Experiment No.

AIM: Configure Internet connection and use IP-Config, PING / Tracer and Net stat
utilities to debug the network issues.

THEORY:

 TCP/IP utilities
To assist with the management of TCP/IP.There are three types of TCP/IP-
based utilities.
Connectivity utilities that you can use to interact with and use resources on a variety
of systems.
Diagnostic utilities that you can use to detect and resolve networking problems.
TCP/IP server software that provides printing and publishing services to TCP/IP
based Microsoft Windows client

 PING(Packet Internet groper):

It is a command used to verify the network connectivity of a computer. It checks
the host name,
IP address, and that the remote system can be reached.

It uses a special protocol called the Internet Control Message Protocol (|

CMP) to determine whether the. Remote machine (website, server, etc.)
can receive the test packet and reply
This command is used to test a machine‘s connectivity to another system
and to verify that the target system is active. Usually this command is the
first step to any troubleshooting if a connectivity problem is occurring
between two computers.
The Ping utility executes an end-to-end connectivity test to other devices and
obtains the round- trip time between source and destination device. Ping uses
the ICMP Echo and Echo Reply packets to test connectivity. Excessive
usage may appear to be a denial of service (DoS) attack.

Syntax: ping <ip address>

ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS]
 Following table shows use of ping command with different options.
Parameter Description
-t Pings the specified host until interrupted (press Ctrl+C to stop sending).
-a Resolves addresses to hostnames.
-n count Indicates the number of Echo Requests to send.
Sends a specific size of data. If this size is greater than the local network
-l size
can handle, thesender will generate fragmented packets directly on the
network.
-f Sets the Don‘t Fragment flag in the packet.
-i TTL Sets the Time to Live value in the packet.
-vTOS Sets the type of service in the packet.
Indicates that the Ping process should record the route for the number of
-r count
count hops specified.

Indicates that the Ping process should maintain Timestamp information for the
-s count
number of count hops specified.
Indicates that the Ping process should follow a loose source route path along
-j host_list
the host_list path
Indicates that the Ping process should follow a strict source route along the
-k host_list
host_list path.
-w timeout Indicates the number of milliseconds the host should wait for each reply.
-R Use the router header to test the reverse route as well (IPv6 only).
-S srcaddr What address to use to source ping from.
-p Ping yper-V Network Virtualization provider address.
-4 Use IPv4 specifically.
-6 Use IPv6 specifically.

 IPCONFIG

The Ipconfig utility displays and modifies IP address configuration information.

Displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings.
Used without parameters ipconfig displays the IP address, subnet mask, and
default gateway for all adapters.
By default, this command displays only the IP address, subnet mask, and
default gateway for each adapter bound to TCP/IP

Syntax
ipconfig /? | /all |
Following table shows use of ipconfig command with different options

Parameter Description

/? Displays the help message

/all Displays complete configuration information
/release Uses DHCP to release the IP address for the specified adapter
/release6 Uses DHCPv6 to release the IPv6 address for the specified adapter
/renew Uses DHCP to renew the IP address for the specified adapter
/renew6 Uses DHCPv6 to renew the IPv6 address for the specified adapter
/flushdns Purges the DNS cache
/registerdns Uses DHCP to refresh all DHCP leases and re-registers DNS names
/displaydns Displays the contents of the DNS cache
/showclassid Displays all the DHCP class IDs allowed for the adapter
/setclassid Modifies the DHCP class ID
/showclassid6 Displays all the DHCPv6 class IDs allowed for the adapter
/setclassid6 Modifies the DHCPv6 class ID

 Tracert
It is use to determines the route data takes to get to a p
ach router to trace the The iCMP protocol sends out Time
Exceeded messages to. e
route. . Each time a packet is sent, the time-to-live (TTL) value is reduced before the
packet
is forwarded. This allows TTL to count how many hops it is to the destination.
if there is a trouble connecting to a rerhote host 'use Tracert to see where that
connection fails. .
Syntax: tracert <ip address>.
Following table shows use of tracert command With different options.

Parameter Description
-d Tells the system not to resolve addresses to host names
 -h maxHops Specifies the maximum number of hops to search for target

-w timeout Specifies the number of milliseconds to wait for each reply

-4 Specifies to use IPv4 specifically

-6 Specifies to use IPv6 specifically

 NETSTAT
It is used to shows the status of each active network connection.
Netstat will display statistics for both TCP and UDP, including protocol, local
address, foreign address, and the TCP connection state. Because UDP is
connectionless, no connection information will be shown for UDP packets.
It‘s a helpful tool in funding problems and determining the amount of traffic
on the network as a performance measurement.
Syntax:
netstat [-a] [-b] [-e] [-f] [-n] [-o] [-p proto] [-r] [-s] [-x] [-t] [interval]

Following table shows use of netstat command with different options.

Parameter Description

-a Lists all current connections and open, listening ports on the local system.
-b Displays executable for creating connection or listening port.
-e Displays Data Link layer statistics (also can be used with the -s parameter).
-f Displays fully qualified domain names (FQDN).
-n Displays addresses and port numbers in numerical form.
-o Displays the owning process ID associated with a connection.

Shows the connections for the specified protocol. The protocol defined may be
-p protocol UDPor TCP. When used with the -s parameter, the protocol definition IP, IPv6,
ICMP,ICMPv6, TCP, or UDP also may be used.
-r Displays the routing table (also see the route command).
Displays statistics organized based on the protocols, such as IP, UDP, and TCP, by
-s
default (also can be used with the -p parameter to define a subset of the default).
 -t Displays the current connection offload state.
-x Displays NetworkDirect connections, listeners, and shared endpoints.
Redisplays the statistics on a regular basis using the interval (in seconds) value
interval between displays. Press Ctrl+C to stop displaying the statistics. If this parameter is
notincluded, the statistics appear only once.

 ARP
The ARP utility helps diagnose problems associated with the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP). _ TCP/IP hosts use ARP to determine the physical (MAC)
address that corresponds with a specific IP address.
Once the MAC address is determined by the ARP reply, the IP and MAC address
of the destination system are stored in the ARP cache (stored in memory) so that
next time the address will be resolved from the cache and a broadcast will not be
needed.
Syntax: arp -a

Following table shows use of arp command with different options.

Parameter Description
Displays current entries in the ARP cache. If inet_addr is specified, the IP and data
-a or -g linkaddress of the specified computer appear. If more than one network
interface usesARP, entries for each ARP table appear.
inet_addr Specifies an Internet address.
-N if_addr Displays the ARP entries for the network interface specified by if_addr.
-v Displays the ARP entries in verbose mode.
-d Deletes the host specified by inet_addr.
Adds the host and associates the Internet address inet_addr with the data linkaddress
-s eth_addr. The physical address is given as six hexadecimal bytes separatedby
hyphens. The entry is permanent.
eth_addr Specifies physical address.
Assigning IP address in Windows 7 or Windows
10

To assign or change the computer’s IP address in Windows, type network

and sharing into the Search box in the Start Menu and select Network and
Sharing Center when it comes up. If you’re in Windows 7 or 10 it’ll be in the
start menu.
Step-2

Then when the Network and Sharing Center opens, click on Change adapter
settings. This will be the same on Windows 7 or 10.

Step-3

Right-click on your local adapter and select Properties.

Step-4

In the Local Area Connection Properties window highlight Internet Protocol

Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) then click the Properties button.
Now select the radio button Use the following IP address and enter in the
correct IP, Subnet mask, and Default gateway that corresponds with your
network setup. Then enter your Preferred and Alternate DNS server
addresses. Here we’re on a home network and using a simple Class C
network configuration and Google DNS.

Step-5

Check Validate settings upon exit so Windows can find any problems
with the addresses you entered. When you’re finished click OK.
Step-6

Now close out of the Local Area Connections Properties window.

Windows will run network diagnostics and verify the connection is good.
Here we had no problems with it, but if you did, you could run the network
troubleshooting wizard.
 Step-7

Now you can open the command prompt and do an ipconfig to see the
network adapter settings have been successfully changed.

Conclusion: In this way we Configured the Internet connection and use IP-Config, PING /
Tracer and Net stat utilities to debug the network issues.