c. Real and reactive power (Ps, Qs) supplied/absorbed at the sending side

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d. Phase angle of the current at the sending side, ∅ I s

e. Power factor at the sending side, PFs

f. Real power absorbed by the line, Pline
g. Reactive power absorbed by the line, Qline
h. Line voltage drop, Vline
i. Phase angle of the line voltage drop, ∅ V line

j. Load current, Iload

k. Apparent power at the load side, Sload
l. Real and reactive power (Pload, Qload) supplied/absorbed at the load
m. Phase angle of the current at the load side, ∅ V ld

n. Phase angle between the sending and receiving side voltages, ∅ V sr

o. Phase angle between the load voltage and current, ∅ ld

p. Power factor at the load PFload

2. Verify your measurements and calculated results.

Note that the power system in this assignment has only one source (the generator);
however, there are several significantly different voltage levels present at different
locations (points) in the power system. This is due to the use of the step-up and step-
down transformers. This makes analysis of the power systems difficult and more
prune to errors as it requires the electrical quantities to be referred from the
secondary to the primary side of each transformer (or vice versa, depending on the
analysis), at each transformer location. Since transformers are an integral part of
every power system, a mastery of the calculations needed for this kind of analysis is a
must for any engineer aspiring to make a career in power engineering/systems.

STEP 1: Divide the power system into different regions based upon the voltage levels.
Region 1: Generator’s terminal and the primary of the transformer T1
Region 2: Secondary of the transformer 1, the transmission line, and the primary of the
transformer T2
Region 3: Secondary of the transformer T2 and the load
STEP 2: Compute the total impedance that appears at the generator’s terminals starting
from the load (Region 3) and moving towards Region 1 as follows:
Load impedance Zload =

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Turn ratio of T2 = aT2=

Load impedance Zload referred to the primary of T2 = ZL,T2

2
Z L, T 2=( aT 2 ) × Z L =¿

Impedance of T2 = ZT2 =
Line Impedance = Zline =
Total Impedance of Region 2 = ZR2 = ZL,T2 + ZT2 + Zline =
Total impedance of Region 2, ZR2, referred to the primary of T1 = ZR2,T1

2
Z R 2 ,T 1=( a T 1 ) × Z L=¿

Impedance of T1 = ZT1 =
Impedance of the generator = ZG =
Total impedance of Region 1, ZR1 =

STEP 3: Compute the total current Ig drawn from the generator as follow:

Ep
I g==¿
ZR1
STEP 4: Compute voltages and current in different regions:

V p= E p−I g × Z g=¿

V T 1 , p=V p −I g × Z T 1 =¿

V T 1, p
V T 1 , s= =¿
aT 1

I line =I g × aT 1=¿

V line =I line × Z line =¿

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I load =I line × aT 2=¿

V load =I load × Z load=¿

STEP 5: Compute the power and other remaining quantities.

STEP 6: Verify that your results match the measurements in Part I.

Part III

In this part, you will explore the use of per unit (pu) system of expressing electrical
quantities in your analysis. The per unit system provides a simple way to get around this
problem with potentially greatly reducing the possibility of calculation errors. Follow the
steps outlined below to calculate the per unit values of all quantities from the specs of
the power system.

S3-φ, base = 500 MVA

VLL, base = 19.9 KV

STEP 1: Divide the power system into different regions based upon the voltage levels.
STEP 2: Compute the per phase base power (S3-φ, base) and base voltage (VLN, base) as
follows:
S 3−∅ , base
S1−ϕ , base= =¿
3
and
V ¿, base
V ln , base= =¿
√3

STEP 3: Find the remaining two base quantities, Ibase and Zbase using the following
equations:

S 1−ϕ ,base
I base= =¿
V ln, base
and

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V ln ,base
Z base= =¿
I base

Note: The power remains the same on both sides of the transformer, but voltage
(current) may change depending upon the turn ratio of the transformer. Therefore, S1-
φ, base will remain the same throughout the system but VLN, base will vary based on the turn
ratio of the transformer. Once you have the correct base voltage for each region, the
effect of the turn ratio will be automatically incorporated in the per unit system
calculations. This characteristic of the per unit system makes it less susceptible to
calculation errors.
Continue following the steps outlined below to perform the calculations needed to
complete your analysis. Note that all calculations are in pu system. You will change pu
quantities to normal ones as needed in your analysis. All pu quantities can be changed
to original units by multiplying pu quantities with the appropriate bases.

STEP 4: Change all impedances to pu quantities using appropriate base values

STEP 5: Note:
E p , pu=¿1
Zl , pu=¿
ZT 2 , pu=¿
Zline , pu =¿
ZT 1 , pu=¿
Z g , pu=¿

STEP 6: Find the total PU impedance at the generator.

Ztotal , pu=¿

STEP 7: Find the total PU current at the generator.

E p , pu
I g , pu= =¿
Z total , pu

STEP 8: Find the apparent PU power at the generator.

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S g , pu=( I g , pu )2 × Z total , pu=¿

STEP 9: Find the apparent power at the generator.

S g=S g , pu × S 1−ϕ , base =¿

STEP 10: Find the apparent PU power at the line.

Sline , pu =( I g , pu )2 × Z line , pu=¿

STEP 11: Find the apparent power at the line.

Sline =Sline , pu × S1−ϕ ,base =¿

STEP 12: Find the apparent PU power at the load.

2
Sload , pu=( I g , pu ) × Z load , pu=¿

STEP 13: Find the apparent power at the load.

Sload =Sload , pu × S 1−ϕ , base=¿

STEP 14: Compare these results with the ones obtained in parts I and II.

Questions

Question 1: How does the measured and calculated values compare? Explain any discrepancies
encountered.

Question 2: Was system able to deliver rated power to the load? If not, what factor do you think
affected the full delivery of the rated power?

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Question 3: How can you improve the power delivery to the load? Explain you answer using
power triangle.

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